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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
→Pronouns
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===Personal Pronouns=== | ===Personal Pronouns=== | ||
The genitive pronouns form the base of the possessive determiners, but the third person non-reflexive genitives are never inflected. The third person singular and plural reflexive pronouns are identical. The non-singular pronouns may also take a reciprocal particle ''mīsa'', roughly equivalent to ‘each other’ or ‘one another.’ | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
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!3sg.fem | !3sg.fem | ||
| sī || ižas || iža || ī, iža ||align="left"| ''she, her, (to) her, her'' | | sī || ižas || iža || ī, iža ||align="left"| ''she, her, (to) her, her'' | ||
|- | |||
!3sg.refl | |||
| - || sīn || sis || sik ||align="left"| ''himself, herself, itself, &c'' | |||
|- | |- | ||
!1du | !1du | ||
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| ižas || ižas | | ižas || ižas | ||
|- | |- | ||
|}<!--===Relative Pronouns=== | !3pl.refl | ||
| - || sīn || sis || sik ||align="left"| ''themselves'' | |||
|} | |||
<!--===Relative Pronouns=== | |||
There are two types of relative pronouns in Valthungian, and although they are used interchangeably, I present them here in two separate tables: The first (more common) forms are with the Gothic clitic particle ''ei-'' having separated from the pronouns (see Clitic Separation), and the second, more “traditional” forms where the clitic is still attached to the word. | There are two types of relative pronouns in Valthungian, and although they are used interchangeably, I present them here in two separate tables: The first (more common) forms are with the Gothic clitic particle ''ei-'' having separated from the pronouns (see Clitic Separation), and the second, more “traditional” forms where the clitic is still attached to the word. | ||
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===Indefinite Pronouns=== | ===Indefinite Pronouns=== | ||
The interrogative and negative pronouns can take the adverbial complement ''hun'', which gives them the sense of ‘any’. Additionally, the interrogative pronouns may double as elective pronouns. For example, ''hwat'' ‘what’ or ‘something’; ''hwat hun'' ‘anything’. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
!neg.masc | !neg.masc | ||
| nījus || nījus || nījutma || nījun ||align="left"| ''noöne, noöne’s, &c'' | | nījus ||rowspan=2| nījus ||rowspan=2| nījutma || nījun ||align="left"| ''noöne, noöne’s, &c'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
!neg.neu | !neg.neu | ||
| nījut | | nījut || nījut ||align="left"| ''nothing, nothing’s, &c'' | ||
|} | |||
===Distributive Pronouns=== | |||
The distributive pronouns are non-singular pronouns formed when the personal pronouns were fused with the distributive particles ''hwaðru'' ‘each of two’ and ''hwerižu'' ‘each of many’. In most forms they have now become inseparable from their root components; e.g. compare the dual genitive second person ''inkur'' and distributive ''hwaðrižu'', but the distributive pronoun ''inkwáðrižu''. While the distributives as determiners, by definition, take a singular verb, the distributive pronouns take the non-singular verb of their respective pronouns, e.g. ''Aplas hwerižu gatiða itnas'' ‘Each apple was eaten’, but ''Īshwerižu gatiðun itna'' ‘Each of them was eaten’. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | |||
|- | |- | ||
! | !width=100px| !!width=65px| Nom. !!width=65px| Gen. !!width=65px| Dat. !!width=70px| Acc. !! | ||
| - || | |- | ||
|- | !1du | ||
| vithwáðru || unkwáðrižu || unkwáðratmaþ || unkuáðranaþ ||align="left"| ''each of the two of us'' | |||
|- | |||
!2du | |||
| juthuaðru || inkuaðrižu || inkuaðratmaþ || inkuaðranaþ ||align="left"| ''each of the two of you'' | |||
|- | |||
!1pl | |||
| vīshuerižu || unshuerižu || unsishueritmaþ || unshuerinaþ ||align="left"| ''each of us'' | |||
|- | |||
!2pl | |||
| jūshuerižu || ižurhuerižu || ižushueritmaþ || ižushuerinaþ ||align="left"| ''each of you'' | |||
|- | |||
!3pl.masc | |||
| īshuerižu ||rowspan=3| ižahuerižu ||rowspan=3| imhueritmaþ || inshuerinaþ ||align="left"| ''each of them'' | |||
|- | |||
!3pl.neu | |||
| ižashueritaþ || ižashueritaþ ||align="left"| ''each of them'' | |||
|- | |||
!3pl.fem | |||
| ižahueriþ || ižahueriþ ||align="left"| ''each of them'' | |||
|} | |} | ||
==Numbers== | ==Numbers== | ||