Valthungian: Difference between revisions

12,685 bytes added ,  12 November 2022
Line 666: Line 666:
!colspan=4| Distal (“yonder”)
!colspan=4| Distal (“yonder”)
|-
|-
!width=100px|  
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.  
!width=65px| Nom.  
!width=65px| Gen.  
!width=65px| Gen.  
Line 713: Line 713:
| þiža  
| þiža  
| þō  
| þō  
| jǣna
|rowspan=3| jǣna
| jǣnižas
| jǣnižas
| jǣna
|colspan=2| jǣna
| jǣna
|-
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl  
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl  
Line 727: Line 726:
|rowspan=3|  þǣm  
|rowspan=3|  þǣm  
| þans  
| þans  
| jǣna
|rowspan=3| jǣniža  
|rowspan=3| jǣniža  
|rowspan=3| jǣnam  
|rowspan=3| jǣnam  
Line 737: Line 735:
| þō  
| þō  
| þō  
| þō  
| jǣna
| jǣna
| jǣna
|-
|-
Line 826: Line 823:


===Other Determiners===
===Other Determiners===
The determiners are an important word class in Valthungian because they trigger the choice of whether to use a strong or weak adjective in the noun phrase they introduce. Though most adjectives follow their nouns, determiners always precede them. A non-exhaustive list follows:
The determiners are an important word class in Valthungian because they trigger the choice of whether to use a strong or weak adjective in the noun phrase they introduce. Though most adjectives follow their nouns, determiners precede them. A non-exhaustive list follows:
* '''''als''''' ‘all’
 
* '''''ǣnagis''''' ‘any, whichever’
====''[[Contionary: als#Valthungian|als]]'' ‘all’====
* '''''''''' ‘both’
This determiner is inflectionally a little interesting because it has evolved an insertive /t/ in parts of the inflection due to changes to the geminates in [[Old Valthungian]]. When ''[[Contionary: als#Valthungian|als]]'' is used in conjunction with another determiner, it is declined as a weak adjective and has the meaning of ‘entire’ or ‘complete’.
* '''''hreužiþ''''' ‘each (of many)’
 
* '''''hreužis''''' ‘which (of many)'
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
* '''''huaðra''''' ‘which (of the two)'
!  
* '''''huaðruþ''''' ‘each (of the two)’
!colspan=4| als ‘all’
* '''''huǣjus''''' ‘how much, how many’
|-
* '''''þrǣ''''' ‘all three’
!width=65px|  
* '''''līts''''' ‘little’
!width=65px| Nom.
* '''''managis''''' ‘much, many’
!width=75px| Gen.
* '''''mǣs''''' ‘more’
!width=75px| Dat.
* '''''mǣst''''' ‘most’
!width=65px| Acc.
* '''''mitnis''''' ‘less’
|-
* '''''mitnist''''' ‘least’
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
* '''''suǣjus''''' ‘so much, so many’
| als
* '''''sums''''' ‘some’ (general, non-specific)
|rowspan=2| atlis
* '''''faugis''''' ‘fewer’
|rowspan=2| atlatma
* '''''faugist''''' ‘fewest’
| atlan
* '''''filus''''' ‘much, many’
|-
* '''''fǭs''''' ‘few’
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| al
| al
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
|rowspan=3| atla
| atlažas
|colspan=2| atla
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3| atlaža
|rowspan=3| atlam
| atlans
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| atla
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| atlas
| atlas
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: ǣnagis#Valthungian|ǣnagis]]'' ‘any, whichever’====
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| ǣnagis ‘any’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| ǣnagis
|rowspan=2| ǣnagis  
|rowspan=2| ǣnaǧitma
| ǣnaǧin
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
|rowspan=2| ǣnage
| ǣnage
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
| ǣnaǧižas
|colspan=2| ǣnaǧa
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=2| ǣnaǧa
|rowspan=3| ǣnaǧiža
|rowspan=3| ǣnaǧim
| ǣnaǧins
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| ǣnaǧa
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| ǣnaǧis
| ǣnaǧis
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: bǣ#Valthungian|bǣ]]'' ‘both’ & [[Contionary: þrǣ#Valthungian|þrǣ]] ‘all three’====
Note that only plural forms of these determiners exist, because it is impossible to have both or all three of a singular noun.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| bǣ ‘both’
!  
!colspan=4| þrǣ ‘all three’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=4|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.
| bǣ
|rowspan=3| beǧa
|rowspan=3| bǣm
| bans
| þrǣ
|rowspan=3| þrǣža
|rowspan=3| þrǣm
| þrans
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.
| bā
| bā
| þrā
| þrā
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.
| bōs
| bōs
| þreǧis
| þreǧis
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: huaðruþ#Valthungian|huaðruþ]]'' & ''[[Contionary: hreužiþ#Valthungian|hreužiþ]]'' ‘each one’====
Note that only singular forms exist for ''each'' (*ahem*) of these determiners, because what is being discussed is a single noun out of, respectively, two or more than two. The unusual '''' ending is the result of compounding with earlier ''-uh''.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| huaðruþ ‘each (of two)’
!  
!colspan=4| hreužiþ ‘each (of many)’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=4|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
|rowspan=3| huaðruþ
|rowspan=2| huaðrižuþ
|rowspan=2| huaðratmaþ
| huaðranaþ
| hreužiþ
|rowspan=2| hreužiþ
|rowspan=2| hreužitmaþ
| hreužinaþ
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
|rowspan=2| hreužitaþ
| hreužitaþ
| hreužitaþ
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
| huaðražaþ
| huaðraþ
| hreužiþ
| hreužižaþ
| hreužiþ
| hreužiþ
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: huaðra#Valthungian|huaðra]]'' & ''[[Contionary: hreužis#Valthungian|hreužis]]'' ‘which’====
The dual form (''huaðra'') only exists in the singular, as there can only be a singular option when choosing between two nouns, but ''hreužis'' can be singular (“which one”) or plural (“which ones”).
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| huaðra ‘which (of the two)
!  
!colspan=4| hreužis ‘which (of many)’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
|rowspan=3| huaðra
|rowspan=2| huaðris
|rowspan=2| huaðratma
| huaðran
| hreužis
|rowspan=2| hreužis
|rowspan=2| hreužitma
| hreužin
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
|rowspan=2| huaðra
| hreužit
| hreužit
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
| huaðražas
| huaðra
| hreuža
| hreužižas
| hreuža
| hreuža
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3 colspan=4| —
|rowspan=2| hreuža
|rowspan=3| hreužiža
|rowspan=3| hreužim
| hreužins
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| hreuža
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| hreužis
| hreužis
|-
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: huǣjus#Valthungian|huǣjus]]'' ‘how much, how many’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| huǣjus ‘how much, how many’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| huǣjus
|rowspan=2| huǣjugis
|rowspan=2| huǣjugatma
| huǣjugna
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| huǣjo
| huǣjo
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
|rowspan=3| huǣjuga
| huǣjugažas
|colspan=2| huǣjuga
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3| huǣjugaža
|rowspan=3| huǣjugam
| huǣjugnas
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| huǣjuga
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| huǣjgas
| huǣjgas
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: līts#Valthungian|līts]]'', ''[[Contionary: mitnis#Valthungian|mitnis]]'', ''[[Contionary: mitnist#Valthungian|mitnist]]'', ‘little, less, least’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| līts ‘little’
!  
!colspan=4| mitnis ‘less’
!  
!colspan=4| mitnist ‘least’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| līts
|rowspan=2| lītis
|rowspan=2| lītatma
| lītna
|rowspan=2| mitnis
|rowspan=2| mitnižis
|rowspan=2| mitnižata
| mitnižna
|rowspan=2| mitnist
|rowspan=2| mitnistis
|rowspan=2| mitnistatma
| mitnistna
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| līt
| līt
| mitnis
| mitnista
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
|rowspan=3| līta
| lītažas
|colspan=2| līta
|rowspan=3| mitniža
| mitnižas
|colspan=2| mitniža
|rowspan=3| mitnista
| mitnistažas
|colspan=2| mitnista
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3| lītaža
|rowspan=3| lītam
| lītnas
|rowspan=3| mitniža
|rowspan=3| mitnižam
| mitniža
|rowspan=3| mitnistaža
|rowspan=3| mitnistam
| mitnistnas
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| līta
| mitniža
| mitnista
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| lītas
| lītas
| mitnižas
| mitnižas
| mitnistas
| mitnistas
|-
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: managis#Valthungian|managis]]'', ''[[Contionary: mǣs#Valthungian|mǣs]]'', ''[[Contionary: mǣst#Valthungian|mǣst]]'', ‘much, many, more, most’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| managis ‘much, many’
!  
!colspan=4| mǣs ‘more’
!  
!colspan=4| mǣst ‘most’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| managis
|rowspan=2| managis
|rowspan=2| manaǧitma
| manaǧin
|rowspan=2| mǣs
|rowspan=2| mǣžis
|rowspan=2| mǣžatma
| mǣžna
|rowspan=2| mǣst
|rowspan=2| mǣstis
|rowspan=2| mǣstatma
| mǣstna
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
|rowspan=2| manage
| manage
| mǣs
| mǣst
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
| manaǧižas
|colspan=2| manaǧa
|rowspan=3| mǣža
| mǣžižas
|colspan=2| mǣža
|rowspan=3| mǣsta
| mǣstažas
|colspan=2| mǣsta
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=2| manaǧa
|rowspan=3| manaǧiža
|rowspan=3| manaǧim
| manaǧins
|rowspan=3| mǣža
|rowspan=3| mǣžam
| mǣžnas
|rowspan=3| mǣstaža
|rowspan=3| mǣstam
| mǣstnas
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| manaǧa
| mǣža
| mǣsta
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| manaǧis
| manaǧis
| mǣžas
| mǣžas
| mǣstas
| mǣstas
|-
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: suǣjus#Valtsungian|suǣjus]]'' ‘so much, so many’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| suǣjus ‘how much, how many’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| suǣjus
|rowspan=2| suǣjugis
|rowspan=2| suǣjugatma
| suǣjugna
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| suǣjo
| suǣjo
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
|rowspan=3| suǣjuga
| suǣjugažas
|colspan=2| suǣjuga
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3| suǣjugaža
|rowspan=3| suǣjugam
| suǣjugnas
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| suǣjuga
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| suǣjgas
| suǣjgas
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: sums#Valthungian|sums]]'' ‘some’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| sums ‘some’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| sums
|rowspan=2| sumis
|rowspan=2| sumatma
| sumna
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| sum
| sum
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
|rowspan=3| suma
| sumažas
|colspan=2| suma
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3| sumažas
|rowspan=3| sumam
| sumnas
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| suma
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| sumas
| sumas
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: filus#Valthungian|filus]]'' ‘much, many’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| filus ‘much, many’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| filus
|rowspan=2| filus
|rowspan=2| filitma
| filin
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| filo
| filo
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
| filus
| filižas
|colspan=2| filia
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=2| filia
|rowspan=3| filiža
|rowspan=3| filim
| filins
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| filia
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| filis
| filis
|}
 
====''[[Contionary: fǭs#Valthungian|fǭs]]'', ''[[Contionary: faugis#Valthungian|faugis]]'', ''[[Contionary: faugist#Valthungian|faugist]]'', ‘few, fewer, fewest’====
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
!  
!colspan=4| fǭs ‘few’
!  
!colspan=4| faugis ‘fewer’
!  
!colspan=4| faugist ‘fewest’
|-
!width=65px|  
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|style="border-top: none;border-bottom: none;" width=10px rowspan=7|
!width=65px| Nom.
!width=75px| Gen.
!width=75px| Dat.
!width=65px| Acc.
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.sg
| fǭs  
|rowspan=2| faugis
|rowspan=2| faugatma
| faugna
|rowspan=2| faugis
|rowspan=2| faugižis
|rowspan=2| faugižata
| faugižna
|rowspan=2| faugist
|rowspan=2| faugistis
|rowspan=2| faugistatma
| faugistna
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.sg 
| fǭ
| fǭ
| faugis
| faugista
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.sg 
|rowspan=3| fauga
| faugažas
|colspan=2| fauga
|rowspan=3| faugiža
| faugižas
|colspan=2| faugiža
|rowspan=3| faugista
| faugistažas
|colspan=2| faugista
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| masc.pl
|rowspan=3| faugaža
|rowspan=3| faugam
| faugnas
|rowspan=3| faugiža
|rowspan=3| faugižam
| faugiža
|rowspan=3| faugistaža
|rowspan=3| faugistam
| faugistnas
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| neu.pl 
| fauga
| faugiža
| faugista
|-
!style="text-align:right;"| fem.pl 
| faugas
| faugas
| faugižas
| faugižas
| faugistas
| faugistas
|-
|}
 
And finally all possessive adjectives ''can'' be used as determiners. (See below.)
And finally all possessive adjectives ''can'' be used as determiners. (See below.)