Verse:Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature
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| Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature | |
|---|---|
| Wiebermüđel | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈvibɚˌmyɡ!əl/] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Hussmauch |
| Extinct | Developed into Middle Wiebian in 400 v.C. |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | qwb |
Sandbox
Lexicon
Wiebian verse
About Wiebian music
Ancient Wiebian is one of the major ancient Quihum languages, alongside Naquian. It is intended to be German gibberish with clicks.
Todo
- Reflexive?
- Wittel (m.) a god
- Abhang (m.) 'a devotional music form' (lit. "up-call"?)
- Seib (n.) 'snow'
- queien 'scream, cry'
- Körde (f.) 'love'
Background
Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature is the oldest attested form of Wiebian, used as a spoken language until 200 v.C.
Notes on notation
- i - denotes i-umlaut of the root.
Orthography
Wiebian is written in a script identical to Fraktur. The letter names differ from the German names, however.
Phonology
Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature phonology is mostly based on Modern Standard German, with the addition of two clicks ŧ /ǃ/ and đ /ɡǃ/ which patterns similarly to t and d. However, Ancient Wiebian allows more initial clusters than German: initial ng- is allowed, as well as non-German clusters such as schng-, tm-, tn-, tng-, tk-, pn-, png-, kng-, ngr-, ngl-, dg-, ... (Some of these clusters are native in fact.)
Voiceless plosives are aspirated unless after a fricative. Auslautverhärtung (final obstruent devoicing) occurs as in German or Dutch.
Proto-Wiebian
Proto-Wiebian describes the stage of the language immediately after it underwent the High German consonant shift (which did not affect clicks).
Consonants
Vowels
Early Ancient Wiebian
Early Ancient Wiebian was similar to Middle High German; it is thus represented in this article using the standardized Middle High German orthography. One difference from Middle High German was that Auslautverhärtung did not occur in Early Ancient Wiebian.
Consonants
Early Ancient Wiebian has the following consonants:
| Labial | Lamino-dental | Apico-alveolar | Co-articulated | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | đ [ŋǃ] | ng /ŋ/ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p /p/ | t /t̪/ | ŧ /ǃ/ | k /k/ | /ʔ-/ | ||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d̪/ | đ /ɡǃ/ | g /ɡ/ | ||||
| Fricative | f /f/ | ʒ /s̻/ | s /s̺/ | sch /ɧ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ | ||
| Affricate | pf /pf/ | z, tz /ts̻/ | ||||||
| Trill | r /r/ | |||||||
| Approximant | w /w/ | l /l/ | j /j/ | |||||
Vowels
In Early Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature each vowel had an independent length. This changed in Standard Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature when vowels before single consonants were lengthened, so that the orthographic final came to determine vowel length. Final -h was also deleted to trigger compensatory lengthening of the vowel, which is why open long vowels are often written with an -h after the vowel.
| Front | Central | Back | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | |||||||
| short | long | short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | i /i/ | î /iː/ | ü /y/ | iu /yː/ | u /u/ | û /uː/ | ||
| Close-mid | ë /e/ | |||||||
| Mid | e /ɛ/ | ê /ɛː/ | ö /ø/ | œ /øː/ | e /ə/ | o /o/ | ô /oː/ | |
| Open | ä /æ/ | æ /æː/ | a /a/ | â /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: ie /iə/ üe /yə/ uo /uə/ ei /ɛɪ/ öu, eu /eʏ~øʏ~eu/ ou /ɔu/
Classical Wiebian
The beginning of the Standard Ancient Wiebian (SAW), Classical Wiebian (CW), or Late Ancient Wiebian (LAW) period is taken to be the standardization of the orthography under the ruler Kait-Neumer (2300 HM years before present).
Standard accent
Mercilessly stolen from Standard German.
Schänger
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Postalveolar | Click | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | /m/ | /n/ | /ŋǃ/ | /ŋ/ | |||||
| Plosive | lenis | /p~b/ | /t~d/ | /ǃ~g!/ | /tɕ~dʑ/ | /k~g/ | /ʔ/ | ||
| fortis | /pʰ/ | /tʰ/ | /ǃʰ/ | /tɕʰ/ | /kʰ/ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | /f/ | /s/ | /ʃ/ | /ɕ/ | /x/ | /h/ | ||
| voiced | /v/ | /z/ | /ʁ/ | ||||||
| Approximant | /l/ | /j/ | [ʁ̞] | ||||||
- Notes
- /pʰ/ corresponds to standard /pf/.
- Lenis consonants have voiced allophones between vowels, and correspond to Standard voiced/lenis consonants.
- /s, z/ are lamino-dental [s̪, z̪]. /s/ is more weakly fricated than in the standard accent, almost becoming [h] at times.
- /tɕ~dʑ/ corresponds to Standard z and dsch (the latter in loanwords).
- /ɕ/ corresponds to Standard /ç/.
- /ʃˁ/ corresponds to Standard /ʃ/.
- /ʃˁ/ is realized as a non-pharyngealized retracted apical [s̠] in the clusters /ʃˁp, ʃˁt, ʃˁk/.
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | short | long | |
| Close | /ɪ/ | /iː/ | /ʏ/ | /yː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ |
| Close-mid | /eː/ | /øː/ | /oː/ | |||
| Open-mid | /ɛ/ | /ɛː/ | /œ/ | /œː/ | /ɔ/ | /ɔː/ |
| Open | /ɐ/ | /aː/ | ||||
Diphthongs: /aʊ oɪ aɪ iɐ ʉɐ uɐ auɐ oɪɐ aɪɐ/
- Notes
- /i/, /iː/, /ʉ/, /ʉː/, /u/, /uː/ corresponds to standard /ɪ/, /i/, /ʏ/, /y/, /ʊ/, /u/.
- /e/, /ə/, /ɵː/, /o/ corresponds to standard /ɛ/, /œ/, /øy/, /ɔ/.
- /ɛː/, /ɞː/, /ɔː/ corresponds to standard /ɛɹ/, /œɹ/, /ɔɹ/.
- /iɐ/, /ʉɐ/, /uɐ/ corresponds to standard /iɹ/, /yɹ/, /uɹ/.
Kurm
Kurm uses an alveolar trill for /r/.
Stress
Syllables may have primary or secondary stress. The first syllable of the root is heavily stressed, at the expense of prefixes and endings. The first component of compounds receives primary stress while the subsequent parts receive secondary stress.
Grammar
Parts of speech
Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature inflected determiners and adjectives according to case and number. The inflection of adjectives in addition depended on their position and definiteness.
Nouns
Nouns do not inflect. However, they are preceded by an article ein.
Gender
Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. Nouns of each gender take their respective verb endings and pronouns in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.
Determiners
Determiners include articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, possessive pronouns (namely nein, rein, wein, kein 'my, thy, our, your') and all attributive adjectives, and inflect for gender, case and definiteness.
Attributive adjectives come after any articles and demonstratives. When an adjective modifies a noun, it must be inflected; inflecting other determiners is optional when an attributive adjective is used.
Case endings
In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, noun phrases are inflected in 3 cases:
- Nominative: subject
- Accusative: direct object, some adverbial expressions
- Genitive: possession, prepositional objects.
| Ahn 'father' - masculine | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | eine Ahn | einen Ahn |
| Def. nom. | ein Ahn | einer Ahn |
| Indef. acc. | ein Ahn | einer Ahn |
| Def. acc. | einem Ahn | eines Ahn |
| Indef. gen. | einem Ahn | eines Ahn |
| Def. gen. | eine Ahn | einen Ahn |
| Mahl 'mother' - feminine | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | einem Mahl | eines Mahl |
| Def. nom. | eine Mahl | einen Mahl |
| Indef. acc. | eine Mahl | einen Mahl |
| Def. acc. | ein Mahl | einer Mahl |
| Indef. gen. | ein Mahl | einer Mahl |
| Def. gen. | einem Mahl | eines Mahl |
| Ŧeib 'goblet, chalice' - neuter | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | ein Ŧeib | einer Ŧeib |
| Def. nom. | einem Ŧeib | eines Ŧeib |
| Indef. acc. | einem Ŧeib | eines Ŧeib |
| Def. acc. | eine Ŧeib | einen Ŧeib |
| Indef. gen. | eine Ŧeib | einen Ŧeib |
| Def. gen. | ein Ŧeib | einer Ŧeib |
Adpositions
The article ein is shortened after a preposition: e.g. er 'ner Heste (< *er einer...) 'for the wife'. Adpositions always govern the genitive.
- bach - with
- đei - partitive
- er, ero - for
- gar - to, towards
- lie - from
- pfalt - before
- sie - onto/on
- tarb - towards/at
- trieg - around
- und - into/in
- zecker - after
Important determiners
These determiners must be inflected, even when used with an attributive adjective.
- so ein 'this'
- was, wie, wem, wen, wes, wer: 'that'
- etwas, etwie, etwem, etwen, etwes, etwer 'yon'
- das, die, dem, den, des, der: 'what, which (definite); some (indefinite)'
The following determiners have optional inflection when used with an attributive adjective.
- all, alle, allem, allen, alles, aller: "other"
- wahm 'one' - declined like a singular adjective
- dieser 'two' - declined like a plural adjective (diesen, dieser, dieses)
| Determiners (masculine) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | wie die alle |
wen den allen |
| Def. nom. | was das all |
wer der aller |
| Indef. acc. | was das all |
wer der aller |
| Def. acc. | wem dem allem |
wes des alles |
| Indef. gen. | wem dem allem |
wes des alles |
| Def. gen. | wie die alle |
wen den allen |
| Determiners (feminine) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | wem dem allem |
wes des alles |
| Def. nom. | wie die alle |
wen den allen |
| Indef. acc. | wie die alle |
wen den allen |
| Def. acc. | was das all |
wer der aller |
| Indef. gen. | was das all |
wer der aller |
| Def. gen. | wem dem allem |
wes des alles |
| Determiners (neuter) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| Indef. nom. | was das all |
wer der aller |
| Def. nom. | wem dem allem |
wes des alles |
| Indef. acc. | wem dem allem |
wes des alles |
| Def. acc. | wie die alle |
wen den allen |
| Indef. gen. | wie die alle |
wen den allen |
| Def. gen. | was das all |
wer der aller |
Adjectives
Unlike attributive adjectives, predicative adjectives take no ending.
Degree
Wiebian makes no distinction between the comparative and the superlative, which are both are formed with the suffix U-lich. The equative is formed with an-. "Less" and "least" are indicated with the suffix -bar.
Example: garm 'heavy', gärmlich 'heavier', angarm 'as heavy', garmbar 'less heavy'
Adverbs
Adverbs are formed from adjectives with the suffix U-st: späglichst 'more tightly'.
Pronouns
| Person → | 1 | 2 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number → | Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural |
| Case ↓ | ||||
| Nominative | nu | wich | sei | sich |
| Accusative | nun | wir | rien | sir |
| Genitive | nur | wie | rur | kie |
| Possessive pronouns |
nein | wein | rein | kein |
Wiebian lacks true third-person pronouns. The closest equivalent is so ein "this".
Possessive pronouns were derived from combining genitive pronouns with another element, such as the definite article ein or an adjectival suffix -er.
Verbs
Verbs have stem forms (thus principal parts) for present, past and verbal noun which are not always distinct. The verbal noun can in addition be marked with various suffixes. (A similar but more conservative system is found in Thensarian). Verbs are often additionally marked by auxiliary words to disambiguate the tense, because most forms are identical or very similar. The verb is usually given in its 1st person present (-n or -en) form.
The three principal parts are thus the present imperative, the past 2s form and the verbal noun.
The citation form is the present stem, which is also the short 2nd person singular imperative in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature.
Jussive endings are only found in special registers.
Personal endings
In Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature, the verb is also inflected for person.
Athematic stems umlaut in the present for certain persons; thematic stems always umlaut in the preterite.
| Imperative endings | ||
|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |
| 1.in | - | -n |
| 2 | -Ø | -isch |
| Indicative endings | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | ||
| 1 | -n | -nd | |
| 2 | i-e | -isch | |
| 3 | i-n | i-t | |
Negative verb
The negative verb is ihren; the connegative form of a verb depends on the tense.
Formation of verbal principal parts
Verbal nouns are irregular. The present stem is in the a-grade and the past stem is in the i-grade.
Numerals
Cardinals 0-10: ühm, wahm, dieser, narg, đauf, säl, stuhm, rut, lerz, pfarb, kier, dell (100), seit (1000)
Ordinals are formed with the suffix -er: pfalter, stefter, narger, đaufer, säler, stuhmer, ruter, lerzer, pfarber, kierer
Syntax
Word order
Constituents are arranged in V2 order in Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature (with more variation allowed in poetry) unlike in most modern Wiebian topolects. Noun modifiers (adjectives and possessors) almost always precede the modified noun.
Use of "es"
Originally an emphatic particle, es became a progressive aspect marker in Classical Wiebian.
- In yes-no questions es is used at the beginning of a sentence.
- Es develops into a present tense marker in some daughter languages.
Truth value
For negation, Hmøøh/Suwáábyíq/Literature uses a negative verb ihren: Nu haffen 'I eat' is negated to Nu ihren haffs 'I do not eat'.
The past tense is negated differently: Nu häffen 'I ate' vs. Nu ihren haffung 'I did not eat'.
Passive
Conjunctions
Conjunctions
- von - and (for nouns, verbs)
- um - and (for clauses)
- in - or
- für - but
- auf - because
- mit - if
- meist - but (rather)
- nöter - while
- einstein - right when
- euler - until
- tngie = like
Relative clauses
Derivational morphology
Some suffixes are pronounced differently depending on the final consonant of the root.
- be-: intensive/applicative/denominal verb prefix (can be ge- before labials)
- berasten 'make powerful, strengthen' < Rast 'power'
- gebeulen 'justify, straighten' < beul 'just'
- U-chen (U-elchen after k, g, ch): a nominalizer
- U-e: abstract noun, -ness/-hood
- U-el: a nominalizer; an adjectivizer
- -eln: a frequentative affix
- -en: patientive
- ent- (sometimes emp- before f): perfective; causative/valency-incrementing
- er- intensifying verb suffix
- -er: collective, augmentative, place noun, resultative
- Pfuger 'throne' < Pfug 'chair'
- Ruger 'statue' < rug, rieg, Rugs 'carve'
- Jenger 'ocean, sea' < Jeng 'water'
- -ern: an intensifying verbal suffix
- -igen: an intensifying verbal suffix
- ge-: an adjectivizer; a nominalizer; a collective
- -heit agent noun, someone associated with [NOUN]
- miss-: negative
- missbeul 'not straight, unjust' < beul 'straight, just'; Missverbeul 'injustice'
- -ke: deverbal nouns
- -lein: person
- Winklein 'mortal' < winken 'die'
- -nung, -ung: singulative/diminutive
- -s (~ Thn. infinitve -s): verbal nouns, nominalization
- Variant: -nis
- -t: adjectivalizer or nominalizer
- -ung: singulative, patient noun; past participle
- ur-: augmentative
- Urahn, Urmahl 'grandfather, grandmother' < Ann, Mahl 'father, mother'
- ver-: an adjectivalizer or nominalizer
- zer-: passive
- zu- (stressed): collective?
Phrasebook
Sample texts
Schünge bäßes mei Karfs Schünge;
meist Brack bäßen.
Geuls bäßen mei Karfs Geuls;
meist Körde bäßes.
- Martin Luther King ein Steftere
The North Wind and the Sun
Ein Simmhall von eine Lunde.
Wahmer besprillt es ein Simmhall von eine Lunde, ja luhs feudlich, westers ein bach ŧächer Zemme Desŧolzes Schammerlein zerzweiden. Đer geröckt es, hin ein pfalts gar 'nem Schammerlein quetzen đir Zemme beđecken, grechs hin luhs feudlich brühnen. Ein Simmhall zerschwichten es bach bieser Rast, für jahr aust schwichten es đa, đahner späglichst ŧölzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme trieg đie, von berten berts desflästen es ein Simmhall đei đir Zernurts. Immer enthächten es eine ULunde đir ŧächern Fleiden, von irrsterŧes quitzen es ein Schammerlein đir Zemme. Mieder fügeln es ein Simmhall Bereugs, hin eine Lunde luhn eine Feudliche đei 'nen diesen.
The North Wind and the Sun
The North Wind and the Sun were disputing which was the stronger, when a traveler came along wrapped in a warm cloak. They agreed that the one who first succeeded in making the traveler take his cloak off should be considered stronger than the other. Then the North Wind blew as hard as he could, but the more he blew the more closely did the traveler fold his cloak around him; and at last the North Wind gave up the attempt. Then the Sun shined out warmly, and immediately the traveler took off his cloak. And so the North Wind was obliged to confess that the Sun was the stronger of the two.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1
- Bieser Wahr zebt masch von gestuttet und 'nem Kröbe von 'ner Geŧinge Schüßung. Wer zebt eines Sŧirre von eines Fläse Bemeitelung, um wacht wahm er schannen und 'ne Đauge einem Aubenschliche Vertieg.
all-NOM.DEF.M.PL human receive-3PL free and equal in GEN.DEF.F.SG dignity and GEN.DEF.N.PL rights give_birth-PART. that-NOM.DEF.M.PL receive-3PL ACC.DEF.F.SG reason and ACC.DEF.F.SG virtue endow-PART, and must-3PL one to another-GEN.DEF.M.PL in GEN.DEF.M.SG spirit GEN.DEF.F.SG older_brother-younger_brother-ABST behave-VN
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.