Verse:Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria. It is inspired by Burmese and French.
'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Switzerland. It is inspired by German, Burmese, and French.


Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/
Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/
''Cl'' = /Cw/?
''r'' = /j/; ''kr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''k, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/
''s'' = /s/; ''z'' = /θ/; ''sch/tr'' = /sʰ/; ''str'' = /tɕ˭/; ''dr'' = /z/
''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
*''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun'' = /o~oʊ/
''e'' = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ''ê'' = /aɪ/, ''eau, eaun'' = /ø/
''eu'' = /y/
''é, en, én'' = /e~eɪ/
''i'' = /ə/
''î, in'' = /i/
''u, un, an'' = /ɔ/
''û'' = /u/


Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
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*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
*''de Schneau'' = snow
*''de Schneau'' = snow
*''deutsch'' /dyts/ = [[Thedish]]


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}).
Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}).
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
''Cl'' = /Cw/?
''r'' = /j/; ''kr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''k, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/
''s'' = /s/; ''z'' = /θ/; ''sch/tr'' = /sʰ/; ''str'' = /tɕ˭/; ''dr'' = /z/
''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
*''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun, ou'' = /o~oʊ/
''e'' = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ''ê'' = /aɪ/, ''eau, eaun'' = /ø/
''eu'' = /y/
''é, en, én'' = /e~eɪ/
''i'' = /ə/
''î, in'' = /i/
''u, un, an'' = /ɔ/
''û'' = /u/


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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===Nouns===
===Nouns===
Indefinite article:
Indefinite article:
*''a/n', az, et'' /ə~n‿, əs~ə.ð‿, əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl)
*''a/n''' /ə~n‿/ singular
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels
*''et'' əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ plural
 
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels; e.g. ''a Sprâçe'' 'a language'; ''n'Esel'' 'a donkey'


Definite article:
Definite article:
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===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
*''Er stark.'' /e t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.' (cf. [[Venetian Hebrew]] spoken in the vicinity.)
*''Er ist stark.'' /e i t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.'
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'


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Imperative:
Imperative:
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [no number distinction]
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [2sg]
*''machez-irl !'' /maxtil/ [2pl]
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'


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*''ich mache'' /əx max/
*''ich mache'' /əx max/
*''du maches'' /du max/
*''du maches'' /du max/
*''er/seu/ez machet'' /eː max/
*''er/seu/ez machez'' /eː max/
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
*''irl machet'' /il max/
*''irl machez'' /il max/
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/


Present progressive:
Present progressive:
*''ich bî machen''  
*''ich bin bî machen''  
*''du bî machen''  
*''du bis bî machen''  
*''er bî machen''  
*''er ist bî machen''  
*''wir bî machen''  
*''wir sins bî machen''  
*''irl bî machen''  
*''irl sît bî machen''  
*''deul bî machen''  
*''deul sint bî machen''  


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gemachet'' /əx hagəmax/
*''ich ha gemachez'' /əx hagəmax/
*''du has gemachet'' /du hak˭əmax/
*''du has gemachez'' /du hak˭əmax/
*''er/seu/ez hat gemachet'' /eː hak˭əmax/
*''er/seu/ez haz gemachez'' /eː hak˭əmax/
*''wir hans gemachet'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
*''wir hans gemachez'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
*''irl hat gemachet'' /il hak˭əmax/
*''irl haz gemachez'' /il hak˭əmax/
*''deul hant gemachet'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/
*''deul hant gemachez'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/


Future tense:
Future tense:
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*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
*''leaubet-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
*''leaubez-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
*''leaubet-irl'' /løptil/
*''leaubez-irl'' /løptil/
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/


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*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/
*''hat-er'' /hate/, ''hat-eu'' /haty/, ''hat-ez'' /hatis/
*''haz-er'' /haθe/, ''hat-eu'' /haθy/, ''hat-ez'' /haθis/
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
*''hat-irl'' /hatil/
*''haz-irl'' /haθil/
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/


The verb ''nêmen'' 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary:
The verb ''nemen'' 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary:
*''ich nême'' /əx nɛm/
*''ich neme'' /əx nɛm/
*''du nimes'' /du nim/
*''du nimes'' /du nim/
*''er nimet'' /e nim/
*''er nimez'' /e nim/
*''wir nêmons'' /wi nɛmu/
*''wir nemons'' /wi nɛmu/
*''irl nêmet'' /il nɛm/
*''irl nemez'' /il nɛm/
*''deul nêment'' /dyl nɛm/
*''deul nement'' /dyl nɛm/


The past forms are ''ha genomet, has genomet, ...'' in the passive sense.
The past forms are ''ha genomet, has genomet, ...'' in the passive sense.
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*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/
*''er/seu/ez bîzet'' /eː bis/
*''er/seu/ez bîzez'' /eː bis/
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
*''irl bîzet'' /il bis/
*''irl bîzez'' /il bis/
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gebizet'' /əx hagəbəs/
*''ich ha gebizez'' /əx hagəbəs/
*''du has gebizet'' /du hak˭əbəs/
*''du has gebizez'' /du hak˭əbəs/
*''er/seu/ez hat gebizet'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
*''er/seu/ez haz gebizez'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
*''wir hans gebizet'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
*''wir hans gebizez'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
*''irl hat gebizet'' /il hak˭əbəs/
*''irl haz gebizez'' /il hak˭əbəs/
*''deul hant gebizet'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
*''deul hant gebizez'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
====Class 2 strong verbs====
====Class 2 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
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*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/
*''er/seu/ez fleauget'' /eː føg/
*''er/seu/ez fleaugez'' /eː føg/
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
*''irl fleauget'' /il føg/
*''irl fleaugez'' /il føg/
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gefloget'' /əx hagəfɔg/
*''ich ha geflogez'' /əx hagəfɔg/
*''du has gefloget'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
*''du has geflogez'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
*''er/seu/ez hat gefloget'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
*''er/seu/ez haz geflogez'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
*''wir hans gefloget'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
*''wir hans geflogez'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
*''irl hat gefloget'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
*''irl haz geflogez'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
*''deul hant gefloget'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/
*''deul hant geflogez'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/


====Class 3 strong verbs====
====Class 3 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
*''trinken'' /tɕiŋku/ 'to drink'
*''trinken'' /sʰiŋku/ 'to drink'


Imperative:
Imperative:
*''trinke !'' /tɕiŋk/
*''trinke !'' /sʰiŋk/


Present simple:
Present simple:
*''ich trinke'' /əx tɕiŋk/
*''ich trinke'' /əx sʰiŋk/
*''du trinkes'' /du tɕiŋk/
*''du trinkes'' /du sʰiŋk/
*''er/seu/ez trinket'' /eː tɕiŋk/
*''er/seu/ez trinkez'' /eː sʰiŋk/
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː tɕiŋku/
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː sʰiŋku/
*''irl trinket'' /il tɕiŋk/
*''irl trinkez'' /il sʰiŋk/
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl tɕiŋk/
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl sʰiŋk/


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha getrunket'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
*''ich ha getrunkez'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
*''du has getrunket'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''du has getrunkez'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''er/seu/ez hat getrunket'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''er/seu/ez haz getrunkez'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''wir hans getrunket'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''wir hans getrunkez'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''irl hat getrunket'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''irl haz getrunkez'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''deul hant getrunket'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''deul hant getrunkez'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
 
====Class 4 strong verbs====
====Class 4 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
Infinitive:
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Imperative:
Imperative:
*''sterbe !'' /t˭eːb/
*''stirbe !'' /t˭iːb/


Present simple:
Present simple:
*''ich sterbe''
*''ich sterbe''
*''du sterbes'' (no stem vowel change unlike in German)
*''du stirbes''
*''er/seu/ez sterbet''
*''er/seu/ez stirbez''
*''wir sterbons''
*''wir sterbons''
*''irl sterbet''
*''irl sterbez''
*''deul sterbent''
*''deul sterbent''


Past:
Past:
*''ich ha gestorbet''
*''ich ha gestorbez''
*''du has gestorbet''
*''du has gestorbez''
*''er/seu/ez hat gestorbet''
*''er/seu/ez haz gestorbez''
*''wir hans gestorbet''
*''wir hans gestorbez''
*''irl hat gestorbet''
*''irl haz gestorbez''
*''deul hant gestorbet''
*''deul hant gestorbez''


====Copula====
====Copula====
The copula is ''wesen'' in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.
The copula is ''sîn'' in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.


Inverted copula:
Inverted copula:
*''em-ich'' = /eməx/
*''bin-ich'' =
*''eres-du'' = /it˭u/
*''bis-du'' =
*''ist-er'' = /it˭e/
*''ist-er'' =
*''eront-wir'' = /ʊŋwi/
*''sins-wir'' =
*''eret-irl'' = /it˭il/
*''siz-irl'' =  
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/


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*''er was''
*''er was''
*''wir wârons''
*''wir wârons''
*''irl wâret''
*''irl wârez''
*''deul wârent''
*''deul wârent''


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*''was-er'' /wase/
*''was-er'' /wase/
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
*''wâret-irl'' /waɪjil/
*''wârez-irl'' /waɪjil/
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/


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==Example texts==
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
===UDHR, Article 1===
''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nêment begâben mit Verstand und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benêmen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.''
''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.''


/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ fit˭ɔŋd‿u gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/
/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ finuŋʔ un gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
IlL
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