Latest revision as of 09:35, 12 June 2022

Arabic orthography for Thedish

American Hmong

Lõisian orthography for American Hmong dialects

ogoneks for nasal vowels

Hmong w: written <ü>

tones:

no marker = no tone letter
´ = b
` = s
double vowel with the second getting ´ = v
double vowel with the second getting ` = j
h = g
´' = d
`' = m

Orthography: b d dr j g qg p t tr ch k q = RPA p t r c k q ph th rh ch kh qh

f v sh zh s hy h = RPA f v s z x xy h

German Turkish?

Turkish orthography in Lõis's Germany

Bütün Insanlar hür, Hajsijet we Haklar bakymyndan eszit doġarlar. Akyl we Wiz̀dana sahibtirler we birbirlerine karszy Kardeszlig Zihnijeti ile Hareket etmelidirler.

French words are spelled etymologically

Vinnish

"Vinskt mâl"

zh for r from PGmc z? both r and zh can sound like the Greenlandic r

q found in Inuit loans and random changes in Norse?

þ -> t change can be complete as in Faroese; đ sometimes becomes l

preserves and standardizes verb conjugations with clitic pronouns like -tu/-u for 2sg and -k for 1sg; officially VSO from insular Celtic influence?

Mainland Scandinavian-style nominal declension levelling but weird -- some nouns pluralize in m or with u-umlaut and no suffix?

Esperanto

Some differences between Esperanto as we know it and Lõisian Esperanto:

Pronouns are mi, ci, ri, ni, vi, ili, oni

Transitive verbs in transitive-intransitive pairs are always marked with a causative; the passive for these verbs is used for changes of state.

-icho is standard for specifically masculine nouns.

more noun cases (ergative at least)

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-==Sprachbünde==
+=Arabic orthography for Thedish=
-===Levant===
-===Eastern Europe===
-===British===
-*Phonological features inspired by Proto-Inuit -> Greenlandic sound changes
-*Evidentiality
-*(Split) ergativity
-===Indus===
+=American Hmong=
-===Paleo-Iranian===
-Retroflex consonants
-===South India and Southeast Asia===
+Lõisian orthography for American Hmong dialects
-No retroflexes? Pandoga and Palkhan would be typologically unusual
-===South Africa===
+ogoneks for nasal vowels
-==Ethio-IE and Ethio-Semitic==
+Hmong w: written <ü>
-'''Habesīnan''' is an Indo-European language, spoken in Ethiopia in [[Lõis]]. In modern times it's mostly used as a liturgical and classical language, with the majority of the population speaking [[Togarmite]].
-==Paḷkhan==
+tones:
+*no marker = no tone letter
+*´ = b
+*` = s
+*double vowel with the second getting ´ = v
+*double vowel with the second getting ` = j
+*h = g
+*´' = d
+*`' = m
-Inspired by Kannada and Marathi
+Orthography: b d dr j g qg p t tr ch k q = RPA p t r c k q ph th rh ch kh qh
-Some nativized (''tadbhava'') Sanskrit words
+f v sh zh s hy h = RPA f v s z x xy h
-*ṇnima [ɽ̃n̪imɐ] "full moon" <- *puṇnima <- Sanskrit pūrṇimā
-*pyaḷda "forest" <- ati-vṛddha "overgrown"
-*mhoṇa "monk" <- śramaṇa
-Proto-Palkhan -> Palkhan has an almost consistent stress shift to the second syllable causing the first syllable to get elided; this creates the retroflex-dental clusters and wreaks havoc with the morphology if there happen to be prefixes
+=German Turkish?=
+Turkish orthography in Lõis's Germany
-separate words for numbers from 1 to 99
+Bütün Insanlar hür, Hajsijet we Haklar bakymyndan eszit doġarlar. Akyl we Wiz̀dana sahibtirler we birbirlerine karszy Kardeszlig Zihnijeti ile Hareket etmelidirler.
-Palkhan borrows more from Sanskrit (even some derivational affixes) than Pandoga
+French words are spelled etymologically
-==Indian grammatical tradition==
+=Vinnish=
-Includes historical linguistics? they may study the relationship between Greek and Sanskrit and develop a deep orthography that fits both (that could be Panini's claim to fame in Lõis!)
+"Vinskt mâl"
-==Polish Azalic==
+zh for r from PGmc z? both r and zh can sound like the Greenlandic r
-Inspired by Scots and Yiddish
-==Mixolydian==
+q found in Inuit loans and random changes in Norse?
-From PIE; t d dh -> tʰ d t
+þ -> t change can be complete as in Faroese; đ sometimes becomes l
-Inspirations: Baltic, Albanian
+preserves and standardizes verb conjugations with clitic pronouns like -tu/-u for 2sg and -k for 1sg; officially VSO from insular Celtic influence?
-PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
+Mainland Scandinavian-style nominal declension levelling but weird -- some nouns pluralize in m or with u-umlaut and no suffix?
-*Proto-Mixolydian (tentative name): avī yasmī wilnō ne estʰ, sa ečʰwą̄s derčitʰ. sa girrų wačą wečetʰ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āčʰu peretʰ. (to thematize)
-**Old Nomadic Mixolydian (with Grimm): avī yasmī wilnō ne est, sa ešwą̄s deršiθ. sa girrų wačą wečeθ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āšu pereθ.
-***Levantine Mixolydian: contributed some words to English
-**Classical Mixolydian ("tentum" language, with Grassmann): avyō, kʰō vilnǭ ne tare, retʰvą̄s vaide, mą girrų vaθą veθei, mą mēðą perą veθei; tʰu mą nērą kʰirsvą perei. ''Greek transcription'': αϝιώ, χώ ϝιλνώμ νε ταρε, ρεθϝάμς ϝαιδε. μαμ γιρρυμ ϝαϸαμ ϝεϸει, μαμ μέζαμ περαμ ϝεϸει, θυ μαμ νέραμ χιρσϝαμ περει.
-===Orthography===
+=Esperanto=
-A native logography in addition to the Greek alphabet
+Some differences between Esperanto as we know it and Lõisian Esperanto:
-===Verbs===
+* Pronouns are mi, ci, ri, ni, vi, ili, oni
-between Greek and Lithuanian
-mediopassive marked with -i
+* Transitive verbs in transitive-intransitive pairs are always marked with a causative; the passive for these verbs is used for changes of state.
-===Declension===
+* -icho is standard for specifically masculine nouns.
-*wolf: wilkʰas, wilkʰą, wilkʰasya, wilkʰai, wilkʰātʰ, wilkʰai; wilkʰą̄s, wilkʰās, wilkʰą̄, wilkʰamas, wilkʰamis, wilkʰasu
-*seed: tanō, tanǭ, tanōs, tanōi, tanōtʰ, tanōi; tanōs, tanǭs, tanōwą̄, tanōmas, tanōmis, tanōsu
-*chair: selwą, selwą, selwasya, selwai, selwātʰ, selwai; selwō, selwō, selwą̄, selwamas, selwamis, selwasu
-*i-stems (extremely uncommon)
-The neuter gender merges into the masculine in Classical Mixolydian. Levantine Mixolydian around the 10th century is about as analytic as Hindi.
+* more noun cases (ergative at least)
-===Morphosyntax===
-Mixolydian has the accusative and infinitive construction found in Latin and Ancient Greek, and in Classical and Levantine Mixolydian the accusative and infinitive construction by itself is the most common way of expressing the optative.
-===Lexicon===
-ρεθϝας means 'horse' in Classical and reθwas means 'wheel' in Nomadic
-smas/ainas, dwā, tʰrīs, kʰetʰwār, pʰenkʰe, swečʰs, septʰį, ačtʰau, newį, dečʰį
--> Classical mas/ainas, dvā, tʰrīs, ketʰvār, penkʰe, vetʰs, septʰį, attʰau, nevį, detʰį
-Levantine: en, dva, θri, xadar, feng, xweš, seft, ašt, nò, deš (20: wišt?)
-dūras: faint, soft (drifted from "distant")
-leupyą (''Nomadic''): hobby (calqued from Old Togarmite)
-===Levantine Mixolydian===
-some kind of "Balkan Sprachbund Hindi"? (Balkan grammar and Hindi syntax)
-Old Nomadic Mixolydian had a very simple declension system, merging the accusative with the nominative and the locative with the dative:
-nom, gen, dat, abl
-*wilxa, wilxas, wilxē, wilxaθ; wilxas, wilxa, wilxam, wilxam
-*tano, tanos, tanī, tanoθ; tanos, tano, tanom, tanom
-Levantine Mixolydian went even further, dropping the -a ending and gender agreement:
-nom, obl
-*wilx, wilxe; wilxas, wilxam
-*tano, tani; tanos, tanom
-The oblique case is used as an ergative in perfect tenses.

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