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| Class III strong verbs are those verbs with /i/ (historically /e/) as the root vowel which is followed by a sonorant (r, l, m, n) and an obstruent (p, t, k, b, d, g, f, þ, s, h), or, rarely, two obstruents (e.g. /hs/, /gd/). Ablaut causes the second principle part to shift to /a/, and the third and fourth to /u/. | | Class III strong verbs are those verbs with /i/ (historically /e/) as the root vowel which is followed by a sonorant (r, l, m, n) and an obstruent (p, t, k, b, d, g, f, þ, s, h), or, rarely, two obstruents (e.g. /hs/, /gd/). Ablaut causes the second principle part to shift to /a/, and the third and fourth to /u/. |
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| {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.3d|bin|ban|ban|bun|byn}} | | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.3nd|bi|ba|ba|bu|by}} |
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| In verbs where /r/ is the sonorant in question, the paradigm shifts to /e/ in the first principle part and /o/ in the third (due to the [[Valthungian/Rules#EGmc_Reflex_of_1st_Umlaut|East Germanic Reflex of First Umlaut]]). | | In verbs where /r/ is the sonorant in question, the paradigm shifts to /e/ in the first principle part and /o/ in the third (due to the [[Valthungian/Rules#EGmc_Reflex_of_1st_Umlaut|East Germanic Reflex of First Umlaut]]). |
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| | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.3rg|bi|ba|ba|bu|by}} |
| !width=100| ''Non-finite'' !!width=50| !!width=100| ''Past Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Past Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Imperative''
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| |align="left"| ''Infinitive:'' ||align="right"| ''ik'' ||align="center"| '''barg''' ||align="center"| '''bœrǧa'''† ||align="center"| '''berga''' ||align="center"| '''berga''' ||align="center"|
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| |align="center"| '''bergna''' ||align="right"| ''þū'' ||align="center"| '''bart''' ||align="center"| '''bœrgis'''* ||align="center"| '''bergis''' ||align="center"| '''bergas''' ||align="center"| '''berg'''
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| |align="left"| ''Gerund:'' ||align="right"| ''is/sī/it'' ||align="center"| '''barg''' ||align="center"| '''borge''' ||align="center"| '''bergiþ''' ||align="center"| '''berga''' ||align="center"| '''bergaða'''
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| |align="center"| '''bergnaþs''' ||align="right"| ''wit/wīs'' ||align="center"| '''borgum''' ||align="center"| '''bœrgim'''* ||align="center"| '''bergma''' ||align="center"| '''bergam''' ||align="center"| '''bergma'''
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| |align="left"| ''Part.:'' ||align="right"| ''jut/jūs'' ||align="center"| '''borguþ''' ||align="center"| '''bœrgiþ'''* ||align="center"| '''bergiþ''' ||align="center"| '''bergaþ''' ||align="center"| '''bergiþ'''
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| |align="center"| '''borgnas''' ||align="right"| ''ī(ja)(s)'' ||align="center"| '''borgun''' ||align="center"| '''bœrgin'''* ||align="center"| '''bergnaþ''' ||align="center"| '''bergan''' ||align="center"| '''berganþa'''
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| | ||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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| ====Strong Verbs: Class IV (i – a – ē – u)==== | | ====Strong Verbs: Class IV (i – a – ē – u)==== |
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| ====Strong Verbs: Class V (i – a – ē – i)==== | | ====Strong Verbs: Class V (i – a – ē – i)==== |
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| {| class="wikitable" width=650 | | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.5þ|kwi|kwa|kwē}} |
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| !width=100| ''Non-finite'' !!width=50| !!width=100| ''Past Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Past Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Imperative''
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| |align="left"| ''Infinitive:'' ||align="right"| ''ik'' ||align="center"| '''kwaþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwēþia'''† ||align="center"| '''kwiða''' ||align="center"| '''kwiþia''' ||align="center"|
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| |align="center"| '''kwiðna''' ||align="right"| ''þū'' ||align="center"| '''kwast''' ||align="center"| '''kwēðis'''* ||align="center"| '''kwiðis''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðas''' ||align="center"| '''kwiþ'''
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| |align="left"| ''Gerund:'' ||align="right"| ''is/sī/it'' ||align="center"| '''kwaþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwēðe''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðiþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwiða''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðaða'''
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| |align="center"| '''kwiðnaþs''' ||align="right"| ''wit/wīs'' ||align="center"| '''kwēðum''' ||align="center"| '''kwēðim'''* ||align="center"| '''kwiðma''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðam''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðma'''
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| |align="left"| ''Part.:'' ||align="right"| ''jut/jūs'' ||align="center"| '''kwēðuþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwēðiþ'''* ||align="center"| '''kwiðiþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðaþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðiþ'''
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| |align="center"| '''kwiðnas''' ||align="right"| ''ī(ja)(s)'' ||align="center"| '''kwēðun''' ||align="center"| '''kwēðin'''* ||align="center"| '''kwiðnaþ''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðan''' ||align="center"| '''kwiðanþa'''
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| | ||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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| ====Strong Verbs: Class VI (a – ō – ō – a)==== | | ====Strong Verbs: Class VI (a – ō – ō – a)==== |
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| {| class="wikitable" width=650 | | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.6g|dra|drō|drœu}} |
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| !width=100| ''Non-finite'' !!width=50| !!width=100| ''Past Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Past Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Imperative''
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| |align="left"| ''Infinitive:'' ||align="right"| ''ik'' ||align="center"| '''drōg''' ||align="center"| '''drœ̄ǧa'''† ||align="center"| '''draga''' ||align="center"| '''draga''' ||align="center"|
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| |align="center"| '''dragna''' ||align="right"| ''þū'' ||align="center"| '''drōft''' ||align="center"| '''drœ̄gis'''* ||align="center"| '''dragis''' ||align="center"| '''dragas''' ||align="center"| '''drag'''
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| |align="left"| ''Gerund:'' ||align="right"| ''is/sī/it'' ||align="center"| '''drōg''' ||align="center"| '''drōge''' ||align="center"| '''dragiþ''' ||align="center"| '''draga''' ||align="center"| '''dragaða'''
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| |align="center"| '''dragnaþs''' ||align="right"| ''wit/wīs'' ||align="center"| '''drōgum''' ||align="center"| '''drœ̄gim'''* ||align="center"| '''dragma''' ||align="center"| '''dragam''' ||align="center"| '''dragma'''
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| |align="left"| ''Part.:'' ||align="right"| ''jut/jūs'' ||align="center"| '''drōguþ''' ||align="center"| '''drœ̄giþ'''* ||align="center"| '''dragiþ''' ||align="center"| '''dragaþ''' ||align="center"| '''dragiþ'''
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| |align="center"| '''dragnas''' ||align="right"| ''ī(ja)(s)'' ||align="center"| '''drōgun''' ||align="center"| '''drœ̄gin'''* ||align="center"| '''dragnaþ''' ||align="center"| '''dragan''' ||align="center"| '''draganþa'''
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| | ||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
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| ====Strong Verbs: Class VII (reduplication)==== | | ====Strong Verbs: Class VII (reduplication)==== |
| | | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.7t|hǣ|hehǣ|hehǣ}} |
| {| class="wikitable" width=650 | | <!--<small>Class VII strong verbs form the past by reduplication; that is, the first letter is repeated, followed by ‹e›, then followed by the remainder of the verb and the usual strong endings.<br /> |
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| !width=100| ''Non-finite'' !!width=50| !!width=100| ''Past Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Past Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Imperative''
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| |align="left"| ''Infinitive:'' ||align="right"| ''ik'' ||align="center"| '''hehǣt''' ||align="center"| '''hehǣča'''† ||align="center"| '''hǣta''' ||align="center"| '''hǣta''' ||align="center"|
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| |align="center"| '''hǣtna''' ||align="right"| ''þū'' ||align="center"| '''hehǣst''' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtis'''* ||align="center"| '''hǣtis''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtas''' ||align="center"| '''hǣt'''
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| |align="left"| ''Gerund:'' ||align="right"| ''is/sī/it'' ||align="center"| '''hehǣt''' ||align="center"| '''hehǣte''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtiþ''' ||align="center"| '''hǣta''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtaða'''
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| |align="center"| '''hǣtnaþs''' ||align="right"| ''wit/wīs'' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtum''' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtim'''* ||align="center"| '''hǣtma''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtam''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtma'''
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| |align="left"| ''Part.:'' ||align="right"| ''jut/jūs'' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtuþ''' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtiþ'''* ||align="center"| '''hǣtiþ''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtaþ''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtiþ'''
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| |align="center"| '''hǣtnas''' ||align="right"| ''ī(ja)(s)'' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtun''' ||align="center"| '''hehǣtin'''* ||align="center"| '''hǣtnaþ''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtan''' ||align="center"| '''hǣtanþa'''
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| |colspan=7| <small>Class VII strong verbs form the past by reduplication; that is, the first letter is repeated, followed by ‹e›, then followed by the remainder of the verb and the usual strong endings.<br />
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| Verbs beginning with ‹s› followed by a stop (i.e. ‹sp›, ‹st›, or ‹sk›), the first two letters are repeated.<br /> | | Verbs beginning with ‹s› followed by a stop (i.e. ‹sp›, ‹st›, or ‹sk›), the first two letters are repeated.<br /> |
| When the stressed vowel is short, it must also be marked with an acute diacritic.</small> | | When the stressed vowel is short, it must also be marked with an acute diacritic.</small>--> |
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| {| class="wikitable" width=650 | | {{Template:Valthungian/v.st.7t|lē|lelō|lelœu}} |
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| | <!--<small>Verbs with ‹ē› as the primary vowel may also show ablaut to ‹ō› in the past (and subsequently umlaut to ‹œ̄› in the past subjunctive).</small>--> |
| !width=100| ''Non-finite'' !!width=50| !!width=100| ''Past Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Past Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Ind.'' !!width=100| ''Pres. Sbj.'' !!width=100| ''Imperative''
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| |align="left"| ''Infinitive:'' ||align="right"| ''ik'' ||align="center"| '''lelōt''' ||align="center"| '''lelœ̄ča'''† ||align="center"| '''lēta''' ||align="center"| '''lēta''' ||align="center"|
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| |align="center"| '''lētna''' ||align="right"| ''þū'' ||align="center"| '''lelōst''' ||align="center"| '''lelœ̄tis'''* ||align="center"| '''lētis''' ||align="center"| '''lētas''' ||align="center"| '''lēt'''
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| |align="left"| ''Gerund:'' ||align="right"| ''is/sī/it'' ||align="center"| '''lelōt''' ||align="center"| '''lelōte''' ||align="center"| '''lētiþ''' ||align="center"| '''lēta''' ||align="center"| '''lētaða'''
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| |align="center"| '''lētnaþs''' ||align="right"| ''wit/wīs'' ||align="center"| '''lelōtum''' ||align="center"| '''lelœ̄tim'''* ||align="center"| '''lētma''' ||align="center"| '''lētam''' ||align="center"| '''lētma'''
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| |align="left"| ''Part.:'' ||align="right"| ''jut/jūs'' ||align="center"| '''lelōtuþ''' ||align="center"| '''lelœ̄tiþ'''* ||align="center"| '''lētiþ''' ||align="center"| '''lētaþ''' ||align="center"| '''lētiþ'''
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| |align="center"| '''lētnas''' ||align="right"| ''ī(ja)(s)'' ||align="center"| '''lelōtun''' ||align="center"| '''lelœ̄tin'''* ||align="center"| '''lētnaþ''' ||align="center"| '''lētan''' ||align="center"| '''lētanþa'''
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| |colspan=7| <small>Verbs with ‹ē› as the primary vowel may also show ablaut to ‹ō› in the past (and subsequently umlaut to ‹œ̄› in the past subjunctive).</small>
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| ===Weak Verbs=== | | ===Weak Verbs=== |