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Valthungian: Difference between revisions
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→Forming the Perfect
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====Forming the Perfect==== | ====Forming the Perfect==== | ||
In Gothic, there was no explicit perfect or perfective aspect in verbs. In order to express the perfect, sometimes the prefix ''ga-'' was added to verbs. Latin had a dedicated perfect inflection in verbs | In Gothic, there was no explicit perfect or perfective aspect in verbs. In order to express the perfect, sometimes the prefix ''ga-'' was added to verbs. Latin had a dedicated perfect inflection in verbs. | ||
In | In later Germanic and Romance languages, the perfect was formed by combining an auxiliary verb (usually ‘have’ or ‘be’) with a participle. In languages which make the distinction (such as French, German, and Italian), ‘have’ is used with most transitive verbs, while ‘be’ is reserved for intransitive verbs dealing with change of state or motion. Valthungian maintains a similar transitive/intransitive distinction as the aforementioned languages, but the distinction is much broader (purely transitive/intransitive, rather than the various rules, exceptions, and sub-rules that govern ''“être/sein/essere”'' verbs), and the difference in the realization of the two types is much more extreme. | ||
Intransitive verbs are formed in the Romance style by creating a compound of the verb ''[[Contionary: wisna#Valthungian|wisna]]'' and the past participle. (The participle is an adjective, and | Intransitive verbs are formed in the Romance style by creating a compound of the verb ''[[Contionary: wisna#Valthungian|wisna]]'' and the past participle. (The participle is an adjective, and must be declined to agree with the subject.) | ||
*''Sī '''ist''' lēkare '''worðna'''.'' | *''Sī '''ist''' lēkare '''worðna'''.'' | ||
**‘She has become a doctor.’ | **‘She has become a doctor.’ | ||
*'' | *''Is '''was''' hǣma '''gangnas'''.'' | ||
** | **‘He had gone home.’ | ||
Transitive verbs are formed in the Gothic manner, though the ''ga-'' prefix from Gothic has since been grammaticalized and stands on its own as an adverb which is usually placed clause-finally. | Transitive verbs are formed in the Gothic manner, though the ''ga-'' prefix from Gothic has since been grammaticalized and stands on its own as an adverb which is usually placed clause-finally. | ||