Verse:Irta/An Indo-Iranian branch: Difference between revisions

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[[{{PAGENAME}}/Lexicon|Wortebouch (Lexicon)]]<br/>
[[{{PAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' (''d'allemañische Sprâçe'' /d‿al.me.ɲis p˭jaʊs/ or ''d'Allemañisch'') is a High German language spoken in [[Verse:Lõis|Lõis]]'s Switzerland. It is inspired by German, Burmese, and French.
Numbers: ''ein, zwei, drî, feaur, finf, sechs, siben, acht, neun, zên'' /eɪ̯ŋ, θwe, zi, føː, fiːf, seː, sə.bu, aɪ̯ʔ, nyŋ, θaɪŋ/
Final stops become glottal stops after a vowel, vanish otherwise
==Todo==
Some sentences:
*''Ich spreche fon de Leaube und de Haz.'' [əx p˭jɛx fu də løb un də has]
*''Ist'z daz du behaltes ez fur mir ?'' [it˭as t˭u bəhaltʰ əs fy mi]
*''Wir leaubons him, darum wir fîrons sîn Inwîung.'' [wi løbu hiŋ dɔjuŋ wi fiju siŋ iŋwijuŋ]
*''Ez git an mir Hunger.'' [əs k˭ət am mi huŋi]
*''Hwaz ist'z daz ez ?'' [w̥að itað əs] "What is it?"
Sound changes:
*"pin-pen merger" (to /i/) before final weakening
Some words:
*''de Deaumout'' /døy.moʊʔ/ = meekness, humility, submission
**''deaumoutig'' /døy.moʊ.ti/ = meek, humble
*''de Hnacken'' /n̊a.k˭u/ = neck
*''nein'' /neɪŋ/ = no; ''neau'' /nø/ = not
*''denken'' /diŋ.kʰu/ = think
*''de Stein'' /t˭eɪŋ/ = stone
*''de Schlange'' /l̥aŋ/ = snake
*''de Himel'' /hi.məl/ = sky
*''d'Eauligheit'' /ø.li.kʰeɪʔ/ = eternity
**''eaulig'' /ø.li/ = eternal
*''driñ'' /zi/ = in (preposition)
*''de Schneau'' = snow
*''deutsch'' /dyts/ = [[Thedish]]
==Phonology==
Unusually for an L-European language, {{PAGENAME}} has phonemic voiceless nasals and resonants. Also unusual is the aspirated sibilant /sʰ/ (written {{angbr|''sch''}} or {{angbr|''tr''}}).
===Orthography===
''Cl'' = /Cw/?
''r'' = /j/; ''kr, gr'' = /tɕ, dʑ/; ''k, g, ch'' + front vowel = /s, z, s/; ''ch'' = /x/
''s'' = /s/; ''z'' = /θ/; ''sch/tr'' = /sʰ/; ''str'' = /tɕ˭/; ''dr'' = /z/
''(sc)hm, (sc)hn, (sc)hl, (sc)hr'' /m̥, n̥, l̥, ʃ/
*''dez Hlauz'' /l̥aʊs/ = lot, fate
''a'' = /a/, ''â'' = /aʊ/, ''âr'' = /aɪ/, ''au, aun, ou'' = /o~oʊ/
''e'' = /ɛ/ (/ə/ in unstressed syllables), ''ê'' = /aɪ/, ''eau, eaun'' = /ø/
''eu'' = /y/
''é, en, én'' = /e~eɪ/
''i'' = /ə/
''î, in'' = /i/
''u, un, an'' = /ɔ/
''û'' = /u/
===Consonants===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle;"
|+'''{{PAGENAME}} consonants'''
! colspan="2"|
!Labial
!Dental
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Velar
!Glottal
|-
! rowspan="2"|Nasal
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|/m̊/
|colspan="2"|/n̊/
|
|
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|/m/
|colspan="2"|/n/
|/ɲ/
|/ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="3"|Stop
! | <small>plain</small>
|/pʰ/
|/tʰ/
|
|/tɕʰ/
|/kʰ/
|rowspan="3"|/ʔ/
|-
! | <small>tense</small>
|/p˭/
|/t˭/
|
|/tɕ˭/
|/k˭/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|/b/
|/d/
|
|/d͡ʑ/
|/g/
|-
! rowspan="3"|Fricative
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|/f/
|/θ/
|/s/
|/ʃ/
|
|rowspan="3"|/h/
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|[v]
|[ð]
|/z/
|
|
|-
! | <small>aspirated</small>
|
|
|/sʰ/
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2"|Approximant
! | <small>voiceless</small>
|/w̥/
|/l̥/
|
|
|
|
|-
! | <small>voiced</small>
|/w/
|/l/
|
|/j/
|
|
|}
*/h/ may be written as either {{angbr|''h''}} or {{angbr|''ch''}}; it is pronounced [x] after consonants.
===Vowels===
vowels: /a ə i u y ɔ~aʊ ɛ~aɪ e~eɪ o~oʊ ø~øy/, ~ denotes alternation.
The Allemañisch alternation is conditioned by the following rule:
*diphthongs before /ʔ, s, ŋ/ OR before nasals
*monophthongs otherwise?
The alternants are marginally phonemic, e.g. before consonants that don't alternate like /l, h/.
It originally came from the rule "diphthongs in closed syllables, monophthongs in open syllables" (plus diphthongization before /n, s/). This alternation operates after r, -nj > j and attendant vowel coloring.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
====Liaison====
====Alternations upon suffixation====
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
Indefinite article:
*''a/n''' /ə~n‿/ singular
*''et'' əʔ~ə.tʰ‿-/ plural
''a'' is used before consonants, ''n''' before vowels; e.g. ''a Sprâçe'' 'a language'; ''n'Esel'' 'a donkey'
Definite article:
*''de/d', dez, deu'' /d(ə), dəs~də.ð‿, dy/ (c.sg., n.sg., pl.)
Common nouns: ''-0/-e, -er''
*''de Frau, deu Frauer'' /də fjo, dy fjoji/ 'woman'
*''de Hrabe, deu Hraber'' /də ʃap, dy ʃabi/ 'raven'
Neuter nouns: ''-0, -e''
*''dez Kind, deu Kinde'' /də siŋʔ, dy sint/ 'child'
Neuter n-stem nouns: ''-e, -en''
*''dez Name, deu Namen'' /dəs nam, dy namu/ 'name'
===Adjectives===
Adjectives: predicative ''-0'', attributive ''-e''
*''Er ist stark.'' /e i t˭ajʔ/ 'He is strong.'
*''a starke Mañ'' /ə t˭ɛk me/ 'a strong man'
===Verbs===
Like Yiddish, Allemañisch uses past participles instead of simple past forms in the past tense; however the auxiliary ''sîn'' was lost unlike in our timeline's German or Yiddish.
Infinitive:
*''machen'' /maxu/
Imperative:
*''mache !'' /max/ 'do!' [2sg]
*''machez-irl !'' /maxtil/ [2pl]
*''machons-wir !'' /maxuwi/ 'let's do!'
Present simple:
*''ich mache'' /əx max/
*''du maches'' /du max/
*''er/seu/ez machez'' /eː max/
*''wir machons'' /wiː maxu/
*''irl machez'' /il max/
*''deul machent'' /dyl max/
Present progressive:
*''ich bin bî machen''
*''du bis bî machen''
*''er ist bî machen''
*''wir sins bî machen''
*''irl sît bî machen''
*''deul sint bî machen''
Past:
*''ich ha gemachez'' /əx hagəmax/
*''du has gemachez'' /du hak˭əmax/
*''er/seu/ez haz gemachez'' /eː hak˭əmax/
*''wir hans gemachez'' /wiː hɔŋəmax/
*''irl haz gemachez'' /il hak˭əmax/
*''deul hant gemachez'' /dyl hɔŋəmax/
Future tense:
*''ich will machen, du willt machen, ...''
Question marker: ''ist'z daz'' = /it˭as/ (e.g. ''Ist'z daz du leaubes mir ?'' /it˭as t˭u løp mi/ 'Do you love me?')
Inversion for questions is allowed for pronominal subjects only: e.g. ''Leaubes-du mir ?'' /løp t˭u mi/
*''leaube-ich'' /løbəx/
*''leaubes-du'' /løpt˭u/
*''leaubez-er'' /løpte/, ''leaubet-eu'' /løpty/, ''leaubet-ez'' /løptis/
*''leaubons-wir'' /løbuwi/
*''leaubez-irl'' /løptil/
*''leaubent-deul'' /løpt˭yl/
The past tense auxiliary ''han'' is inverted as follows:
*''habe-ich'' /habəx/ (different from uninverted form ''ich ha'')
*''has-du'' /hat˭u/
*''haz-er'' /haθe/, ''hat-eu'' /haθy/, ''hat-ez'' /haθis/
*''hans-wir'' /hɔŋwi/
*''haz-irl'' /haθil/
*''hant-deul'' /hɔndyl/
The verb ''nemen'' 'to take' is used as a passive auxiliary:
*''ich neme'' /əx nɛm/
*''du nimes'' /du nim/
*''er nimez'' /e nim/
*''wir nemons'' /wi nɛmu/
*''irl nemez'' /il nɛm/
*''deul nement'' /dyl nɛm/
The past forms are ''ha genomet, has genomet, ...'' in the passive sense.
====Class 1 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''bîzen'' /bisu/ 'to bite'
Imperative:
*''bîze !'' /bis/
Present simple:
*''ich bîze'' /əx p˭is/
*''du bîzes'' /du bis/
*''er/seu/ez bîzez'' /eː bis/
*''wir bîzons'' /wiː bisu/
*''irl bîzez'' /il bis/
*''deul bîzent'' /dyl bis/
Past:
*''ich ha gebizez'' /əx hagəbəs/
*''du has gebizez'' /du hak˭əbəs/
*''er/seu/ez haz gebizez'' /eː hak˭əbəs/
*''wir hans gebizez'' /wiː hɔŋəbəs/
*''irl haz gebizez'' /il hak˭əbəs/
*''deul hant gebizez'' /dyl hɔŋəbəs/
====Class 2 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''fleaugen'' /føgu/ 'to fly'
Imperative:
*''fleauge !'' /føg/
Present simple:
*''ich fleauge'' /əx føg/
*''du fleauges'' /du føg/
*''er/seu/ez fleaugez'' /eː føg/
*''wir fleaugons'' /wiː føgu/
*''irl fleaugez'' /il føg/
*''deul fleaugent'' /dyl føg/
Past:
*''ich ha geflogez'' /əx hagəfɔg/
*''du has geflogez'' /du hak˭əfɔg/
*''er/seu/ez haz geflogez'' /eː hak˭əfɔg/
*''wir hans geflogez'' /wiː hɔŋəfɔg/
*''irl haz geflogez'' /il hak˭əfɔg/
*''deul hant geflogez'' /dyl hɔŋəfɔg/
====Class 3 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''trinken'' /sʰiŋku/ 'to drink'
Imperative:
*''trinke !'' /sʰiŋk/
Present simple:
*''ich trinke'' /əx sʰiŋk/
*''du trinkes'' /du sʰiŋk/
*''er/seu/ez trinkez'' /eː sʰiŋk/
*''wir trinkons'' /wiː sʰiŋku/
*''irl trinkez'' /il sʰiŋk/
*''deul trinkent'' /dyl sʰiŋk/
Past:
*''ich ha getrunkez'' /əx hagətɕuŋk/
*''du has getrunkez'' /du hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''er/seu/ez haz getrunkez'' /eː hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''wir hans getrunkez'' /wiː hɔŋətɕuŋk/
*''irl haz getrunkez'' /il hak˭ətɕuŋk/
*''deul hant getrunkez'' /dyl hɔŋətɕuŋk/
====Class 4 strong verbs====
Infinitive:
*''sterben'' /t˭eːbu/ 'to die'
Imperative:
*''stirbe !'' /t˭iːb/
Present simple:
*''ich sterbe''
*''du stirbes''
*''er/seu/ez stirbez''
*''wir sterbons''
*''irl sterbez''
*''deul sterbent''
Past:
*''ich ha gestorbez''
*''du has gestorbez''
*''er/seu/ez haz gestorbez''
*''wir hans gestorbez''
*''irl haz gestorbez''
*''deul hant gestorbez''
====Copula====
The copula is ''sîn'' in the infinitive. Inverted forms of the copula exist, but only for pronominal subjects.
Inverted copula:
*''bin-ich'' =
*''bis-du'' =
*''ist-er'' =
*''sins-wir'' =
*''siz-irl'' =
*''sint-deul'' = /sindyl/
Past tense copula:
*''ich was''
*''du wast''
*''er was''
*''wir wârons''
*''irl wârez''
*''deul wârent''
Inverted:
*''was-ich'' /wasəx/
*''was-du'' /wast˭u/
*''was-er'' /wase/
*''wârons-wir'' /waɪwi/
*''wârez-irl'' /waɪjil/
*''wârent-deul'' /waɪndyl/
===Pronouns===
The personal pronouns are as follows:
(The 2pl and 3pl nominative forms ''irl'' and ''deul'' are etymologically from ''*ir alliu'' 'you all' and ''*diu alliu'' 'they all'.)
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | case || rowspan=2 | 1sg. || rowspan=2 | 2sg. || colspan=3 | 3sg. || rowspan=2 | 1pl. || rowspan=2 | 2pl. || rowspan="2" | 3pl.
|-
! 'he' || 'she' || 'it' (n.)
|-
! nom.
| ''ich''<br/>/əx/ || ''du''<br/>/du/ || ''er''<br/>/e/ || ''seu''<br/>/sy/
|rowspan="2"| ''ez''<br/>/is, əs/ || ''wir''<br/>/wi/ || ''irl''<br/>/il/ || ''deul''<br/>/dyl/
|-
! obj.
| ''mir''<br/>/mi/ || ''dir''<br/>/di/ || ''im''<br/>/iŋ/ || ''ir''<br/>/i/ || ''uns''<br/>/us/ || ''euch''<br/>/yx/ || ''deim''<br/>/deɪŋ/
|-
! poss.
| ''mîn''<br/>/miŋ/ || ''dîn''<br/>/diŋ/
|colspan="3"| ''sîn''<br/>/siŋ/ || ''unser''<br/>/usi/ || ''eucher''<br/>/yxi/ || ''deir''<br/>/de/
|}
*In questions that use inversion, ''eu'' /y/ is used instead of ''seu''.
''mîn, dîn, sîn'' are inflected as follows:
*sg. common ''mîn'' /miŋ~mi.n‿-/, sg. neuter ''mîz'' /mis~mi.ð‿-/, pl. ''mîne'' /min/
==Syntax==
{{PAGENAME}} is SVO (not V2) and zero-copula.
===Negation===
The negative particle ''neau'' /nø/ is placed after a verbal phrase but before a predicative adjective:
*''Ich haze dir neau.'' /əx haz di nø/ "I don't hate you."
*''Ez neau grauz genoug.'' /əs nø dʑoʊs gənoʊʔ/ "It's not big enough."
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Example texts==
===UDHR, Article 1===
''Alle Meñschen sint geboren frî und gelîch an Wirde und Rechte. Deul nement begâben mit Vernunft und Gewizen, und ûf deim zu benemen an einander mit a Geist von Brouderligheit.''
/al miŋsʰu siŋ gəboju fji un gəlix ɔŋ wiːd un jeɪt ‖ dyl nɛm bəgɔbu məʔ finuŋʔ un gəwəðu | un uf deɪŋ θu bənɛmu ɔŋ enandi məʔ ə geɪʔ fu bjodilikʰeɪʔ/
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]]
[[Category:Lõis]]

Revision as of 14:57, 30 December 2021

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