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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
→a- and ō-stem
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The strong neuter a-stems are just like the masculine, except that the neuter does not take an ‹-s› on the nominative singular (i.e. the nominative is the same as the accusative), and the nominative and accusative plurals are identical to the dative singular. In other words, any of the irregularities discussed above that have to do with these categories will no longer apply for neuter a-stem nouns. | The strong neuter a-stems are just like the masculine, except that the neuter does not take an ‹-s› on the nominative singular (i.e. the nominative is the same as the accusative), and the nominative and accusative plurals are identical to the dative singular. In other words, any of the irregularities discussed above that have to do with these categories will no longer apply for neuter a-stem nouns. | ||
{| class="wikitable" width=900 | |||
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!width=100| Nom.Sg. !!width=100| Gen.Sg. !!width=100| Dat.Sg. !!width=100| Acc.Sg. !!width=100| Nom.Pl. !!width=100| Gen.Pl. !!width=100| Dat.Pl. !!width=100| Acc.Pl. !!width=100| | |||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type I: Default (“n.st.n.a”)''' | |||
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|align="center"| barn'''ą''' ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''ai''' ||align="center"| barn'''ą''' ||align="center"| barn'''ō''' ||align="center"| barn'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| barn'''amaz''' ||align="center"| barn'''ō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''child''’ | |||
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|align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ē''' ||align="center"| barn'''am''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' | |||
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|align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ma''' ||align="center"| barn'''nas''' | |||
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|colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis in the endings on the dative and accusative plural.</small> | |||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type II: Syllabic''' (“n.st.m.a.syl”)<br /> for roots ending in VCR (VCl-, VCm-, VCn-, VCr-) | |||
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|align="center"| aþ'''ną''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nis''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nai''' ||align="center"| aþ'''ną''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nōz''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nǫ̂''' ||align="center"| aþ'''namaz''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''season''’ | |||
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|align="center"| aþ'''n''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nis''' ||align="center"| aþ'''na''' ||align="center"| aþ'''n''' ||align="center"| aþ'''na''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nē''' ||align="center"| aþ'''nam''' ||align="center"| aþ'''na''' | |||
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|align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| að'''nis''' ||align="center"| að'''na''' ||align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| að'''na''' ||align="center"| að'''na''' ||align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| að'''n<span style="color:red">a</span>''' | |||
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|colspan=8| <small>For those nouns ending in a syllabic sonorant in Gothic (‹r›, ‹l›, ‹m›, or ‹n› after another consonant), a vowel must be added to certain endings (indicated in red). Consquently, the metathesis observed in the default form is undone. (Or, more accurately, is blocked from occurring in the first place.) </small> | |||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIa: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.ba”)<br /> for roots ending in Vb- and Vf- | |||
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|align="center"| hrō'''fą''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fis''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fai''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fą''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fō''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hrō'''famaz''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''roof''’ | |||
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|align="center"| hrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>s''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fis''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fa''' ||align="center"| hrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fōs''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fē''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fam''' ||align="center"| hrō'''fans''' | |||
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|align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:red">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þrō'''<span style="color:blue">v</span>a''' | |||
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|colspan=8| <small>For roots ending in ‹b›, it is devoiced to ‹f› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹b› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹v›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹f›, the ‹f› is voiced to ‹v› in the same environment that ‹b› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | |||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIb: Devoicing/Spirantization Merging''' (“n.st.m.da”)<br /> for roots ending in Vd- and Vþ- | |||
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|align="center"| blō'''þą''' ||align="center"| blō'''þis''' ||align="center"| blō'''þai''' ||align="center"| blō'''þą''' ||align="center"| blō'''dō''' ||align="center"| blō'''dǫ̂''' ||align="center"| blō'''damaz''' ||align="center"| blō'''dō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''blood''’ | |||
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|align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''þis''' ||align="center"| blō'''þa''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''þa''' ||align="center"| blō'''þē''' ||align="center"| blō'''þam''' ||align="center"| blō'''þa''' | |||
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|align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:red">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| blō'''<span style="color:blue">ð</span>a''' | |||
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|colspan=8| <small>Same idea as above. For roots ending in ‹d›, it is devoiced to ‹þ› in the nominative and accusative singular (at a time before Gothic), indicated in red. ‹d› is spirantized (that is, becomes ‹ð›) in the rest of the endings, indicated in blue. (This was the case in Gothic as well, though the spirantization was not indicated in writing.) In the case of those roots ending in ‹þ›, the ‹þ› is voiced to ‹ð› in the same environment that ‹d› is spirantized, so as far as Gutish is concerned, these two paradigms are identical.</small> | |||
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|colspan=9 width=900|'''Type IIIc: Devoicing''' (“n.st.m.za”)<br /> for roots ending in Vz- | |||
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|align="center"| deu'''zą''' ||align="center"| deu'''zis''' ||align="center"| deu'''zai''' ||align="center"| deu'''zą''' ||align="center"| deu'''zō''' ||align="center"| deu'''zǫ̂''' ||align="center"| deu'''zamaz''' ||align="center"| deu'''zō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ‘''spear''’ | |||
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|align="center"| diu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| diu'''zis''' ||align="center"| diu'''za''' ||align="center"| diu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| diu'''za''' ||align="center"| diu'''zē''' ||align="center"| diu'''zam''' ||align="center"| diu'''za''' | |||
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|align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:red">s</span>''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>ma ||align="center"| ǧu'''<span style="color:blue">ž</span>a''' | |||
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==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
==Adjectives== | ==Adjectives== | ||