Verse:Lõis/Qivattutannguaq
Lõis/Qivattutannguaq | |
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Qivattutannguáq | |
Pronunciation | [/hivatːutaŋːuáχ/] |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Lõis |
Indo-European
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Qivattutannguaq (Qivattutannguáq /hivatːutaŋːuáχ/ or Qivattáa tannguáq /hivatːáː taŋːuáχ/; qivattúq is from *sebʰ-ntós 'of [our] own') is an isolated branch within the Indo-European language family, inspired by Greenlandic, Old Persian and Proto-Celtic.
Qivattutannguáq is a result of Indo-European being influenced by Inuit languages. It was spoken in Qivattulúnnun, which is located in our Great Britain.
In pre-modern times it was divided into two registers, the high register Qunngartutannguáq ("perfected language") and the Estonian-like vernacular Prisinitutannguáq ("natural language"). Qunngartutannguáq is still used as a source of loans in modern British Isle languages such as Modern Hivatish.
- "in X-language" = [STEM]-ut (for example: in English = Azalisút)
- Prisinitút = in Prisinitutannguáq
- Qunngartút = in Qunggartutannguáq
- Inuisút, Inugisút = in Inuit
- inúgaq = Inuit person
- qivattúq = Hivatish person
- qaqartúq = narrow
- wiquq = virus (cognatization of Latin virus)
- kuruunaawiquq = coronavirus
- siiman = seed, children (related to German Keim)
- tiutaa = tribe; the people
- Tiuppateer = Qivattu counterpart of Zeus/Jupiter
- teewaq = god
- siuqit < *ǵews-eti = he tries
- suqtúq (< *ǵews-tus) = attempt
- ímaq (m) = sea
- iqalugaq (m) = trout
- anuri (n) = storm
- iqariuq = red <- h₁ésh₂ṛ-yos
- talguq = long
- tuattúq (m) = trail <- duh₂-ntos
- arsattúq (m) = silver
- taiseet = he pinpoints, he locates
- ziimaa = winter
- wivuneet (wi-wonh1-eyeti) = he aspires
Todo
Include some sound change laws conditioned by PIE glottalization? Some Uralic gradation-like thing?
Names
Phonology
Qivattutannguaq has a rather small phonology.
Vowels: i u a ii uu ee aa ai au iu ui
Consonants: p v t d s z k g q m n ng l r j w wh /p v t ð~d s z k ɣ~g χ m n ŋ l r j w ʍ/
Voiceless stops are unaspirated.
i u are pronounced [e o] before q.
Diachronics
o > u
RC > aRC
l before voiceless consonants = /ɬ/
nt > tt; nd, ndʰ > nn
Pronouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | jaa | ammii |
Genitive | mini | ammaqun |
Dative | mai | ammavuq |
Accusative | mi | ammi |
Ablative | minit, miit | ammavuq |
Locative | minit, miit | ammavi |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tuu | juu |
Genitive | tivi | junngaqun |
Dative | tai | junngavuq |
Accusative | ti | junngi |
Ablative | tivit, tiit | junngavuq |
Locative | tivit, tiit | junngavi |
(Number-neutral) | |
---|---|
Nominative | - |
Genitive | qivi |
Dative | qai |
Accusative | qi |
Ablative | qivit, qiit |
Locative | qivit, qiit |
- siqu, siqaa, situt = this
- qu, qaa, tut = that
- ju, jaa, jut = which (relative pronoun)
- kiq? kia? kit? = who? what?
Nouns
Functions of the cases
Qivattutannguaq has 6 or 7 cases depending on register.
- The nominative is used for subjects and predicate objects. In Prisinitutannguaq, it is also used for direct objects, and the -q and -n endings are dropped.
- Dative objects and benefactives use the dative. It is also used for "have", as in Latin.
- The genitive is used for attributive possession and "belongs to" possession. Genitives come befire nouns.
- In Qunngartutannguaq, the direct object of an affirmative verb takes the accusative, and the direct object of a negated verb takes the genitive:
- Suwaa iwiti walkun. = The dog saw a wolf.
- Suwaa neen iwiti walkaa. = The dog did not see a wolf.
- Static locations take the locative. A preposition such as in or at can be used but is not necessary.
- Destinations for prepositions indicating destination like in 'into', at 'at' or ipi 'onto' take the accusative.
- "from a location" generally just takes the ablative, but some contexts require the preposition ut. (such as from a place that is city-sized or larger: ut vukaat 'from the city', but taamiat 'from the house')
- For 'with' (instrumental) su + ablative is used. 'With' (comitative) requires the preposition san + ablative.
- Agents of passive verbs use the ablative.
Thematic
o-stem masculine
Qunngartutannguáq declension
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Prisinitutannguáq declension
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o-stem neuter
Qunngartutannguáq declension
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Prisinitutannguáq declension
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eh2-stems
Qunngartutannguáq declension
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Prisinitutannguáq declension
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u-stems
Masculine and feminine u-stems decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | quunúq | quunúwiq |
Genitive | quuníuq | quunúun |
Dative | quuníwi | quunúvuq |
Accusative | quunún | quunúuq |
Ablative | quunút | quunúvuq |
Locative | quunút | quunúvi |
Vocative | quunú! | quunúwiq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iglú | iglúa |
Genitive | iglíuq | iglúun |
Dative | iglíwi | iglúvuq |
Accusative | iglú | iglúa |
Ablative | iglút | iglúvuq |
Locative | iglút | iglúvi |
Vocative | iglú! | iglúa! |
i-stems
Masculine and feminine i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | ingníq | ingníiq |
Genitive | ingníiq | ingnúun |
Dative | ingníi | ingnívuq |
Accusative | ingnín | ingníiq |
Ablative | ingnít | ingnívuq |
Locative | ingnít | ingnívi |
Vocative | ingní! | ingníiq! |
Also: teeppútiq 'master'.
Neuter i-stems:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | anuri | anuria |
Genitive | anuriiq | anurijuun |
Dative | anurii | anurivuq |
Accusative | anuri | anuria |
Ablative | anurit | anurivuq |
Locative | anurit | anurivi |
Vocative | anuri! | anuria! |
h2-stems and thematized athematics
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | imáq | imáaq |
Genitive | imiáq | imúun |
Dative | imái | imávuq |
Accusative | imán | imáaq |
Ablative | imát | imávuq |
Locative | imát | imávi |
Vocative | imá! | imáaq! |
Nouns with a vowel before the -aq decline as follows:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | tannguáq | tannguáaq |
Genitive | tanngujáq | tannguwúun |
Dative | tannguái | tannguávuq |
Accusative | tannguán | tannguáaq |
Ablative | tannguát | tannguávuq |
Locative | tannguát | tannguávi |
Vocative | tannguá! | tannguáaq! |
n-stems
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | zamaa | zamuniq |
Genitive | zamuuq | zamunuun |
Dative | zamunii | zamunavuq |
Accusative | zamunan | zamunaaq |
Ablative | zamunit | zamunavuq |
Locative | zamunit | zamunavi |
Vocative | zamuni! | zamuniq! |
-mn-nouns
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | numan | numanaa |
Genitive | numaaq | numanuun |
Dative | numanii | numanavuq |
Accusative | numan | numanaa |
Ablative | numanit | numanavuq |
Locative | numanit | numanavi |
Vocative | numan! | numanaa! |
Also: wírman 'time', wíngman 'clothes'
Athematic
Example nouns: qaullaq = sun; apalaq = apple
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | reezaq | reeziq |
Genitive | reeziaq | reezuun |
Dative | reezii | reezavuq |
Accusative | reezan | reezaaq |
Ablative | reezit | reezavuq |
Locative | reezit | reezavi |
Vocative | rees! | reeziq! |
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | iqalugaq | iqalugiq |
Genitive | iqalugiaq | iqaluguun |
Dative | iqalugii | iqalugavuq |
Accusative | iqalugan | iqalugaaq |
Ablative | iqalugit | iqalugavuq |
Locative | iqalugit | iqalugavi |
Vocative | iqaluk! | iqalugiq! |
Wútar 'water' is still a heteroclitic in Qunng. (cf. Ancient Greek υδωρ, υδατος). In Pris. the form wútraa (declined as a feminine -aa noun) is preferred; this survives as õdra in the modern language.
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | wutar | wutanaa |
Genitive | wutaniaq | wutanuun |
Dative | wutanii | wutanavuq |
Accusative | wutar | wutanaa |
Ablative | wutanit | wutanavuq |
Locative | wutanit | wutanavi |
Vocative | wutar! | wutanaa! |
náawuq (f.) 'boat, ship' is irregular:
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | náawuq | náawiq |
Genitive | naawíuq | náawuun |
Dative | naawí | náawuvuq |
Accusative | náawun | náawuuq |
Ablative | náawit | náawuvuq |
Locative | náawit | náawuvi |
Vocative | náawu! | náawiq! |
pateer-class
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
Nominative | pateer | patiriq |
Genitive | patriaq | patiruun |
Dative | patrii | patiravuq |
Accusative | patran | patiraaq |
Ablative | patrit | patiravuq |
Locative | patrit | patiravi |
Vocative | patir! | patiriq! |
Declined similarly: maateer, vraateer, whiqeer, dukateer, Tippateer = father, mother, brother, sister, daughter, (Hivatish sky god)
Adjectives
Adjectives fall into three main declensions: -uq adjectives (~ Latin 1st declension adjectives), -iq adjectives (~ Latin 3rd declension adjectives), and -aq adjectives (containing verb participles).
-uq adjectives
- nom: -uq, -aa, -un, pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
-iq adjectives
- nom. -iq, -iq, -i; pl. -iiq, -iiq, -ia
-aq adjectives
nom. -aq, -aq, -an; pl. -aaq, -aaq, -aa
Prepositions
- su = w/ abl.: with (instrumental)
- san = w/ abl.: with (comitative)
- viz = w/ gen.: without
- in
- w/ acc.: into
- w/ loc.: inside
- at = at
- w/ acc.: towards; at
- attir =
- w/ loc.: between,
- w/ acc.: against
- ut = w/ abl.: out of
- ipi
- w/ acc.: onto
- w/ loc.: on
- tira
- w/ acc: (moving) through, beyond
- w/ loc: beyond
Verbs
Qivattutannguaq verbs have only three tenses: present, past, and optative.
Athematic
Singular | Plural | |
---|---|---|
1 | tituan | titumaq |
2 | tituaq | tituti |
3 | tituat | tituut |
e/o-thematic
These verbs often take the past form from PIE root aorists.
Some verbs in this class:
- vilsit, ivalsi = shines
- vinnit, ivanni = binds
- siuqit, isuqi = tries
Present | ||
---|---|---|
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnaa | vinnaar |
2SG | vinniq | vinnitar |
3SG | vinnit | vinnitur |
1PL | vinnumaq | vinnumaqti |
2PL | vinniti | vinnitau, vinnitaqti |
3PL | vinnuut | vinnuttur |
Past | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | ivanna | ivannar |
2SG | ivanta | ivantar |
3SG | ivanni | ivannur |
1PL | ivannami | ivannamaqti |
2PL | ivannati | ivannatau, ivannataqti |
3PL | ivanneer | ivanneerur |
Optative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
1SG | vinnain | vinnajaar |
2SG | vinnaiq | vinnaitar |
3SG | vinnait | vinnaitur |
1PL | vinnaimaq | vinnaimaqti |
2PL | vinnaiti | vinnaitau, vinnaitaqti |
3PL | vinnajuut | vinnajuttur |
Imperative | ||
Person | Active | Passive |
2SG | vinni! | vinniqi! |
3SG | vinnitaat! | vinnitaar! |
2PL | vinniti! | vinnitau! |
3PL | vinnuttaat! | vinnuttaar! |
Participles | ||
Tense | Active | Passive |
Present | vinnattaq | vinnumuq |
Past | vannawuq | vannuq |
Nasal infix present verbs
-eh2- verbs
teepputijaat = he rules
- present: teepputijaa, tepputijaaq, teepputijaat, teepputijaamaq, teepputijaati, teepputijaat
- past: iteepputijaaqa, iteepputijaaqta, iteepputijaaqi, iteepputijaangmi, iteepputijaaqti, iteepputijaaqeer
-éye- verbs
taiseet (*doyḱ-éye-ti) = he locates, he pinpoints
- present: taisijaa, taiseeq, taiseet, taiseemaq, taiseeti, taisijuut
- past: itaiseeqa, itaiseeqta, itaiseeqi, itaiseengmi, itaiseeqti, itaiseeqeer
Copula
- present: ingmi, eeq, eet, ingmaq, iqti, quut
- past: iqqa, iqta, iqqi, iqami, iqati, iqqeer
Numerals
- zero: nuilluq (m.), nuillaa (f.), nuillun (n.)
- I: ainuq (m.), ainaa (f.), ainun (n.); ordinal parmuq
- II: tuwai (animate), tuwaa (inanimate); ordinal attiruq
- III: triiq (animate), tria (inanimate); ordinal trituq
- IIII: kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate); ordinal kituartuq
- Λ. pikkiq; ordinal piktuq
- ΛΙ: whiïq; ordinal whiqtuq
- ΛΙΙ: qiptan; ordinal qiptammuq
- ΛΙΙΙ: ustaa; ordinal ustammuq
- ΛIIII: niwan; ordinal niwammuq
- Χ: tisan; ordinal tisammuq
- XI: ainuqupirtisan, ainuppirsan
- XII: tuuqupirtisan, tuuppirsan
- XIII: triiqupirtisan, triippirsan
- XIIII: kituarqupirtisan, kituarpirsan
- XΛ: pikkiqupirtisan, pikkippirsan
- XΛI: whiiqupirtisan, whiippirsan
- XΛII: qiptaqupirtisan, qiptappirsan
- XΛIII: ustaqupirtisan, ustappirsan
- XΛIIII: niwaqupirtisan, niwappirsan
- XX: tuiqtisan
- XXX: tirtisan
- XXXX: kituartisan
- D: pikkitisan
- DX: whiiqtisan
- DXX: qiptattisan
- DXXX: ustattisan
- DXXXX: niwattisan
- O: sattun
- Q: pikkisattun
- M: tuqsattun
- Ī (10000): zilliun
- Ī̄ (1,0000,0000): tussilliun
Numerals percede nouns. Numbers above 1 take the genitive (partitive) singular.
Declension
ainuq declines as a singular -uq adjective. pikkiq and whiïq decline like -iq adjectives, and qiptun, astaa, nivun and tisun decline like neuter nouns.
tuwaa
- nom./acc./voc. tuwaa (inanimate), tuwai (animate)
- gen. tuwuun, tuun
- dat./abl. tuwaavuq (inanimate), tuwaivuq (animate)
- loc. tuwaavi (inanimate), tuwaivi (animate)
tria
- nom./acc./voc. triiq (animate), tria (inanimate)
- gen. trijuun
- dat./abl. triivuq
- loc. triivi
kituara
- nom./acc./voc. kituariq (animate), kituara (inanimate)
- gen. kituaruun
- dat./abl. kituaravuq
- loc. kituaravi
Derivation
- -isúq = forms adjectives (< -ik'os)
- Verb prefixes: in-, at-, attir-, pi-, su-, san-, ik(s)-, pir-, qupir-, quu-, ...
- Ex. from wiitit 'he sees': ikwiitit 'he identifies, he susses out', atwiitit 'he sees to it that', piwiitit 'he sees fit'; attirwiitit 'he agrees'; suwiitit 'he witnesses'
- -inuq = agent
- -inia (from *-nih2) = feminine agent
- reezinia = queen, from reezaq king
- -allún (from *-tlóm) = instrument
Syntax
Qunngartutannguaq word order is SOV by default but can be changed due to emphasis. On the other hand, Prisinitutannguaq is consistently SVO.
- PIE: gʷih₃wós pisḱós wédni n̥h₂sḱéti.
- Qunng: Kiiwúq piksúq wútanit naksít.
- Pris: Kiiwỏ piksỏ naksỉt wủtraat.
- Modern: Kiu piks näksed hõv õdrad.
- The living fish swims in the water.
Adjectives and genitives precede nouns, and relative clauses follow nouns.
Sample texts
Schleicher's Fable
Awiq iswaaq-ki
Awiq, jungmai walinaa neen iqqi, iwiti iswuuq, ainun karun waznun tinngattan, ainun-ki mizalun kraaman, ainun-ki zamunan asu virattan. Awiq nuu iswavuq iwaki: "Sartaq anngitur mai, witattii zamunan iswuuq asattan." Iswaaq nuu awii iwakeer: "Asauqee, awi, sartaq anngitur ammai witattavuq situt: Zamaa, teepputiq, ut awijuun walinaat karnit qai girmun wingman. Awii nuu walinaa neen eet." Awiq nuu situt slauqaawuq in plaanun ivuki.
Hypothetical Roman transcription
AVEH·ISVACCI
AVEH·IVGMÆ·VALINA·NEN·EHHI·IVITI·ISVVH·ÆNVN·CARVN·VAZNVN·TINGATTAN·ÆNVNCI·MIZALVN·CRAMAN·ÆNVNCI·ZAMVNAN·ASV·FIRATTAN