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''Wendish'' ( 'wenska rec') is a West-Slavic language spoken in the Wendland, a histroical region in Lower Saxony. The language belongs to the lechitc Branch of West-Slavic and is most closely related to Kashubian. Wendish has only about 1200 speakers and is highly endangered. All speakers are bilingual or trilingual, speaking Wendisch, German and many of them Low Saxon. Allmost all speakers are elderly and despite efforts in recent years to introduce Wendish in education and media the number of speakers are declining as younger people usally speak German as their first language.
{{Infobox language
|image=
|imagesize=
|name= ''Dravenian language''
|nativename=''Slywenskje/Wenskje jozek''
|pronunciation=/sly.'ven.sce 'jõ.zek/
|-
|creator=[[User:Flaverius|Flaverius]]


|-
|speakers= 2100
|date=2011 census
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam1=[[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[w:Balto-Slavic languages|Slavic]]
|fam3=[[w:West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]
|fam4=[[w: Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]
|ancestor1=[[Old Polabian]]
|script=[[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|-
|notice=IPA
}}


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===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Traditionally Dravenian has been written in a Middle Low Saxon or German based orthography with minor Polish influences. With the beginning of romanticism and panslavism the wish for a Slavic orthography came up with in a group of young Dravenian intelectuals. Since then adherents of a panslavic and most of the times highly etymological spelling fought against adherents of the traditionalspelling.
This dispute wasn't settled until the 1980s, when both groups mediated by group of linguists of Lüneburg and Magdeburg University came to a compromise and agreed on the modern spelling of today, which is phonemic rather than etymological and incorporates some traditionally German spelling conventions while mostly being based on the spelling of other Slavic languages. Taking inspiration from Polish, but especially from Lower Sorbian.
Neverhteless the traditional spelling is still used today in books for church service and by folklore groups, usally set in black letters. Even the Dravenian newspaper "Slywensce Pywestei" uses the traditional spelling "Szlywenßtze Pyweßtei" set in black letters as its headline, while the articles with in are written in modern spelling using Antiqua script.
While the modern spelling is used on signs, in the media, in books and is thaught in schools.
Dravenian has two orthographies used today. The Slavic spelling, which was developed in the era of romanticism and Pan-Slavism.
{ wikiclass="table"
!!modern ! traditional
|ą|ą/an/ang/am
|-
|c|tz
|-
|dz|dſ/dſ
||õ|
|s|s|z
|-
|y|ü
|z|z|ſ/s
|-
}


====Palatalisation====
The phonemic difference between hard and soft palatal sound is orthographically indicated by writing a digraph with <j> following the  soft consonant.


bjolak /ˈbʲo.lɐk/, cjol /t͡sʲol/, djotka /ˈɟot.kɐ, gjölǫb /ɟœ.ˈlumb/, kjėnądz /ˈce.nɔndz/, ljotȯ /lʲo.ˈtʏ/, mjȧgla /ˈmʲɑ.glɐ/
===Consonant assimilation===
Assimil


===Consonants===
===Consonants===


The Dravenian language has 29 phonemic vowels. Every consonant, except for /j/, which is always soft and the loan phonemes /f/ and /ʃ/, occurs in a hard unpalatlised and a soft palatalised variant.
The Dravenian language has 29 phonemic vowels. Every consonant, except for /j/, which is always soft and the loan phonemes /f/, /š/ and /ʒ/ occurs in a hard unpalatlised and a soft palatalised variant. The soft counterparts of both /k/ and /t/ is /c/. The soft counterpart of /g/ and /d/ is /ɟ/.


{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
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|-
|-
! {{small| soft}}
! {{small| soft}}
| mʲ
| mʲ</br><b>mj</b>
|  
|  
| nʲ
|  
|  
|  
|  
| nʲ</br><i>nj</i>
|  
|  
|-
|-
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|-
|-
! {{small| soft}}
! {{small| soft}}
| pʲ·bʲ
| pʲ·bʲ</br><i>pj·bj</i>
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
|  
| c·ɟ
| c·ɟ</br><i>kj/tj·gj/dj</i>1
|  
|  
|-
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Affricates
! {{small| hard}}
|
|
| <b>c·dz</b></br>/ts·dz/
|
|
|
|-
!{{small| soft}}
|
|
|<b>cj·dzj</b></br>/tsʲ·dzʲ/
|
|
|
|-
|-
! rowspan="2" | Sibilants
! rowspan="2" | Sibilants
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|  
|  
| s·z
| s·z
| ʃ
| <b>(sch·dsch)</b></br>/ʃ·ʒ/
|
|
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| ɕ·ʑ
| ɕ·ʑ</br><i>sj·zj</i>
|  
|  
|-
|-
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! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! rowspan="2" | Fricative
! {{small| hard}}
! {{small| hard}}
| f·v
|
|  
| <b>(f)·w</b></br><u>/f·v/</i>
|
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
| x</br><i>ch</i>
| x
|-
|-
! {{small| soft}}
! {{small| soft}}
|   vʲ
|
|  <b> wj</b></br>/vʲ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
|
| ç</br><b>chj</b>
| ç
|
|
|-
|-
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|
|
|  
|  
| lʲ
| lʲ</br><b>lj</b>
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|  
|  
|  
|  
| rʲ
| rʲ</br><b>rj</b>
|  
|  
|
|
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|  
|  
|}
|}
1 The palatal Plosives c and ɟ are pronounced as the affricates [tɕ] and [dʑ] in some dialects.
2 The palato-alvelar sounds <b>ś,ź,ć</b> and <b>dź</b> are traditionally pronounced as [ɕ,ʑ,tɕ,dʑ] but through German influence these tend to become postalveolar and are articulated with labial rounding as []. As result the sounds <b>sch</b> and <b>ś</b> as well as <b>dsch</b> and <b>ź</b> merge, especially in younger people’s speech.
The sound l is pronounced [l] in intial and medial position and as [ł] in final position and before consonants.
As conservative speakers of Low Saxon do, Dravenians trill their r. High German influence result in a articulation as uvular trill .
The palatal bilabial wj is simplified to /j/ in consonant clusters.
swjote [sjũte], kwjot [kjot]
====Assimilation====


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
====Monophthongs====
Dravenian has 13 phonemic vowels including some unusual sounds for a Slavic language like /y/ and /œ/.
Dravenian distinguishes between full unreduced vowels and reduced weak vowels of which there are two. Reduced vowels occur in unstressed syllables after a syllable bearing the word accent.
It has preserved the Slavic nasal vowels, although the Dravenian nasal vowels aren’t a direct continuation of the Proto Slavic ones.
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Monophtongs
!
! colspan="1" | Front
!colspan="1" | Mid
!colspan="1" | Back
|-
! Close
| <b>i•y</b> ||(ɨ)|| <b>u</b>
|-
! Near Close
|(ɪ) || || (ʊ)
|-
! Close-mid
| <b>ė</b></br>/e/||
| <b>o</b>
|-
!Mid
| || <b>e</b></br>/ə/||
|-
! Open-mid
| <b>e•ö</b></br>/ɛ•œ/||(ɞ)||
|-
!Near Open
| ||<b>a</b></br> /ɐ/ ||
|-
! Open
| <b>a</b>|| || <b>oa</b></br>/ɒ/
|-
|}
====Allophony====
Dravenian vowels in unreduced pretonic syllables are sometimes pronounced slightly different to stress bearing syllables.
The sound y is pronounced [y(:)] is stress bearing syllables, but as [i] in pre tonic position. Speaker with stronger German influence usually pronounce the y as [y] in this position.
The sound ö is pronounced as [œ(:)] in stressed syllables but as [] in pretonic syllables. Speakers with strong German influence in their pronounciation tend to neglect this and pronounce the sound ö as [œ] in all position.
The sound ė is pronounced as [e(:)] in stressed syllables and as [i] in pretonic syllables.
The sound oa can be pronounced as either [] or []
The nasal vowels ą and o are pronounced as [ã] and [õ~ũ] in open syllables. In closed syllables the nasal are pronounced as [a] and [u] plus an homoorganic vowel.
====Diphtongs====
{| clas="wikitable"
|+ Diphtongs
|ei</br>ei~ai
|oi
|au
|}
A fourth diphtong occur in some dialects, where the outcome of Proto Slavic *l is [ou] rather than [ul].
wulk [vouk]


===Prosody===
===Prosody===


====Stress====
====Stress====
The stress of polabian words is predictable. The rule is, that it falls on the last syllable, if its vowels is full, but on the antepenultimate syllable if the last syllable’s vowels is reduced.
The stress of Dravenian words is distinguished by the distinction of strong and weak syllables. Strong syllables contain a full unreduced vowel. The first syllable of a word is always strong and can't be weak.
 
Weak syllables are those with a reduced vowel. Two weak syllables can't follow each other. If weak syllables follow each other due to composition or inflection the first weak syllable becomes strong.
Medial syllables between two strong syllables always become weak.
 
The last strong syllable of a word bears the stress. i. e. the stress falls on the last syllable if it is strong and on the penultimate syllable if the vowel of the final syllable is reduced.
 
 
 
As the stress can be predicted it is usally not indicated in writing. But as <a> and <e> can both represent a full and reduced vowels there are some instances of where an acute accent is used to indicate a full and therefore stressed /a/ or /ɛ/ in a final syllable.
 
eklá
internát


As the stress can be prected it is usally not indicated in writing. But as <a> and <e> can both represent a full and reduced vowels there are some instances of
In these cases an acute accent is used to indicate a full and therefore stressed /a/ or /ɛ/ in a final syllable.
pȯdpöldán
wo wilkja gordé
====Intonation====
====Intonation====


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
In comparison to other Slavic languages Dravenian simplified many consonant clusters.
===Morphophonology===
===Morphophonology===


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Each noun belongs to a declensional class and is inflected according to one of the three following accentual patterns: acrostatic (a), hysterokinetic (b) or amphikinetic (c). The different accentual patterns result in a lot of vocalic alternation with in a paragigm and into two sets of endings: strong endings and weak endings.
Each noun belongs to a declensional class and is inflected according to one of the three following accentual patterns: acrostatic (a), hysterokinetic (b) or amphikinetic (c). The different accentual patterns result in a lot of vocalic alternation with in a paragigm and into two sets of endings: strong endings and weak endings.


o-declension
====o-declension====
The o-declension contains masculine and neuter nouns, for which it is the most common and productive class.
The o-declension contains masculine and neuter nouns, for which it is the most common and productive class.
It can be divided into two subclasses: the hard o-declension and the soft jo-declension.  
It can be divided into two subclasses: the hard o-declension and the soft jo-declension.  


{| class="wikitable"
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
!
! colspan=2| Full
! colspan=2| Reduced
|-
!
! colspan=1 | m.
!n.
! colspan=1 | m. </br>
!n.
|-
|align="right"|'''Nom.'''
| dǫb || crewy
| dǫb || geimne
|-
|align="right"|'''Acc.'''
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}}  || crewy
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}} || geimne
|-
colspan=2
|align="right"|'''Gen.'''
| dǫb<b>o</b>  || crewo
| a || geimna
|-
|align="right"|'''Dat.'''
| dǫb<b>au</b> || crewau
| e || geimne
|-
|align="right"|'''Loc.'''
| dǫb<b>é</b> || crewé
| a || geimna
|-
|align="right"|'''Instr.'''
|  oam || crewoam
| oam || geimnjoam
 
|}
 
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
! !! o !! !! jo
!
! colspan=2| Full
! colspan=2| Reduced
|-
|-
! Sg. !! m. !! n.!!
!
! colspan=1 | m.
!n.
! colspan=1 | m. </br>
!n.
|-
|-
| Nom. || -Ø |||| -ó||-e||-i||-e
|align="right"|'''Nom.'''
| dǫb || pyli
| dǫb || pyli
|-
|-
| Akk.|| N./G.||  
|align="right"|'''Acc.'''
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}}  || pyli
| {{small|Acc./Gen.}} || geimne
|-
|-
| Gen. || -o
colspan=2
|align="right"|'''Gen.'''
| dǫb<b>jo</b>  || pyljo
| a || geimna
|-
|-
| Dat. || -au
|align="right"|'''Dat.'''
| dǫb<b>jau</b> || pyljau
| e || geimne
|-
|-
| Loc. || -e
|align="right"|'''Loc.'''
| dǫb<b>é</b> || pylei
| a || geimna
|-
|-
|Instr. || -oam
|align="right"|'''Instr.'''
|  oam || pyljoam
| oam || geimnjoam
 
|}
|}


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w-declension
w-declension


In contrast to other Slavic languages the w-declension or ū-declension is well preserved and still productive, especially for Low Saxon and German loan words ending in velar consonant.
In contrast to other Slavic languages Dravenian preserved the w-declension, also called long ū-declension or v-declension in Slavic philology. It is still productive especially for incorporating feminine Low Saxon and German loan words or loans from other languages, ending in a velar consonant.
 
All words of the w-declension are feminine and have a stem ending in a velar sound or a dental plosive. They can be recognized by their ending -ai or -oi in the nominative case and their declensional endings with w in the other cases.




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Particles
Particles
Derivational morphology
Derivational morphology
===Morphosyntax===
Although Dravenian preserved much of the Slavic case inflection there usage became through Low Saxon and German influence quite different to other Slavic languages
Accusative
The accusative marks the object of verb. Different to other Slavic languages the Dravenian accusative marks both the direct and indirect object. Making it an oblique case.
The accusative
The genitive
Through Low Saxon influence the genitive lost its possessive and adpositional function, which became expressed by dative similar to German dialects and Low Saxon.
The genitive survives as case for compounds.
A specialised function of the genitive in Dravenian is the partitive genitive, which is used in Dravenian much more extensively than in other Slavic languages.
Dative
The dative


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
{{IE|slav}}
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