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| ==Sprachbünde== | | =Arabic orthography for Thedish= |
| ===Levant===
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| ===Eastern Europe===
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| ===British===
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| *Phonological features inspired by Proto-Inuit -> Greenlandic sound changes
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| *Evidentiality
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| *(Split) ergativity
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| ===Indus=== | | =American Hmong= |
| ===Paleo-Iranian===
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| Retroflex consonants; includes Old Palkhan, Old Harappan and pre-Naušahri
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| ===South India and Southeast Asia===
| | Lõisian orthography for American Hmong dialects |
| Generally Khmer/Thai/Proto-Azalic-like aesthetics?
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| Pandoga and Palkhan would be typologically unusual
| | ogoneks for nasal vowels |
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| ===South Africa===
| | Hmong w: written <ü> |
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| ==Ethio-IE and Ethio-Semitic== | | tones: |
| | *no marker = no tone letter |
| | *´ = b |
| | *` = s |
| | *double vowel with the second getting ´ = v |
| | *double vowel with the second getting ` = j |
| | *h = g |
| | *´' = d |
| | *`' = m |
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| Ethio-IE: Mitanni
| | Orthography: b d dr j g qg p t tr ch k q = RPA p t r c k q ph th rh ch kh qh |
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| Ethio-Semitic: Togarmite
| | f v sh zh s hy h = RPA f v s z x xy h |
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| ==Pandoga== | | =German Turkish?= |
| | Turkish orthography in Lõis's Germany |
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| ==Paḷkhan==
| | Bütün Insanlar hür, Hajsijet we Haklar bakymyndan eszit doġarlar. Akyl we Wiz̀dana sahibtirler we birbirlerine karszy Kardeszlig Zihnijeti ile Hareket etmelidirler. |
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| Inspired by Kannada and Marathi
| | French words are spelled etymologically |
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| Some nativized (''tadbhava'') Sanskrit words
| | =Vinnish= |
| *ṇnima [ɽ̃n̪imɐ] "full moon" <- *puṇnima <- Sanskrit pūrṇimā
| | "Vinskt mâl" |
| *pyaḷda "forest" <- ati-vṛddha "overgrown"
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| *mhoṇa "monk" <- śramaṇa
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| Proto-Palkhan -> Palkhan has an almost consistent stress shift to the second syllable causing the first syllable to get elided; this creates the retroflex-dental clusters and wreaks havoc with the morphology if there happen to be prefixes
| | zh for r from PGmc z? both r and zh can sound like the Greenlandic r |
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| the place name "Paḷkha" should be related to Balkh/Bactria
| | q found in Inuit loans and random changes in Norse? |
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| separate words for numbers from 1 to 99
| | þ -> t change can be complete as in Faroese; đ sometimes becomes l |
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| Palkhan borrows more from Sanskrit (even some derivational affixes) than Pandoga
| | preserves and standardizes verb conjugations with clitic pronouns like -tu/-u for 2sg and -k for 1sg; officially VSO from insular Celtic influence? |
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| ==Indian grammatical tradition==
| | Mainland Scandinavian-style nominal declension levelling but weird -- some nouns pluralize in m or with u-umlaut and no suffix? |
| Includes historical linguistics? they may study the relationship between Greek and Sanskrit and develop a deep orthography that fits both (that could be Panini's claim to fame in Lõis!)
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| ==Polish Azalic== | | =Esperanto= |
| Inspired by Scots and Yiddish
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| ==Mixolydian==
| | Some differences between Esperanto as we know it and Lõisian Esperanto: |
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| Spoken in: Italy, Albania, the Levant, India, Indonesia, Thailand, Australia
| | * Pronouns are mi, ci, ri, ni, vi, ili, oni |
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| From PIE; t d dh -> tʰ d t
| | * Transitive verbs in transitive-intransitive pairs are always marked with a causative; the passive for these verbs is used for changes of state. |
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| Inspirations: Baltic, Albanian
| | * -icho is standard for specifically masculine nouns. |
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| PIE: h₂áu̯ei̯ h₁i̯osméi̯ h₂u̯l̥h₁náh₂ né h₁ést, só h₁éḱu̯oms derḱt. só gʷr̥hₓúm u̯óǵʰom u̯eǵʰed; só méǵh₂m̥ bʰórom; só dʰǵʰémonm̥ h₂ṓḱu bʰered.
| | * more noun cases (ergative at least) |
| *Proto-Mixolydian (tentative name): avī yasmī vilnō ne estʰ, sa ečʰvą̄s derčitʰ. sa girrų vačą večetʰ, sa mēǰą parą; sa manį āčʰu peretʰ. (to thematize) | |
| **Old Nomadic Mixolydian (with Grassmann followed by Grimm): avyō yōs rōdai vilnō ne est, ešvą̄s vaide, smą girvą vačą večenθį, smą mēǰą parą; smą nērą āšu perenθį.
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| ***Levantine Mixolydian: contributed some words to English
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| **Classical Mixolydian ("tentum" language, with Grassmann): avyō, kʰō vilnǭ ne tare, retʰvą̄s vaide, mą girvą vaθą veθei, mą mēðą perą veθei; tʰu mą nērą kʰirsvą perei. ''Greek transcription'': αϝιώ, χώ ϝιλνώμ νε ταρε, ρεθϝάμς ϝαιδε. μαμ γιρρυμ ϝαϸαμ ϝεϸει, μαμ μέζαμ περαμ ϝεϸει, θυ μαμ νέραμ χιρσϝαμ περει.
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| ***Indian Mixolydian
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| **Eastern Mixolydian (a substrate for Heleasic)
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| ===Orthography===
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| A native logography in addition to the Greek alphabet
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| ===Verbs===
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| between Greek and Lithuanian
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| mediopassive marked with -i
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| ===Declension===
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| *wolf: wilkʰas, wilkʰą, wilkʰasya, wilkʰai, wilkʰātʰ, wilkʰai; wilkʰą̄s, wilkʰās, wilkʰą̄, wilkʰamas, wilkʰamis, wilkʰasu
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| *seed: tanō, tanǭ, tanōs, tanōi, tanōtʰ, tanōi; tanōs, tanǭs, tanōwą̄, tanōmas, tanōmis, tanōsu
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| *chair: selwą, selwą, selwasya, selwai, selwātʰ, selwai; selwō, selwō, selwą̄, selwamas, selwamis, selwasu
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| *i-stems (extremely uncommon)
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| The neuter gender merges into the masculine in Classical Mixolydian. Levantine Mixolydian around the 10th century is about as analytic as Hindi.
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| ===Morphosyntax===
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| Mixolydian has the accusative and infinitive construction found in Latin and Ancient Greek, and in Classical and Levantine Mixolydian the accusative and infinitive construction by itself is the most common way of expressing the optative.
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| ===Lexicon===
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| ρεθϝας means 'horse' in Classical and reθwas means 'wheel' in Nomadic
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| smas/ainas, dwā, tʰrīs, kʰetʰwār, pʰenkʰe, swečʰs, septʰį, ačtʰau, nawį, dečʰį
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| -> Classical mas/ainas, dvā, tʰrīs, ketʰvār, penkʰe, vetʰs, septʰį, attʰau, navį, detʰį
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| Levantine: en, dva, θri, kaθar, peng, xweš, seft, ašt, nò, deš (20: wišt?)
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| dūras: faint, soft (drifted from "distant")
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| leupyą (''Nomadic''): hobby (calqued from Old Togarmite)
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| ===Levantine Mixolydian===
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| some kind of "Balkan Sprachbund Hindi"? (Balkan grammar and Hindi syntax)
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| Old Nomadic Mixolydian had a very simple declension system, merging the accusative with the nominative and the locative with the dative:
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| nom, gen, dat, abl
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| *vilxa, vilxas, vilxē, vilxaθ; vilxas, vilxa, vilxam, vilxam
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| *tano, tanos, tanī, tanoθ; tanos, tano, tanom, tanom
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| Levantine Mixolydian went even further, dropping the -a ending and gender agreement:
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| nom, obl
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| *vilx, vilxe; vilxas, vilxam
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| *tano, tani; tanos, tanom
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| The oblique case is used as an ergative in perfect tenses.
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| ====Pronouns====
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| ====Verbs====
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| Due to Levantine Mixolydian being a peripheral member of the Levantine sprachbund, there are a few occasional similarities between its verbal system and English's, but also some differences:
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| *The simple past tense is split-ergative and has a perfective aspect. The original Old Mixolydian past tense became a subjunctive.
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| *The optative is formed just like the present tense but with the infinitive instead of the conjugated verb; it derives from the Old Mixolydian accusative and infinitive construction which is also present in Levantine Mixolydian.
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| *There is a distinction between simple present and progressive as in English. The past progressive is used as a general imperfective past tense. Do-support is common for emphasis.
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| =====Paradigms=====
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| ====Lexicon====
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| <poem>
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| horse: eš
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| wheel: reθu
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| language: verdan
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| </poem>
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