Valthungian: Difference between revisions

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In most Germanic languages, nouns, verbs, and adjectives tend to be broken into categories considered “strong” and “weak.” In nouns and adjectives, “weak” means that the words cling to their determiner endings inherited from Proto-Indo-European, which usually have an /n/ inserted between the root and the ending. For the purposes of this text, I will dispense with the traditional strong and weak categories as relates to nouns and simply relate the various categories into which nouns can be classified, based on their inherited Proto-Germanic endings (which include the /n/ infix where applicable). Since these endings can be irregular and each class must be learned by rote anyway, there is no need in the context of the Valthungian language to add this additional arbitrary distinction.
In most Germanic languages, nouns, verbs, and adjectives tend to be broken into categories considered “strong” and “weak.” In nouns and adjectives, “weak” means that the words cling to their determiner endings inherited from Proto-Indo-European, which usually have an /n/ inserted between the root and the ending. For the purposes of this text, I will dispense with the traditional strong and weak categories as relates to nouns and simply relate the various categories into which nouns can be classified, based on their inherited Proto-Germanic endings (which include the /n/ infix where applicable). Since these endings can be irregular and each class must be learned by rote anyway, there is no need in the context of the Valthungian language to add this additional arbitrary distinction.
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===a- and ō-stems===


By far the most common type of noun in all of the Germanic languages, a- and ō-stems become the basis of several sub-classes of nouns. Masculine and neuter nouns took an ending of -a (from Proto-Indo-European -o), while feminine nouns took -ō (from PIE -ā).
===a-Stems (Masculine & Neuter)===


====a- and ō-stems====
====Pure a-Stems====


'''Strong Masculine a-Stems'''
====ja-Stems====


This is the most common type of noun class in Valthungian as well as in most Germanic languages. As such, it is also the most varied in terms of declension.
====ija-Stems====


{| class="wikitable" width=1000
====wa-Stems====
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''az''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''is''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''ai''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''ą''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''ōz''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''amaz''' ||align="center"| slǣp'''anz''' ||rowspan=3 valign="top"| ''‘sleep’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''ōs''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ē''' ||align="center"| slēp'''am''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ans'''
|-
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top" bgcolor="#f6f6f6"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| slēp'''s ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''is ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp ||align="center"| slēp'''as ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''a ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''ma ''' ||align="center"| slēp'''nas '''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Variations are demonstrated below.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"|  ''Syllabics:'' ||align="center"| bagm'''<span style="color:red">a</span>s''' ||align="center"| bagm'''is''' ||align="center"| bagm'''a''' ||align="center"| bagm'''<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| bagm'''as''' ||align="center"| bagm'''a''' ||align="center"| bagm'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bagm'''<span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ''‘tree’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>Nouns with roots ending in a syllabic sonorant (i.e. an obstruent followed by a sonorant consonant) have a slightly different paradigm. There is an epenthetic /a/ in the nominative and accusative singular, and lack of metathesis in the dative and accusative plural.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"|  ''Clusters:'' ||align="center"| ast<span style="color:red">_</span> ||align="center"| ast'''is''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast ||align="center"| ast'''as''' ||align="center"| ast'''a''' ||align="center"| ast'''ma''' ||align="center"| ast'''nas''' || ''‘branch’''
|-
|align="center"| wer<span style="color:red">_</span> ||align="center"| wer'''is''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer ||align="center"| wer'''as''' ||align="center"| wer'''a''' ||align="center"| wer'''ma''' ||align="center"| wer'''nas''' || ''‘man’''
|-
|align="center"| ams<span style="color:red">_</span> ||align="center"| ams'''is''' ||align="center"| ams'''a''' ||align="center"| ams ||align="center"| ams'''as''' ||align="center"| ams'''a''' ||align="center"| ams'''ma''' ||align="center"| ams'''nas''' || ''‘shoulder’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>This category deals with three different types of changes, but because the results are the same, I’ve combined them here. In all of these examples, the final /s/ is deleted (or assimilated) from the nominative.  In the first example, this is the result of a cluster simplification rule (sps, sts, sks, fts → sp, st, sk, ft, respectively). The second and third examples are the result of much earlier (pre-Gothic) assimilation of /s/ in words ending with /s/ or /r/. In Gothic, the second type only applied to certain short syllables, but it became universal for all nouns ending in /r/ by the time of Valthungian.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"|  ''Voicing Alternation:'' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>s'''||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>is''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:blue">f</span>''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>as''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>a''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>ma''' ||align="center"| þlǣ'''<span style="color:green">v</span>nas''' || ''‘bread’''
|-
|align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">þ</span>s'''||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:blue">þ</span>''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>ma''' ||align="center"| ǭ'''<span style="color:green">ð</span>nas''' || ''‘fortune’''
|-
|align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">s</span><span style="color:red">_</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>is''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:blue">s</span>''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>as''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>a''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>ma''' ||align="center"| gǣ'''<span style="color:green">ž</span>nas''' || ''‘spear’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>In the Voicing Alternation category, the final consonant of nouns in the nominative and accusative singular are devoiced.  This is a rule inherited from Gothic times, but it has changed slightly in application. Note that in the last example, the s of the nominative singular is also assimilated as per the rules of root-final s in Clusters (above) This now also applies to nouns in -f# and -þ# which go through a post-Gothic voicing rather than a pre-Gothic devoicing. (Voicing alternation is shown with devoiced consonants in blue and voiced in green.)</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"|  ''Affrication:'' ||align="center"| da'''<span style="color:purple">ǧ</span>'''||align="center"| dag'''is''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag ||align="center"| dag'''as''' ||align="center"| dag'''a''' ||align="center"| dag'''ma''' ||align="center"| dag'''nas''' || ''‘day’''
|-
|align="center"| win'''<span style="color:purple">ǧ</span>'''||align="center"| wind'''is''' ||align="center"| wind'''a''' ||align="center"| wind ||align="center"| wind'''as''' ||align="center"| wind'''a''' ||align="center"| wind'''ma''' ||align="center"| wind'''nas''' || ''‘wind’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in /g/ or /d/ undergo affrication in the nominative singular. They are otherwise declined normally. Furthermore, nouns traditionally classified as “nd-stems” in Proto-Germanic and Gothic have been assimilated into this class.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"|  ''Continuant Clusters:'' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:blue">b</span>s'''||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>is''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:blue">b</span>'''||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>as''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span>a''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| hwe'''<span style="color:green">rv</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ''‘planet’''
|-
|align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:purple">ǧ</span>'''||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>is''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">r</span><span style="color:blue">d</span>'''||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>as''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span>a''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span><span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| ba'''<span style="color:green">rð</span><span style="color:red">ans</span>''' || ''‘beard’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in a cluster of a liquid followed by a voiced fricative (i.e /lv, rv, lð, rð, lž/), similar to the Syllabics group, blocks metathesis in the Dative and Accusative Plural declensions. Other phonological considerations from other groups may also apply (indicated in blue).</small>
|-
|}


'''Strong Neuter a-Stems'''
====wja-Stems====


The strong neuter a-stems are just like the masculine, except that the neuter does not take an ‹-s› on the nominative singular (i.e. the nominative is the same as the accusative), and the nominative and accusative plurals are identical to the dative singular.  In other words, any of the irregularities discussed above that have to do with these categories will no longer apply for neuter a-stem nouns.
===ō-Stems (Feminine)===


{| class="wikitable" width=1000
====Pure ō-Stems====
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| barn'''ą''' ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''ai''' ||align="center"| barn'''ą''' ||align="center"| barn'''ō''' ||align="center"| barn'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| barn'''amaz''' ||align="center"| barn'''ō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘child’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ē''' ||align="center"| barn'''am''' ||align="center"| barn'''a'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''is''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''a''' ||align="center"| barn'''ma''' ||align="center"| barn'''nas'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the a-stem paradigm. Note the metathesis in the endings on the dative and accusative plural. The variations for this class of nouns are similar to those of the masculine, though not as plentiful.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=2 valign="top"|  ''Syllabics:'' ||align="center"| bragn'''<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| bragn'''is''' ||align="center"| bragn'''a''' ||align="center"| bragn'''<span style="color:red">a</span>''' ||align="center"| bragn'''a''' ||align="center"| bragn'''a''' ||align="center"| bragn'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| bragn'''a''' || ''‘brain’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>Nouns with roots ending in a syllabic sonorant (i.e. an obstruent followed by a sonorant consonant) have a slightly different paradigm. There is an epenthetic /a/ in the nominative and accusative singular, and lack of metathesis in the dative and accusative plural.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=4 valign="top"|  ''Voicing Alternation:'' ||align="center"| þrō<span style="color:red">f</span>||align="center"| þrōv'''is''' ||align="center"| þrōv'''a''' ||align="center"| þrō<span style="color:red">f</span> ||align="center"| þrōv'''a''' ||align="center"| þrōv'''a''' ||align="center"| þrōv'''ma''' ||align="center"| þrōv'''a''' || ''‘bread’''
|-
|align="center"| hǭvi<span style="color:red">þ</span>||align="center"| hǭvið'''is''' ||align="center"| hǭvið'''a''' ||align="center"| hǭvi<span style="color:red">þ</span> ||align="center"| hǭvið'''a''' ||align="center"| hǭvið'''a''' ||align="center"| hǭvið'''ma''' ||align="center"| hǭvið'''a''' || ''‘head’''
|-
|align="center"| bju<span style="color:red">s</span> ||align="center"| bjuž'''is''' ||align="center"| bjuž'''a''' ||align="center"| bju<span style="color:red">s</span> ||align="center"| bjuž'''a''' ||align="center"| bjuž'''a''' ||align="center"| bjuž'''ma''' ||align="center"| bjuž'''a''' || ''‘beer’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>In the Voicing Alternation category, the final consonant of nouns in the nominative and accusative singular are devoiced.  This is a rule inherited from Gothic times, but now also applies to neuter nouns in -f# and -þ# which go through a post-Gothic voicing rather than a pre-Gothic devoicing.</small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"|  ''Continuant Clusters:'' ||align="center"| kal<span style="color:blue">b</span>||align="center"| kalv'''is''' ||align="center"| kalv'''a''' ||align="center"| kal<span style="color:blue">b</span>||align="center"| kalv'''a''' ||align="center"| kalv'''a''' ||align="center"| kalv'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| kalv'''a''' || ''‘calf’''
|-
|align="center"| bor<span style="color:blue">d</span>||align="center"| borð'''is''' ||align="center"| borð'''a''' ||align="center"| bor<span style="color:blue">d</span>||align="center"| borð'''a''' ||align="center"| borð'''a''' ||align="center"| borð'''<span style="color:red">am</span>''' ||align="center"| borð'''a''' || ''‘table’''
|-
|colspan=9| <small>Roots ending in a cluster of a liquid followed by a voiced fricative (i.e /lv, rv, lð, rð, lž/), similar to the Syllabics group, blocks metathesis in the Dative and Accusative Plural declensions. Other phonological considerations from other groups may also apply (indicated in blue).</small>
|-
|}


'''Strong Feminine ō-Stems'''
====jō-Stems====


The simplest noun class by far is the strong feminine ō-stem.  There are mercifully '''no''' variations.
====ijō-Stems====


{| class="wikitable" width=1000
====-Stems====
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ō''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ōz''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ōi''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ǭ''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ôz''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ǫ̂''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ōmaz''' ||align="center"| erþ'''ôz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘earth’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''a''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ais''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ai''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''a''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōs''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ō''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōm''' ||align="center"| aírþ'''ōs'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''is''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''as''' ||align="center"| erð'''a''' ||align="center"| erð'''am''' ||align="center"| erð'''as'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>This is the default declension of the ō-stem paradigm. Note the assimilation of the genitive singular (from the expected “-as”).</small>
|-
|}


====ja- and jō-stems====
===i-Stems (Masculine & Feminine)===


While traditionally listed as sub-classes of a- and ō-stems, the j-stem nouns differ from these in two important ways: Umlaut and Palatalization.  In the examples below, an asterisk (*) by a form indicates that Umlaut applies to that form.  A dagger (†) indicates that palatalization '''and''' umlaut both apply.  (Umlaut can be triggered without palatalization, but wherever palatalization occurs, umlaut does as well.)
====Pure i-Stems====


'''Umlaut''': If the stressed vowel of the stem is a back vowel (a, ā, o, ǭ, ō, u, or ū), there is umlaut in this form. (Note: Umlaut does ''not'' occur if any unstressed syllables intercede between the stressed vowel and the ending; for example, ''þūsunde'' ‘thousand’ is a feminine ijō-stem noun, but there is no umlaut in the dative or genitive (''þūsunǧis'', ''þūsunǧa'') because of the unstressed /a/ between the /ū/ and the ending.)
====wi-Stem====


'''Palatalization''': If the stem ends in d, g, t, k, s, or v there is palatalization in this form. (In this case, b/v alternation will be considered a type of palatalization, because it occurs in the same environment.)
===u-stems (all genders)===


'''Strong Masculine ja-Stems'''
====Pure u-Stems====
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  har'''jaz''' ||align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''jai''' ||align="center"| har'''ją''' ||align="center"| har'''jōz''' ||align="center"| har'''jǫ̂''' ||align="center"| har'''jamaz''' ||align="center"| har'''janz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘army’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''jis''' ||align="center"| har'''ja''' ||align="center"| har'''i''' ||align="center"| har'''jōs''' ||align="center"| har'''jē''' ||align="center"| har'''jam''' ||align="center"| har'''jans'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| har'''e''' ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''is'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''im'''† ||align="center"| h<span style="color:blue">e</span>r'''ins'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Note that the accusative singular is the ''only'' form which does not have umlaut or palatalization.</small>
|-
|}


'''Strong Neuter ja-Stems'''
====ju-Stem====


{| class="wikitable" width=1000
===r-Stem (Masculine & Feminine)===
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  fergun'''ją''' ||align="center"| fergun'''jis''' ||align="center"| fergun'''jai''' ||align="center"| fergun'''ją''' ||align="center"| fergun'''jō''' ||align="center"| fergun'''jǫ̂''' ||align="center"| fergun'''jamaz''' ||align="center"| fergun'''jō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘mountain’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  faírgun'''i''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jis''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''i''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jē''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''jam''' ||align="center"| faírgun'''ja'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''is'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergún'''e''' ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''im'''† ||align="center"| fergýn'''ia'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Like the masculine form, but the nominative singular is the same as the accusative, and the nominative and accusative plural are the same as the dative singular (just as with the a-stems).</small>
|-
|}


'''Strong Feminine jō-Stems'''
===ōn-Stem (all genders)===
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  ban'''jō''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōz''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōi''' ||align="center"| ban'''jǭ''' ||align="center"| ban'''jôz''' ||align="center"| ban'''jǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōmaz''' ||align="center"| ban'''jôz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘wound’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  ban'''ja''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs''' ||align="center"| ban'''jai''' ||align="center"| ban'''ja''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs''' ||align="center"| ban'''jō''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōm''' ||align="center"| ban'''jōs'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''ia'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''im'''† ||align="center"| b<span style="color:blue">e</span>n'''is'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Because all feminine jō-stem nouns are subject to umlaut and palatalization, there is no perceived change in form, so these have ostensibly become regular.</small>
|-
|}


====ija- and ijō-stems====
====Pure ōn-Stem====


These nouns are very similar to the previous category, but in Proto-Germanic an extra syllable was added after a “long stem” – a phenomenon known as Siever’s Law – which caused the discrepancy seen in Gothic between nouns with ''-jis'' and those with ''-eis''.  In Valthungian, the main remnant of these long stem nouns is that umlaut applies, but ''not'' palatalization.
====jōn-Stem====


'''Strong Masculine ija-Stems'''
====wōn-Stem====
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  blōstr'''ijaz''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ijis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ijai''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''iją''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ijōz''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ijǫ̂''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ijamaz''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ijanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘worshipper’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  blōstr'''jis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jis''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''ja''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''i''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jōs''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jē''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jam''' ||align="center"| blōstr'''jans'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  blœ̄str'''is'''* ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''is'''* ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ia'''† ||align="center"| blōstr'''e''' ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''is'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ia'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''im'''† ||align="center"| blœ̄str'''ins'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}


'''Strong Neuter ija-Stems'''
====wjōn-Stem====
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''iją''' ||align="center"| anþ'''īs''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ijai''' ||align="center"| anþ'''iją''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ijō''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ijǫ̂''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ijamaz''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ijō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘forehead’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''i''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jis''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja''' ||align="center"| anþ'''i''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jē''' ||align="center"| anþ'''jam''' ||align="center"| anþ'''ja'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  anþ'''e''' ||align="center"| enþ'''is'''* ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| anþ'''e''' ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''im'''† ||align="center"| enþ'''ia'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>Note: In Gothic, neuter ija-stems were assimilated into the neuter ja-stems, so -jis appears in the genitive instead of the expected -eis.  This assimilation did not take place for the ancestor of Valthungian.</small>
|-
|}
 
'''Strong Feminine ijō-Stems'''
(This is also sometimes referred to as ī-stem or ī/jō-stem because of the form of the nominative singular.)
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  aur'''ī''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijōz''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijōi''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijǭ''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijôz''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijǫ̂''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijōmaz''' ||align="center"| aur'''ijôz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘riverbank’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  aur'''i''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs''' ||align="center"| aur'''jai''' ||align="center"| aur'''ja''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs''' ||align="center"| aur'''jō''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōm''' ||align="center"| aur'''jōs'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  ǭr'''e''' ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''ia'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''im'''† ||align="center"| œ̄r'''is'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
====wa- and wō-stems====
 
Nouns in these classes are fairly rare, but a large number of them are also fairly irregular; namely those nouns whose roots end with a vowel or h-, which causes some rather unexpected things to happen to the w. (These will be treated separately.)
 
'''Strong Masculine wa-Stems'''
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''waz''' ||align="center"| spar'''wis''' ||align="center"| spar'''wai''' ||align="center"| spar'''wą''' ||align="center"| spar'''wōz''' ||align="center"| spar'''wǫ̂''' ||align="center"| spar'''wamaz''' ||align="center"| spar'''wanz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘shadow’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''ws''' ||align="center"| spar'''wis''' ||align="center"| spar'''wa''' ||align="center"| spar'''w''' ||align="center"| spar'''wōs''' ||align="center"| spar'''wē''' ||align="center"| spar'''wam''' ||align="center"| spar'''wans'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  spar'''us''' ||align="center"| spar'''is''' ||align="center"| spar'''ua''' ||align="center"| spar'''o''' ||align="center"| spar'''us''' ||align="center"| spar'''ua''' ||align="center"| spar'''um''' ||align="center"| spar'''uns'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
'''Strong Neuter wa-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"|  mel'''wą''' ||align="center"| mel'''wis''' ||align="center"| mel'''wai''' ||align="center"| mel'''wą''' ||align="center"| mel'''wō''' ||align="center"| mel'''wǫ̂''' ||align="center"| mel'''wamaz''' ||align="center"| mel'''wō''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘flour, meal’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  mil'''u''' ||align="center"| mil'''wis''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa''' ||align="center"| mil'''u''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa''' ||align="center"| mil'''wē''' ||align="center"| mil'''wam''' ||align="center"| mil'''wa'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  mil'''o''' ||align="center"| mil'''us''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''o''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua''' ||align="center"| mil'''um''' ||align="center"| mil'''ua'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|align="right" rowspan=3 valign="top"|  ''Vwa-stems:'' ||align="center"| str<span style="red">'''ǭ'''</span>||align="center"| stra'''ugis''' ||align="center"| stra'''uga''' ||align="center"| str<span style="red">'''ǭ'''</span>||align="center"| stra'''uga''' ||align="center"| stra'''uga''' ||align="center"| stra'''ugma''' ||align="center"| stra'''uga''' || ''‘straw’''
|-
|align="center"|  kni'''o''' ||align="center"| knj'''ugis''' ||align="center"| knj'''uga''' ||align="center"| kni'''o''' ||align="center"| knj'''uga''' ||align="center"| knj'''uga''' ||align="center"| knj'''ugma''' ||align="center"| knj'''uga''' || ''‘knee’''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>When the /-wa/ ending was immediately preceded by a vowel, the paradigm was altered by the second expansion of East Germanic umlaut; /g/ was inserted into the paradigm, and when preceded by /i/, it changes to /j/ in the same environment where /g/ is inserted. When this happens, the process that normally causes the dative ending of wa-stem nouns to avoid metathesis is interrupted.</small>
|-
|}
 
'''Strong Feminine wō-Stems'''
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| PGmc: ||lign="center"|  wul'''wō''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōz''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōi''' ||align="center"| wul'''wǭ''' ||align="center"| wul'''wôz''' ||align="center"| wul'''wǫ̂''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōmaz''' ||align="center"| wul'''wôz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘robbery’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"|  wul'''wa''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''wai''' ||align="center"| wul'''wa''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs''' ||align="center"| wul'''wō''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōm''' ||align="center"| wul'''wōs'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"|  wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''us''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''us''' ||align="center"| wul'''ua''' ||align="center"| wul'''um''' ||align="center"| wul'''us'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
====wja- and wjō-stems====
 
Um... stay tuned. These are a little bit too "varsity-level" for what I want to include on this page right now.
 
===i-stems===
 
The feminine i-stem paradigm is identical to that of the masculine. There is no neuter i-stem in Valthungian.
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''iz''' ||align="center"| mat'''īz''' ||align="center"| mat'''ī''' ||align="center"| mat'''į''' ||align="center"| mat'''īz''' ||align="center"| mat'''jǫ̂''' ||align="center"| mat'''imaz''' ||align="center"| mat'''inz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘food’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''s''' ||align="center"| mat'''is''' ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat ||align="center"| mat'''eis''' ||align="center"| mat'''ē''' ||align="center"| mat'''im''' ||align="center"| mat'''ins'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| mat'''s''' ||align="center"| mat'''is''' ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat ||align="center"| met'''is'''* ||align="center"| mat'''a''' ||align="center"| mat'''im''' ||align="center"| mat'''ins'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
====Consonant-stems====
 
Proto-Germanic and Gothic consonant-stems don't really belong here under i-stem nouns, but these were all assimilated into the i-stem class in Valthungian. (Neuter consonant stems are... more complicated.)
 
===u-stems===
 
'''Strong Masculine & Feminine u-Stems'''
 
The feminine u-stem paradigm is identical to that of the masculine.
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''uz''' ||align="center"| sun'''auz''' ||align="center"| sun'''iwi''' ||align="center"| sun'''ų''' ||align="center"| sun'''iwiz''' ||align="center"| sun'''iwǫ̂''' ||align="center"| sun'''umaz''' ||align="center"| sun'''unz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘son’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''us''' ||align="center"| sun'''aus''' ||align="center"| sun'''au''' ||align="center"| sun'''u'''||align="center"| sun'''jus''' ||align="center"| sun'''iwē''' ||align="center"| sun'''um''' ||align="center"| sun'''uns'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| sun'''us''' ||align="center"| sun'''is''' ||align="center"| sun'''a''' ||align="center"| sun'''o'''||align="center"| syn'''is'''†||align="center"| syn'''juga'''†||align="center"| sun'''um''' ||align="center"| sun'''uns'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
'''Strong Neuter u-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| līþ'''u''' ||align="center"| līþ'''auz''' ||align="center"| līþ'''iwi''' ||align="center"| līþ'''u''' ||align="center"| līþ'''ū''' ||align="center"| līþ'''iwǫ̂''' ||align="center"| līþ'''umaz''' ||align="center"| līþ'''ū''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘cider’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''aus''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''au''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u'''||align="center"| leiþ'''u''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''iwē''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''um''' ||align="center"| leiþ'''u'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| līð'''o''' ||align="center"| līð'''us''' ||align="center"| līð'''a''' ||align="center"| līð'''o'''||align="center"| līð'''o'''||align="center"| līǧ'''uga'''†||align="center"| līð'''um''' ||align="center"| līð'''o'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
 
'''Strong Masculine & Feminine ju-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| stub'''juz''' ||align="center"| stub'''jauz''' ||align="center"| stub'''jiwi''' ||align="center"| stub'''jų''' ||align="center"| stub'''jiwiz''' ||align="center"| stub'''jiwǫ̂''' ||align="center"| stub'''jumaz''' ||align="center"| stub'''junz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘dust’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| stub'''jus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jaus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jau''' ||align="center"| stub'''ju'''||align="center"| stub'''jus''' ||align="center"| stub'''jiwē''' ||align="center"| stub'''jum''' ||align="center"| stub'''juns'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''ia'''†||align="center"| styb'''io'''†||align="center"| styb'''is'''†||align="center"| styb'''juga'''†||align="center"| styb'''im'''† ||align="center"| styb'''ins'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
===r-stems===
This is a small class of masculine and feminine nouns that make up some of the oldest words in the Proto-Indo-European lexicon.  There are seven extant examples of this category in Valthungian (only four were attested in Gothic, though ''þjūstra'' is probably an innovation based on ''þjūtra''), all consisting of immediate family members.  There is one other term related to this category, also possibly extrapolated from ''þjūtra'', which is ''ǧūtra'' ‘grandchild’; this has been reanalyzed as a neuter a-stem, but may be found with the dative plural r-stem -um instead of the neuter -am.  Rather than expound on a formula to remember them, here: Just memorize them all!
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=140| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=125| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=60| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ēr''' ||align="center"| -'''urz''' ||align="center"| -'''ri''' ||align="center"| -'''erų''' ||align="center"| -'''riz''' ||align="center"| -'''rǫ̂''' ||align="center"| -'''rumaz''' ||align="center"| -'''runz''' ||rowspan=4| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ar''' ||align="center"| -'''rs''' ||align="center"| -'''r''' ||align="center"| -'''ar''' ||align="center"| -'''rjus''' ||align="center"| -'''rē''' ||align="center"| -'''rum''' ||align="center"| -'''runs'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ris''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''ris'''* ||align="center"| -'''ra''' ||align="center"| -'''rum''' ||align="center"| -'''runs'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|align="right"| brōþēr - brōþar||align="center"| brōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| brōð'''ris''' ||align="center"| brōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| brōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| brœ̄ð'''ris'''* ||align="center"| brōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| brōð'''rum''' ||align="center"| brōð'''runs''' ||align="left"| ''‘brother’''
|-
|align="right"| fadēr - fadar||align="center"| fað'''ra''' ||align="center"| fað'''ris''' ||align="center"| fað'''ra''' ||align="center"| fað'''ra''' ||align="center"| feð'''ris'''* ||align="center"| fað'''ra''' ||align="center"| fað'''rum''' ||align="center"| fað'''runs'''||align="left"| ''‘father’''
|-
|align="right"| mōþēr – [mōþar]||align="center"| mōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| mōð'''ris''' ||align="center"| mōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| mōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| mœ̄ð'''ris'''* ||align="center"| mōð'''ra''' ||align="center"| mōð'''rum''' ||align="center"| mōð'''runs''' ||align="left"| ''‘mother’''
|-
|align="right"| swestēr - swistar||align="center"| swist'''ra''' ||align="center"| swist'''ris''' ||align="center"| swist'''ra''' ||align="center"| swist'''ra''' ||align="center"| swist'''ris'''* ||align="center"| swist'''ra''' ||align="center"| swist'''rum''' ||align="center"| swist'''runs''' ||align="left"| ''‘sister’''
|-
|align="right"| duhtēr - dauhtar||align="center"| dǭt'''ra''' ||align="center"| dǭt'''ris''' ||align="center"| dǭt'''ra''' ||align="center"| dǭt'''ra''' ||align="center"| dœ̄t'''ris'''* ||align="center"| dǭt'''ra''' ||align="center"| dǭt'''rum''' ||align="center"| dǭt'''runs''' ||align="left"| ''‘daughter’''
|-
|align="right"| [þeuhstēr] – [þiuhstar]||align="center"| þjūst'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūst'''ris''' ||align="center"| þjūst'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūst'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūst'''ris'''* ||align="center"| þjūst'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūst'''rum''' ||align="center"| þjūst'''runs''' ||align="left"| ''‘granddaughter’''
|-
|align="right"| þeuhtēr – [þiuhtar]||align="center"| þjūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūt'''ris''' ||align="center"| þjūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūt'''ris'''* ||align="center"| þjūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| þjūt'''rum''' ||align="center"| þjūt'''runs''' ||align="left"| ''‘grandson’''
|-
|align="right"| deuhtēr – [diuhtar]||align="center"| ǧūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''ris''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''ra''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''rum''', ǧūt'''ram''' ||align="center"| ǧūt'''ra''' ||align="left"| ''‘grandchild’''
|-
|}
 
===an- and ōn-stems===
 
'''Weak Masculine an-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| uhs'''ô''' ||align="center"| uhs'''iniz''' ||align="center"| uhs'''ini''' ||align="center"| uhs'''anų''' ||align="center"| uhs'''aniz''' ||align="center"| uhs'''anǫ̂''' ||align="center"| uhs'''ammaz''' ||align="center"| uhs'''anunz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘ox’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| auhs'''a''' ||align="center"| auhs'''ins''' ||align="center"| auhs'''in''' ||align="center"| auhs'''an'''||align="center"| auhs'''ans''' ||align="center"| auhs'''anē''' ||align="center"| auhs'''am''' ||align="center"| auhs'''ans'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''a''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ins''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''in''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''na'''||align="center"| ǭs'''nas''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ana''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''ma''' ||align="center"| ǭs'''nas'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
'''Weak Neuter an-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| hert'''ô''' ||align="center"| hert'''iniz''' ||align="center"| hert'''ini''' ||align="center"| hert'''ô''' ||align="center"| hert'''ōnō'''||align="center"| hert'''anǫ̂''' ||align="center"| hert'''ammaz''' ||align="center"| hert'''ōnō'''||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘heart’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ō''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ins''' ||align="center"| hairt'''in''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ō'''||align="center"| hairt'''ōna''' ||align="center"| hairt'''anē''' ||align="center"| hairt'''am''' ||align="center"| hairt'''ōna'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| hert'''a''' ||align="center"| hert'''ins''' ||align="center"| hert'''in''' ||align="center"| hert'''a'''||align="center"| hert'''ana''' ||align="center"| hert'''ana''' ||align="center"| hert'''ma''' ||align="center"| hert'''ana'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
'''Weak Feminine ōn-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ǭ''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōniz''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōni''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōnų''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōniz''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōnǫ̂''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōmaz''' ||align="center"| kwen'''ōnunz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘woman’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| qin'''ō''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōns''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōn''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōn'''||align="center"| qin'''ōns''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōnō''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōm''' ||align="center"| qin'''ōns'''
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|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| kwin'''a''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ans''' ||align="center"| kwin'''an''' ||align="center"| kwin'''an'''||align="center"| kwin'''ans''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ana''' ||align="center"| kwin'''am''' ||align="center"| kwin'''ans'''
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
===(i)jan- and (i)jōn-stems===
 
I will treat the –ja- and –ija- stems together, since they are identical in Gothic and Valthungian. Note that paltalization (and, by extension, umlaut) applies in ''all'' declensions.
 
'''Weak Masculine (i)jan-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''jô'''||align="center"| wil'''jiniz'''||align="center"| wil'''jini'''||align="center"| wil'''janų'''||align="center"| wil'''janiz'''||align="center"| wil'''janǫ̂'''||align="center"| wil'''jammaz'''||align="center"| wil'''janunz'''||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘will, desire’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''ja'''||align="center"| wil'''jins'''||align="center"| wil'''jin'''||align="center"| wil'''jan'''||align="center"| wil'''jans'''||align="center"| wil'''janē'''||align="center"| wil'''jam'''||align="center"| wil'''jans'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| wil'''ia'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†||align="center"| wil'''in'''†||align="center"| wil'''in'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†||align="center"| wil'''ina'''†||align="center"| wil'''im'''†||align="center"| wil'''ins'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
'''Weak Neuter (i)jan-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jô''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jiniz''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jini''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jô''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jōnō'''||align="center"| ‡sigli'''janǫ̂''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jammaz''' ||align="center"| ‡sigli'''jōnō'''||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘sigil, seal’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jō'''||align="center"| sigl'''jins''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jin''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jō'''||align="center"| sigl'''jōna''' ||align="center"| sigl'''janē''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jam''' ||align="center"| sigl'''jōna'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| sigl'''ia'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ins'''†||align="center"| sigl'''in'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ia'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†||align="center"| sigl'''im'''†||align="center"| sigl'''ina'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small>‡ This noun was borrowed into Gothic from Latin; the Proto-Germanic here is extrapolated. The –(i)- in the Proto-Germanic form would have appeared in this declension (had it existed), but I leave it in parentheses here because there is still a difference between –jô and –ijô stems in Proto-Germanic.</small>
|-
|}
 
'''Weak Feminine (i)jōn-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| brun'''jǭ''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōniz''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōni''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōnų''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōniz''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōnǫ̂''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōmaz''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōnunz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘breastplate’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| brun'''jō''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōns''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōn''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōn'''||align="center"| brun'''jōns''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōnō''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōm''' ||align="center"| brun'''jōns'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| bryn'''ia'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†||align="center"| bryn'''in'''†||align="center"| bryn'''in'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ina'''†||align="center"| bryn'''im'''†||align="center"| bryn'''ins'''†
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
 
===wan- and wōn-stems===
 
'''Weak Masculine wan-Stems'''
 
'''Weak Neuter wan-Stems'''
 
'''Weak Feminine wōn-Stems'''
 
===īn-stems===
 
This is a highly productive class of exclusively feminine nouns.
 
'''Weak Feminine īn-Stems'''
 
{| class="wikitable" width=1000
|-
!width=100| !!width=100| ''Nom.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Sg.'' !!width=100| ''Nom.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Gen.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Dat.Pl.'' !!width=100| ''Acc.Pl.'' !!width=100| &nbsp;
|-
|align="right"| '''''PGmc:''''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''į̄''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īniz''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īni''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īnų''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īniz''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īnǫ̂''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īmaz''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''īnunz''' ||rowspan=4 valign="top"| ''‘mother’''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Gothic:''''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ei''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eins''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ein''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''ein'''||align="center"| aiþ'''eins''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''einō''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eim''' ||align="center"| aiþ'''eins'''
|-
|align="right"| '''''Valthungian:''''' ||align="center"| ǣð'''i'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''in'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''in'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ina'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''im'''*||align="center"| ǣð'''ins'''*
|-
| &nbsp;||colspan=8| <small><br /></small>
|-
|}
-->


==Verbs==
==Verbs==