Verse:Schngellstein/Stem-Celtic Nurian

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Adjectives

Similar to noun declension classes; adjectives before nouns. The u-declension is the regular one for adjectives, except for ones that end in a vowel or -r.

  • Nominative: tali wirδ 'long word', taljar werδar 'long words'
  • Genitive: talja werδa, talju wirδu
  • Dative: talje wirδe, taljav wirδav
  • Abl-loc: taljad wirδed, taljav wirδav

Pronouns

case 1sg. 2sg. (familiar) 3sg. 1pl. 2pl., polite 3pl. reflexive interrogative/relative
"he" "she" "it" "who" "what"
nom. ja tu se sa sud am ju sir - ke kid
acc. mi ti sun san sud ang jung sur hi kun kid
gen. min tiv siv siv ta angar jungar sar hiv kiv kia
dat. mõi tõi sõme, sõm sõre, sõr tõme, tõm angav jungav siv, serav hõi kõme, kõm kiime, kiim
abl.-loc. mined, med tived, ted sõmed sõred tõmed angav jungav siv, serav hived, hed kõmed kiimed

(oblique forms of kid are from Qivattu kit 'what' + appropriate case forms of the neuter sg. relative pronoun jut)

Verbs

TODO: revamp tenses to get split-ergativity, add evidentiality

Unlike Qivattutannguaq, Pestonian is NOT pro-drop.

There is a 2x2 tense structure: {non-past, past} x {imperfective, perfective}.

Ergativity is used in perfect(ive) tenses. The verb agrees with the noun in the absolutive case, and the ergative subject is marked with the ablative-locative case: Sõmed teisedim. 'He will find me.'

As in Hebrew and Russian, some tenses are pro-drop but some tenses are not.

eed "to be":

  • ja im, tu er, se/sa/sud eed, am imme, ju eht, sir huud

teised "to find":

  • Non-past imperfective: ja teisia, tu teiser, se/sa/sud teised, am teisim, ju teisid, sir teisud
  • Past imperfective: ja teisa, tu teist, se/sa/sud teis, am teisam, ju teisad, sir teiser
  • Future perfective: ja teisiar, tu teisedar, se/sa/sud teisedur, am teisemaht, ju teisedaht, si teisudur
  • Past perfective: ja teisedim, tu teiseder, se/sa/sud teiseded, am teisedim, ju teisedeht, si teiserur

vinned "to join":

  • Non-past imperfective: ja vinna, tu vinner, se/sa/sud vinned, am vinnam, ju vinned, sir vinnud
  • Past imperfective: ja vanner, tu vannet, se/sa/sud vanner, am vanneme, ju vannete, sir vanner
  • Past perfective: vandim, vander, vanded, vandime, vandite, vandud
  • Future perfective: vantõim, vantõir, vantõid, vantõime, vantõite, vantõjud

teepudad "to rule":

  • Non-past imperfective: ja teepuda, tu teepudar, se teepudad, am teepudam, ju teepudad, sir teepudud
  • Past imperfective: ja teepudar, tu teepudat, se teepudar, am teepudame, ju teepudate, sir teepudar
  • Past perfective: teepudadim, teepudader, teepudaded, teepudadime, teepudadite, teepudadud
  • Future perfective: teepudatõim, teepudatõir, teepudatõid, teepudatõime, teepudatõite, teepudatõjud