Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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====''[[Contionary: als#Valthungian|als]]'' ‘all’====
====''[[Contionary: als#Valthungian|als]]'' ‘all’====
This determiner is inflectionally a little interesting because it has evolved an insertive /t/ in parts of the inflection due to changes to the geminates in [[Old Valthungian]]. When ''[[Contionary: als#Valthungian|als]]'' is used in conjunction with another determiner, it is declined as a weak adjective and has the meaning of ‘entire’ or ‘complete’.
This determiner is inflectionally a little interesting because it has evolved an insertive /d/ in parts of the inflection due to changes to the geminates in [[Old Valthungian]]. When ''[[Contionary: als#Valthungian|als]]'' is used in conjunction with another determiner, it is declined as a weak adjective and has the meaning of ‘entire’ or ‘complete’.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
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!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg  
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg  
| als
| als
|rowspan=2| atlis
|rowspan=2| adlis
|rowspan=2| atlatma
|rowspan=2| adlatma
| atlan
| adlan
|-
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg   
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg   
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|-
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg   
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg   
|rowspan=3| atla
|rowspan=3| adla
| atlažis
| adlažis
|colspan=2| atla
|colspan=2| adla
|-
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl  
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl  
|rowspan=3| atlaža
|rowspan=3| adlaža
|rowspan=3| atlam
|rowspan=3| adlam
| atlans
| adlans
|-
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl   
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl   
| atla
| adla
|-
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl   
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl   
| atlas
| adlas
| atlas
| adlas
|}
|}


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| þreǧis
| þreǧis
| þreǧis
| þreǧis
|}
====''[[Contionary: elis#Valthungian|elis]]'' ‘other, another’====
''[[Contionary: elis#Valthungian|Elis]]'' can also be used as an adjective to mean ‘different’, in which case it follows the noun and may have a weak declension.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| elis ‘other’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| elis
|rowspan=2| elis
|rowspan=2| elitma
| elin
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
|rowspan=2| elit
| elit
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
| eližis
|colspan=2| elia
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=2| elia
|rowspan=3| eliža
|rowspan=3| elim
| elins
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| elia
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| elis
| elis
|}
|}


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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|-
|-
! !!width=100px| # !!width=100px| 1# !!width=100px| 2# ||width=100px| #0 !!width=100px| #00 !!width=100px| #000 !!width=100px| #000
! !!width=100px| # !!width=150px| 1# !!width=100px| 2# ||width=100px| #0 !!width=100px| #00 !!width=100px| #000 !!width=100px| #000
|-
|-
!  0  
!  0  
| nīþun || tǣjun (tǣn) || tuǣtiǧis|| ''‑tiǧis''|| ''tēhund'' || ''þūsunde'' || ''‑ljǭn''
| nīþun || tǣjun (tǣn) || tuǣ tiǧis|| ''tiǧis''|| ''tēhund'' || ''þūsunde'' || ''‑ljǭn''
|-
|-
!  1  
!  1  
| ([[Valthungian#Singular_.28.E2.80.98one.E2.80.99.29|ǣns]]) || ǣnlif || tuǣtiǧis ǣns|| ''tǣjun'' || ǣn hund || ǣna þūsunde || miljǭn
| ([[Valthungian#Singular_.28.E2.80.98one.E2.80.99.29|ǣns]]) || ǣndlif || tuǣ tiǧis ǣns|| ''tǣjun'' || ǣn hund || ǣna þūsunde || miljǭn
|-
|-
!  2  
!  2  
| ([[Valthungian#Dual_.28.E2.80.98two.2C_both.E2.80.99.29|tuǣ]]) || tualif || tuǣtiǧi tuǣ|| tuǣtiǧis || tuā hunda || tuōs þūsunǧis || biljǭn
| ([[Valthungian#Dual_.28.E2.80.98two.2C_both.E2.80.99.29|tuǣ]]) || tualif || tuǣ tiǧi tuǣ|| tuǣ tiǧis || tuā hunda || tuōs þūsunǧis || biljǭn
|-
|-
!  3  
!  3  
| ([[Valthungian#Trial_.28.E2.80.98three.2C_all_three.E2.80.99.29|þrīs]]) || þrižatǣn || tuǣtiǧi þrīs|| þrīstiǧis || þrī hunda || þrīs þūsunǧis || þriljǭn
| ([[Valthungian#Trial_.28.E2.80.98three.2C_all_three.E2.80.99.29|þrīs]]) || þrigatǣn (þrižatǣn), ig || tuǣ tiǧi þrīs|| þrīs tiǧis || þrī hunda || þrīs þūsunǧis || þriljǭn
|-
|-
!  4  
!  4  
| fiður (fiðra) || fiðratǣn || tuǣtiǧi fiður|| fiðratiǧis || fiður hunda || fiður þūsunǧis || friljǭn
| fiður (fiðra) || fiðratǣn || tuǣ tiǧi fiður|| fiðra tiǧis || fiður hunda || fiður þūsunǧis || fiðriljǭn
|-
|-
!  5  
!  5  
| fim || fimfatǣn || tuǣtiǧi fim|| fimtiǧis || fim hunda || fim þūsunǧis || fimfiljǭn
| fim || fimfatǣn || tuǣ tiǧi fim|| fim tiǧis || fim hunda || fim þūsunǧis || fimfiljǭn
|-
|-
!  6  
!  6  
| sǣs || sǣstatǣn || tuǣtiǧi sǣs|| sǣstiǧis || sǣs hunda || sǣs þūsunǧis || sǣsiljǭn
| sǣs || sǣstatǣn || tuǣ tiǧi sǣs|| sǣs tiǧis || sǣs hunda || sǣs þūsunǧis || sǣsiljǭn
|-
|-
!  7  
!  7  
| sivun (sivna) || sivnatǣn || tuǣtiǧi sivun|| sivnatiǧis || sivun hunda || sivun þūsunǧis || sivniljǭn
| sivun (sivna) || sivuntǣn || tuǣ tiǧi sivun|| sivun tiǧis || sivun hunda || sivun þūsunǧis || sivniljǭn
|-
|-
!  8  
!  8  
| āta (āt) || ātatǣn || tuǣtiǧis āta|| ātatiǧis || āta hunda || āta þūsunǧis || ātatiljǭn
| āta (āt) || ātatǣn || tuǣ tiǧis āta|| āta tiǧis || āta hunda || āta þūsunǧis || ātatiljǭn
|-
|-
!  9  
!  9  
| njun || njunatǣn || tuǣtiǧi njun|| njuntiǧis || njun hunda || njun þūsunǧis || njuniljǭn
| njun || niðatǣn, iþ || tuǣ tiǧi njun|| njun tiǧis || njun hunda || njun þūsunǧis || njuniljǭn
|-
|-
|}
|}
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The number ‘four’ is ''fiður'', where we would normally expect **''fidur'' through regular sound change (specifically, the change of /d/ to /ð/ would normally be blocked by the following /w/ in ''*fidwōr''). There is also a further lenited form of ''fiðra'', which is optional when it stands alone, but standard in compounds. (Gothic also had two versions of ‘four’: ''fidwōr'' and a compound form ''fidur''.)
The number ‘four’ is ''fiður'', where we would normally expect **''fidur'' through regular sound change (specifically, the change of /d/ to /ð/ would normally be blocked by the following /w/ in ''*fidwōr''). There is also a further lenited form of ''fiðra'', which is optional when it stands alone, but standard in compounds. (Gothic also had two versions of ‘four’: ''fidwōr'' and a compound form ''fidur''.)


The number ‘seven’ has the expected form of ''sivun'', but also a lenited form of ''sivna'', again, required in compounds but otherwise optional. ‘Eight’ is ''āta'', but may optionally be lenited to ''āt''. (This is a newer innovation, and is not considered to be correct in writing.) Finally ‘ten’ is ''tǣjun'' or lenited ''tǣn'', the latter being used exclusively in the “teen” numbers.
The number ‘seven’ has the expected form of ''sivun'', but also a lenited form of ''sivna'', again, common in compounds but otherwise optional. ‘Eight’ is ''āta'', but may optionally be lenited to ''āt''. (This is a newer innovation, and is not considered to be correct in writing.) Finally ‘ten’ is ''tǣjun'' or lenited ''tǣn'', the latter being used exclusively in the “teen” numbers.


For compounding numbers, Griutungi and Gothic separated each of the number’s components with the word ''jah'' (‘and’, now ''jā''), but Valthungian has dispensed with this and now uses ''i'' – possibly a shortened form of ''jā'' – only before the last component. For numbers ending with ''‑tiǧis'', a further contraction has become standard, and the new suffix is shortened to ''‑tiǧi'', e.g. ''þrīstiǧi fim'' ‘thirty-five’. ''Hund'' becomes ''hundi'' and ''hunda'' is also contracted to ''hund·i'', ''þūsunde'' to ''þūsund·i'', and ''þūsunǧis'' to ''þūsunǧi''. (Note the lack of apostrophic interpunct in ''‑tiǧi'', ''hundi'', and ''þūsunǧi''.) No ''‑i‑'' is added before numbers beginning with a vowel, i.e. ''ǣn‑'' and ''āta''.  
For compounding numbers, Griutungi and Gothic separated each of the number’s components with the word ''jah'' (‘and’, now ''jā''), but Valthungian has dispensed with this and now uses ''i'' – possibly a shortened form of ''jā'' – only before the last component. For numbers ending with ''tiǧis'', a further contraction has become standard, and the new suffix is shortened to ''tiǧi'', e.g. ''þrīs tiǧi fim'' ‘thirty-five’. ''Hund'' becomes ''hundi'' and ''hunda'' is also contracted to ''hund·i'', ''þūsunde'' to ''þūsund·i'', and ''þūsunǧis'' to ''þūsunǧi''. (Note the lack of apostrophic interpunct in ''tiǧi'', ''hundi'', and ''þūsunǧi''.) No ''‑i‑'' is added before numbers beginning with a vowel, i.e. ''ǣn‑'' and ''āta''.  


Number terms higher than ‘thousand’ are ostensibly borrowed from Latin, though they contain their own Germanic innovations, e.g. ''þriljǭn'' ‘trillion’, ''fiðriljǭn'' ‘quadrillion’, ''fimfiljǭn'' ‘quintillion’, instead of the expected **''triljǭn'', **''kuaðriljǭn'', and **''kuintiljǭn''.
Number terms higher than ‘thousand’ are ostensibly borrowed from Latin, though they contain their own Germanic innovations, e.g. ''þriljǭn'' ‘trillion’, ''fiðriljǭn'' ‘quadrillion’, ''fimfiljǭn'' ‘quintillion’, instead of the expected **''triljǭn'', **''kuaðriljǭn'', and **''kuintiljǭn''.
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| sivunþis
| sivunþis
| seven times
| seven times
| sivna dǣlaro
| sivun dǣlaro
| seventh
| seventh
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 11  
! 11  
| ǣnlift
| ǣndlift
| ǣnlifta
| ǣndlifta
| eleventh  
| eleventh  
| ǣnliftis
| ǣndliftis
| eleven times
| eleven times
| ǣnliva dǣlaro
| ǣndliva dǣlaro
| eleventh
| eleventh
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! 13  
! 13  
| þrižatǣnþs
| þrigatǣnþs
| þrižatǣnþa
| þrigatǣnþa
| thirteenth  
| thirteenth  
| þrižatǣnþis
| þrigatǣnþis
| thirteen times
| thirteen times
| þrižatǣjun dǣlaro
| þrigatǣjun dǣlaro
| thirteenth
| thirteenth
|-
|-
! 20  
! 20  
| tuǣtiǧist
| tuǣ tiǧist
| tuǣtiǧista
| tuǣ tiǧista
| twentieth  
| twentieth  
| tuǣtiǧistis
| tuǣ tiǧistis
| twenty times
| twenty times
| tuǣtiǧa dǣlaro
| tuǣtiǧa dǣlaro
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===Alternative Numbers===
===Alternative Numbers===
The Gothic number system, modeled after the Greek system (in turn modeled after the Hebrew), which used the letters of the alphabet instead of separate unique characters, continued to be used well into the middle ages ([[Middle Valthungian]]), and certain taboo numbers came to be called by their character representation rather than their numeric form.  Primarily among these numbers was ‘13’, which was written in Gothic as ''·ig·''.  This also occurred with the numbers ‘113’ (''rig''), ‘213’ (''sig''), ‘313’ (''tig''), ‘413’ (''wig''), and ‘513’ (''fig''). (This was not mirrored in the higher numbers of the hundreds, because most of those combinations would have been unpronounceable.)
The Gothic number system, modeled after the Greek system (in turn modeled after the Hebrew), which used the letters of the alphabet instead of separate unique characters, continued to be used well into the middle ages ([[Middle Valthungian]]), and certain taboo numbers came to be called by their character representation rather than their numeric form.  Primary among these numbers were ‘13’ and ‘19’, which were written in Gothic as ''·ig·'' and ''·iþ·'', respectively.  This also occurred with the numbers ‘113’ (''rig''), ‘119’ (''riþ''), ‘213’ (''sig''), ‘219’ (''siþ''), ‘313’ (''tig''), ‘319’ (''tiþ''), ‘413’ (''wig''), ‘419’ (''wiþ''), ‘513’ (''fig''), and ‘519’ (''fiþ''). (This was not mirrored in the higher numbers of the hundreds, because most of those combinations would have been unpronounceable.)


The number ‘19’ is also sometimes called '''' by the same formulation.
Though this seems like a modern form of word-play, it is actually quite ancient. The rendering of ‘19’ as ''iþ'' exerted enough influence on the numeric form from early days that the modern form became ''niðatǣn'' rather than the expected **''njunatǣn''. Similarly, the standard form of ‘13’ is ''þrigatǣn'', though the expected ''þrižatǣn'' is still an accepted alternative.


Certain slang terms have also developed out of this system, in reverse, as it were. For example, the homophony of hortative particle ''iþ'' with the number ''19'' gives rise to a nominal form ''þat njunatǣn'' referring to a duty or obligation. Similarly, a ‘road’ or ‘highway’ is sometimes referred to as a ‘413’ (''fiður-þrižatǣn''), written ''wig'' (the accusative of ''wiǧ'' (‘road’).
Certain slang terms have also developed out of this system, in reverse, as it were. For example, the homophony of hortative particle ''iþ'' with the number ''19'' gives rise to a nominal form ''þat niðatǣn'' referring to a duty or obligation. Similarly, a ‘road’ or ‘highway’ is sometimes referred to as a ‘413’ (''fiður-ig''), written ''wig'' (the accusative of ''wiǧ'' (‘road’).


A much more recent slang term that has evolved from this system is the use of the number ‘843’ to represent the (unpronounceable) letter combination ''·omg·''.
A much more recent slang term that has evolved from this system is the use of the number ‘843’ to represent the (unpronounceable) letter combination ''·omg·''.
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! Agent:<br />Unintentional / Inanimate
! Agent:<br />Unintentional / Inanimate
|| ''þiǧin'' ‘to receive’<br />''lenǧin'' ‘to cause to succeed’<br />&nbsp;
|| ''þiǧin'' ‘to receive’<br />''lenǧin'' ‘to cause to succeed’<br />&nbsp;
|| ''skīčin'' ‘to cause to happen’<br />''skeǧin'' ‘to cause to happen’<br />''verðan'' ‘to become’
|| ''skīčin'' ‘to cause to happen’<br />''skǣšin'' ‘to cause to happen’<br />''vreðna'' ‘to become’
|}
|}
'''Agent/Patient Deliberate''': This tends to refer to things that happen as a result of mutual agreement
'''Agent/Patient Deliberate''': This tends to refer to things that happen as a result of mutual agreement
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*''Ik '''skīkiða''' þis þljuðis '''angǣsiþ'''.''
*''Ik '''skīkiða''' þis þljuðis '''angǣsiþ'''.''
**‘I '''was startled''' by the noise.’
**‘I '''was startled''' by the noise.’
*''Þe lǭvas '''skagiðun''' þižis rynins '''avbrón'''.''
*''Þe lǭvas '''skāguðun''' þižis rynins '''avbrón'''.''
**‘The leaves '''were carried away''' by the stream.’
**‘The leaves '''were carried away''' by the stream.’


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! Adverbial
! Adverbial
|-
|-
| '''''gōþs''''' ‘good’
| '''''tils~þjuþs''''' ‘good’
| '''''batums''''' ‘better’
| '''''batums''''' ‘better’
| '''''batist''''' ‘best’
| '''''batist''''' ‘best’
| '''''wǣla''''' ‘well’
| '''''tila''''' ‘well’
|-
|-
| '''''līts'''''~'''''lītils'''''~'''''lītlas''''' ‘little, small’  
| '''''līts'''''~'''''lītils'''''~'''''lītlas''''' ‘little, small’  
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| —
| —
|-
|-
| '''''uvils''''' ‘bad’  
| '''''uvils~balus''''' ‘bad’  
| '''''vresums''''' ‘worse’  
| '''''vresums''''' ‘worse’  
| '''''vresist''''' ‘worst’
| '''''vresist''''' ‘worst’
| '''''uvilaso''''' ‘badly’
| '''''balo''''' ‘badly, poorly’
|-
|-
| '''''fǭs''''' ‘little, few’  
| '''''fǭs''''' ‘little, few’  
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| neck
| neck
! 156
! 156
| '''[[Contionary: stǣns#Valthungian|stǣns]]''' (''m''), '''[[Contionary: hatlus#Valthungian|hatlus]]''' (''m'')
| '''[[Contionary: stǣns#Valthungian|stǣns]]''' (''m''), '''[[Contionary: hadlus#Valthungian|hadlus]]''' (''m'')
| stone
| stone
|-
|-