Verse:Irta/English: Difference between revisions

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Verse:Irta/English (view source)

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:[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Non-Azalic etyma]]
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = English
|name = English
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}}
}}


'''English in the Lõis timeline''' is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. (Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''.)
'''English in the Lõis timeline''' is Indo-European and pretty much has exactly the same vocabulary and grammar as our English, but with a very different history and orthography. In particular, it is an [[Azalic]] language, not a Germanic one. Also missing are some loans from German and Modern Scandinavian such as ''schadenfreude'' and ''smörgåsbord''. Words (even words directly inherited from PIE) may not have the same etymologies as in our English.


It is part of a sprachbund with [[Togarmite]], [[Modern An Bhlaoighne]] and [[L-Persian]].
It is part of a sprachbund with [[Togarmite]], [[Padmanābha]] and [[L-Persian]].


==Diachronics==
==Diachronics==
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==Orthography==
==Orthography==
English in Lõis has three writing systems: the Togarmite abugida, the Hebrew abjad (always with vowel pointing) and the Latin alphabet.
English in Lõis has three writing systems: the Greek alphabet, the Hebrew abjad (always with vowel pointing) and the Latin alphabet.
===Togarmite===
===Greek===
===Hebrew===
===Hebrew===
Mainly used among Jews.
Consonants:
Consonants:
*/m n ŋ/ = מ נ נג
*/m n ŋ/ = מ נ נג
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*null vowel = none
*null vowel = none
*commA = shva
*commA = shva
*TRAP = BATH = PALM = patach (טְרַפ = trap)
*TRAP (טְרַפ) = BATH = PALM = patach  
*DRESS = segol (דרֶס = dress)
*DRESS (דרֶס) = segol
*FACE = tsere (ףֵס = face)
*FACE (ףֵיס) = tsere + yud
*KIT = hiriq
*KIT (קִט) = hiriq
*FLEECE = happY = hiriq + meteg
*FLEECE (ףלִיס) = happY = hiriq + yud
*FOOT = STRUT = qubutz
*FOOT = STRUT = qubutz
*GOOSE = shuruq
*GOOSE (גוּס) = shuruq + vav
*GOAT = cholam
*GOAT (גוֹט) = cholam
*LOT = qamatz
*LOT (לָט) = qamatz
*THOUGHT = qamatz + meteg
*THOUGHT (תָהט) = qamatz + he
*PRICE = patach + yud
*PRICE (פרַיס) = patach + yud
*MOUTH = patah + vav
*MOUTH (מַות) = patah + vav
*CHOICE = qamatz + yud
*CHOICE (צשָיס) = qamatz + yud
*NURSE = letteR = shva + resh
*NURSE (נְרס) = letteR = shva + resh
*NEAR = hiriq + resh
*NEAR (נִיר) = hiriq + yud + resh
*SQUARE = tsere + resh
*SQUARE (סקויר) = tsere + resh
*START = patach + resh
*START = patach + resh
*NORTH = qamatz + resh
*NORTH = qamatz + resh
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|-
|-
! TRAP
! TRAP
| a || æ || a || a
| a~ɑ || æ || a || a; o ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)
! BATH (the BATH lexical set is same as RP)
| eː || eə || ɑː || a
| a~ɑ || eə || aː~æ: || a; o ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! LOT
! LOT
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|-
|-
! FLEECE
! FLEECE
| iː || iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise || ɪj~iː || iː
| iː || iʝ + reinforcement before C; ɪj otherwise || ɪj~iː || iː; ej ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! FACE
! FACE
| eː~eɪ || ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise || ɛɪ || eɪ
| eː~eɪ || ɪj + reinforcement before C; ɛɪ otherwise || ɛɪ || eɪ; aɪ ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! PRICE
! PRICE
| aɪ || əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise || ɑɪ || aɪ
| aɪ || əɪ~ʌɪ + reinforcement before C; ɑɪ~ɒɪ otherwise || ɑɪ || aɪ; oɪ ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! CHOICE
! CHOICE
| oɪ || oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise || oɪ || ɔʏ~ɔɪ~oɪ
| oɪ || oɪ~ʊɪ + reinforcement before C; oɪ otherwise || oɪ || ɔɪ~oɪ; ui ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! MOUTH
! MOUTH
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|-
|-
! GOAT
! GOAT
| oː~oʊ || əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ,  oʊ before [ɫ] || ə̟ʊ~əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]|| ɔʏ~ɔɪ~oɪ
| oː~oʊ || əʊ~ə̟ʊ~eʊ,  oʊ before [ɫ] || ə̟ʊ~əʊ~əʏ~ʌʏ, ɔʊ~ɒʊ before [ɫ]|| ɔɪ~oɪ; a: ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! GOOSE
! GOOSE
| uː || üw~yː,  uː before [ɫ] || üː,  uː before [ɫ] || uː
| uː || üw~yː,  uː before [ɫ] || üː,  uː before [ɫ] || uː; iː ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! PALM
! PALM
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|-
|-
! THOUGHT
! THOUGHT
| ɑː || oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) || oː || oː
| ɑː || oə(ɹ)~ʊə(ɹ) || oː || ɔː; uː ("Poylish")
|-
|-
! NEAR
! NEAR
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|-
|-
! FORCE
! FORCE
| oːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers) || ɔʏʀ~ɔɪʀ~oɪʀ
| oːɹ || oə(ɹ) || oɚ (oʊɚ~əʊɚ for Jewish speakers) || ɔɪʀ~oɪʀ
|-
|-
! POOR
! POOR
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|-
|-
! lettER
! lettER
| əɹ || ə(ɹ) || ə~ɚ || əʀ
| əɹ || ə(ɹ) || ɚ || əʀ
|-
|-
! happY
! happY
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! colspan="5" | Other phenomena
! colspan="5" | Other phenomena
|-
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Quasi-Sephardi Hebrew !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Quasi-Ashkenazi Hebrew
! style="width: 100px;" | Feature !! style="width: 250px;" | Western !! style="width: 250px;" | L-Philadelphian!! style="width: 250px;" | L-Standard !! style="width: 250px;" | Eastern
|-
|-
! Rhoticity
! Rhoticity
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|-
|-
! /w/
! /w/
| [v] || [w] || [w] || [v]
| [w] || [w] || [w] || [v]
|-
|-
! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping
! Aspiration of voiceless stops and t/d-tapping
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====Western accent====
====Western accent====
This is the "Western English" accent. When [[L-Hebrew|Hebrew]] is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ~eː] is distinct from segol = DRESS = [ɛ].
This is the "Western English" accent. When [[L-Hebrew|Hebrew]] is read in this accent, it sounds like Israeli Hebrew with an American accent. It still has some non-Sephardi features, e.g. tsere = FACE = [eɪ] is distinct from segol = DRESS = [ɛ].
 
The intonation is stereotypical American/Valley Girl.


====L-Philadelphian====
====L-Philadelphian====
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====L-Standard English====
====L-Standard English====
Often called the "Newton accent".
Often called the "Newton accent". Also a standard for [[L-Hebrew|English Hebrew]].


A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philly + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhoticity in idiolectal or free variation.
A kind of "Transatlantic accent", inspired by Californian + Philly + Modern RP/Estuary. Rhotic in the GenAm sense.
=====Vowels=====
=====Vowels=====
*orange = [ɒɹɪndʒ~ɔɹɪndʒ]
*orange = [ɒɹɪndʒ~ɔɹɪndʒ]
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====Eastern accent====
====Eastern accent====
When L-English Jews [[L-Hebrew|read Hebrew]] in this accent, it sounds just like the Ashkenazi accent. Source of "oy vey" (from ''oh woe'' /øɪ vøɪ/)
When L-English Jews [[L-Hebrew|read Hebrew]] in this accent, it sounds almost exactly like the Ashkenazi accent. Source of "oy vey" (from ''oh woe'' /øɪ vøɪ/)


This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent.
This is not a specifically Jewish accent, and not all L-English Jews (or even all Ultra-Orthodox Jews) speak it; however, a sizeable community of Ultra-Orthodox Jews speaks this accent.
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*Stops are unaspirated
*Stops are unaspirated


[ol hu:mən bijənz əʀ boʀən fʀi: ən i:kwəl ɪn dɪgnɪti ən ʀɑɪts. ðɛɪ əʀ ɪndaʏd wið ʀi:zən ən konʃəns ən ʃʏd akt toʀds won ənʏðəʀ ɪn ə spɪʀɪt əv bʀʏðəχʏd]
[o:l hju:mən bijənz əʀ boʀən fʀi: ən i:kwəl ɪn digniti ən ʀaɪts. dei əʀ ɪndaʊd wid ʀi:zən ən konʃəns ən ʃʏd akt toʀds won ənʏdəʀ ɪn ə spiʀit əv bʀʏdəχʏd]
====Exaggerated Poylish====


===A rhotic accent===
===A rhotic accent===
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Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent
Inspiration: Korean accent, British accents, New York accent
*/f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw]
*/f θ h hw/ = [pʰ tʰ h~x xw]
*/p t k/ = unaspirated stops, ejective or glottally reinforced when word-final except after fricatives
*/p t k/ = unaspirated stops, often ejectives especially word-finally except after fricatives
*/tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
*/tʃ dʒ/ = [t͡ɕ d͡ʑ]
*/v/ = [b~β]
*/v/ = [b~β]
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*''bath'' [ba:tʰ]; but ''math'' [mɛtʰ]
*''bath'' [ba:tʰ]; but ''math'' [mɛtʰ]


===Medh Chêl accent===
*KIT = [i], FLEECE = [iː]
*DRESS = [e̞], SQUARE = [e̞ː]
*TRAP = [æ], [æː] in some words (with a split similar to bad-lad split)
*LOT = [ɑ], PALM = START = [ɑː]
*STRUT = [ɤ], THOUGHT = NORTH = FORCE = [oː]
*NURSE = [ø̞ː]
*FOOT = [u]
*GOOSE = [yː]
*GOAT = [ø̞y] / [ɶy]
*FACE = [ɛi]
*PRICE = [ɑɪ], MOUTH = [æo] (cultivated), [æø] (broad)
*NEAR = [ie], POOR = [uo]
===An "Old English" accent===
===An "Old English" accent===
*CHOICE = œɪ
*CHOICE = œɪ
IlL
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