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'''Bhadhagha''' (native name ''An Bhadhagha'' /a bʰadʰagʰa/, or colloquially just ''Bhadhagha'') is a [[Talmic languages|Talmic language]] closely related to [[Tíogall]]. It's inspired by Scottish Gaelic and Irish.
 
{{list subpages}}
{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename =a joaþ Voainjŵ
|pronunciation=
|region = Skella, in Talma
|familycolor=PfK
|fam1= [[Proto-Quame|Quame]]
|fam2= [[Talmic languages|Talmic]]
|fam3= Thensaric
|fam4= Tigolic
|iso3=
|script=Talmic script
|notice=IPA
}}
 
'''Vornian''' (''a joaþ Voainjŵ'' /ə joaθ ˈvoainjuː/; Skellan: ''Vornib'') is a minority Tigolic language spoken in the Vorna Island of [[Verse:Tricin/Scella|Scella]], closely related to [[Scellan]]. It is notable for its many vowels.
 
It is aesthetically inspired by Swiss German and Southern American English.


==Todo==
==Todo==
*''Lanna de srasandhacht de h-aofrann cheallò'' = I'm a specialist in cello playing
Non-rhotic with crazy shifts before r
*'' 's laobh'' = is there? (interrogative)
*''camhna, sos, car'' = woman, man, person
 
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Based on "literally read Irish".
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
*'''m n ṇ ñ''' /m n ɳ ŋ/
|-
*'''b d ḍ g''' /p t{{den}} ʈ k/
!colspan="2"| !! Labial !! Alveolar !! Retroflex !! Velar !! Glottal
*'''p t ʈ c''' /pʰ t{{den}}ʰ ʈʰ kʰ/
|-
*'''f þ s x ṣ ll''' /f θ s ʃ ʂ x/
!rowspan="3"|Nasal
*'''v ð z zj ẓ l''' /v ð z ʒ ʐ ɣ/
!<small>plain</small>
*'''ł r j''' /w ɾ j/
| '''m''' m || '''n''' n || || ||
*bl /px/ etc.
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
|  || '''nn''' nː || || ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''mh''' mʰ || || || ||
|-
!rowspan="6"|Stop
!<small>tenuis</small>
| '''p''' p || '''t''' t || || '''c''' k ||
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''ph''' pʰ || '''th''' tʰ || || '''ch''' kʰ ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''bp''' ᵐp || '''dt''' ⁿt || || '''gc''' ᵑk ||
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' b || '''d''' d || || '''g''' g ||
|-
!<small>breathy voiced</small>
| '''bh''' bʱ || '''dh''' dʱ || || '''gh''' gʱ ||
|-
!<small>voiced prenasalized</small>
| '''mb''' ᵐb || '''nd''' ⁿd || || '''ng''' ᵑg ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Fricative
!<small>plain</small>
| '''f''' f || '''s''' s || || || '''h''' h
|-
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''fh''' fʰ || '''sh''' sʰ || || ||
|-
!<small>prenasalized</small>
| '''bhf''' bʰf || '''dhs''' dʰs || || ||
|-
!rowspan="2"| Liquid
!<small>plain</small>
| || '''l''' l || '''r''' r̠ || ||
|-
!<small>geminate</small>
| || '''ll''' lː || '''rr''' r̠ː || ||
|}
 
Lenition: Initials "lenite" as in Irish orthography, but null initials get an ''h-''. In colloquial Bhadhagha all possible initials lenite: i.e. initial '''n, l, r, sp, st, sc''' are also "lenited" to '''nh, lh, rh, sph, sth, sch''' /nʰ, lʰ, rʰ, spʰ, stʰ, skʰ/.
 
Eclipsis: Initials "eclipse" as in Irish orthography, but ''s'' (if not in one of ''sp-, st-, sc-'') also eclipses to ''dhs-''.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="width: 540px; text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Front
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 90px; " |Back
|-
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>short</small>
!style="width: 45px; "|<small>long</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ì''' /iː/
|
|
| '''u''' /u/
| '''ù''' /uː/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
| '''è''' /eː/
|
|
| '''o''' /o/
| '''ò''' /oː/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a/
| '''à''' /aː/
|
|
|}
Diphthongs are all read as written.
'''a''' in an unstressed syllable becomes '''e''' if the previous vowel ends in an /i/.
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
The definite article is ''an''-L for singular nouns and ''na''-E for plural nouns. Colloquial Bhadhagha may drop the definite article in the singular (leaving behind just the lenition), and also in the plural (leaving behind the eclipsis) if the initial C of the noun is "eclipsable" (i.e. is one of ''∅, p, t, c, b, d, g, f, s'').
<!--
casual bhadhagha  could overgeneralize 'an' into an emphatic particle
h-eafhad = the cat
an h-eafhad = THE cat
an eafhad = (specifically) a cat
-->
Bhadhagha lost grammatical gender.
The Thensarian relativizer ''rin'' turned into a genitive marker: ''(an) schain ri h-Aodhàn'' (Aodhàn's friend). It can be omitted in casual Bhadhagha: ''schain h-Aodhàn''.
Prepositions inflect the same way as in Tíogall. ''ri'' however uses the inflected forms of ''le'' (to): my = ''ri lion'', your = ''ri leis'', ... Casual Bhadhagha developed a new inflectional paradigm for ''ri'': ''rìon, rìs, riù, rì, rè, rìom, rìod, rìoc, rìor''.
===Adjectives===
Attributive adjectives lenite if the noun is definite. For example, "the black cat" is ''(an) h-eafhad fhlugh''.
===Copula===
Bhadhagha has a copula ''laidh'' which inflects as follows:
Present tense: ''lanna, lair, lù, laì, lac, lamh, laid, lar, laobh'' -- and ''laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
Past tense: ''g'lanna, g'lair, g'lù, g'laì, g'lac, g'lamh, g'laid, g'lar, g'laobh'' -- and ''g'laidh'' for nonpronominal subjects
Examples: ''Lanna dùbhòinn'' (I'm a teacher), ''Lù ìon'' (It's blue)
As in Welsh, the copula is also used with progressive verbs: ''Laidh (an) dhùbhòinn d'èinteach'' (The teacher is sleeping).
===Verbs===
The Bhadhagha verbal system is very different from Tíogall, and much closer to [[Äivö]].
For one thing, Bhadhagha analogized the analytic forms of verbs to all persons, and fused the personal pronoun with the verb:
<poem>
molaigh ná -> molanna "I thank"
molaigh fiar -> molair "thou thankest"
molaigh hú -> molù "he thanks"
molaigh hí -> molaì "she thanks"
molaigh cé -> molac "it thanks"
molaigh -> molaigh or mola "... thanks" (with nonpronominal subjects)
molaigh gámh -> molamh "we thank" (both exc. and inc.!)
molaigh séid -> molaid "ye thank"
molaigh hár -> molar "they thank"
Impersonal: molaobh "one thanks"
</poem>
The past tense is marked by a séimhiú on the verb as in Irish, except that the suffixes are the same as in the present tense. This comes from a construction that translates to "it was the case that ...", which also survives in Äivö. Even non-lenitable consonants get aspirated in casual Bhadhagha, though in the written language a particle is used when the first consonant isn't lenitable.
The future tense however has a special set of suffixes, derived from the Old Tíogall future tense:
<poem>
moltanna, moltair, moltù, moltaì, moltac, moltamh, moltaid, moltar
</poem>
The verbal noun is extremely irregular in Bhadhagha (more so than in Tíogall). One somewhat common way of deriving verbal nouns is with a prefix (''ao''+N) but other verbal nouns use the suffixes ''-ach'', ''-il'' and ''-ta/-te''. Verbs loaned from Camalic simply use the stem as the verbal noun. Some verbal nouns are suppletive.
Bhadhagha is not split-ergative, unlike Tíogall.
Perfect tenses use the construction ''tainn'' ('after', often pronounced ''tann'') followed by the verbal noun.
==Syntax==
Bhadhagha is a head-initial, topic-comment language with V2 order.
The man thanks the teacher = Shos molù dhùbhòinn (lit. the man, he thanks the teacher), or Dhùbhòinn mola shos hù (lit. the teacher, the man thanks him)
The teacher thanks the man = Dhùbhòinn molù shos (lit. the teacher, he thanks the man), or Shos mola dhùbhòinn hù  (lit. the man, the teacher thanks him)
===Relative clauses===
Relative clauses work similarly:
Dhùbhòinn ri mhola shos hù - The teacher who the man thanked (lit: the teacher REL the man thanked him)
Dhùbhòinn ri mholù shos - The teacher who thanked the man (lit: the teacher REL he thanked the man)
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->
==Vocabulary==
Bhadhagha uses native or Camalic words where Tíogall uses Netagin words; for example the word for school is ''suar-dùbhach'' 'house of learning' in Bhadhagha and ''tarsúdh'' in Tíogall. An example of a Camalic word in Bhadhagha is ''eafhad'' (cat), where Tíogall has ''zár'' from Netagin.
==Future Bhadhagha==
The dominant Talmic language in postmodern Clotricin, known as ''an Bhadhagha shearn'', is derived from the Uithfeasaimh dialect of Bhadhagha. It has a simplified vowel system (fewer diphthongs) and a palatalization distinction in some consonants. (But it shouldn't be Irish gibby!) It also has a lot of loanwords from [Future Xaetjeon].
==Example texts==
===The North Wind and the Sun===
[to be edited]
'''''Bhòlcoll ag h-Ud'''''
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Talmic languages]]
IlL
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