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Wendlandish: Difference between revisions
→Past, past participle, and perfect tenses
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: ''vovr jæsts gljandænts'' "you (pl.) are looking", ''vovr jærits gljandænts'' "you (pl.) were looking" | : ''vovr jæsts gljandænts'' "you (pl.) are looking", ''vovr jærits gljandænts'' "you (pl.) were looking" | ||
: ''ifi sints hrjæjnts'' "they are making", ''ifi jarants hrjæjnts'' "they were making" | : ''ifi sints hrjæjnts'' "they are making", ''ifi jarants hrjæjnts'' "they were making" | ||
====Past, past participle, and perfect tenses==== | |||
The past, in Wendlandish (apart for a few verbs which keep a synthetic form derived from Latin) is formed by using the past participle preceded by the auxiliary verb ''hav'' (< ''habeō''). Past participles are invariable when used with verbs, but decline when used as adjectives or nouns.<br/> | |||
The past participle is formed with the unstressed stems and, generally: | |||
* for ''-æjr'', verbs by removing the ending and adding ''-øt'' (fem.: ''-ata'', pl. ''-ats'') | |||
* for ''-ajr'' and ''-ir'' verbs, by removing the ending and adding ''-yt'' (fem.: ''-ita'', pl. ''-its'') | |||
* for ''-ær'' and ''-er'' verbs, by removing the ''-(e)r'' and adding ''-t'', hence ''-æt''/''-t'' (fem.: ''-æta''/''-ta'', pl. ''-æts''/''-ts''). | |||
Examples: | |||
: ''ømlæjr'' "to walk" → ''ømløt'' "walked" (''ømlata, ømlats'') | |||
: ''delajr'' "to destroy" → ''delyt'' "destroyed" (''delita, delits'') | |||
: ''hnovskir'' "to know" (unstr. stem ''hnusk-'') → ''hnuskyt'' "known" (''hnuskita, hnuskits'') | |||
: ''øðir'' "to hear" → ''øðyt'' "heard" (''øðita, øðits'') | |||
: ''milær'' "to smile" → ''milæt'' "smiled" (''milæta, milæts'') | |||
: ''rjaser'' "to cut" → ''rjast'' "cut" (''rjasta, rjasts'') | |||
Some verbs have irregular participles, directly inherited from Latin ones and not remodelled, or further modified by other changes: | |||
: ''viðajr'' "to see" → ''vys'' "seen" (< ''vīsum''; fem.: ''vira'', pl. ''viss'') | |||
: ''inørnir'' "to intervene" → ''inørjønts'' (< ''interventum''; fem.: ''inørjanta'', pl. ''inørjantss''<ref>Silent ''-s'', only graphically marking the plural.</ref>) | |||
: ''jaðir'' "to eat" → ''øs'' "eaten" (< ''ēsum''; fem.: ''era'', pl. ''ess'') | |||
: ''fjarir'' "to carry, bear" → ''løt'' "carried" (< ''lātum''; fem. ''lata'', pl. ''lats'') | |||
:: ''aðfjarir'' [ˌaʊ̯ˈfjaːriɐ̯] "to give, bring" → ''adløt'' "given" (< ''adlātum''; fem. ''adlata'', pl. ''adlats'') | |||
:: ''defjarir'' "to take" → ''deløt'' "taken" (< ''dēlātum''; fem. ''delata'', pl. ''delats'') | |||
: ''vaðir'' "to go" → ''vøþt'' "went" (< analog. *vādītum; fem. ''vaþta'', pl. ''vaþts'') | |||
: ''tenajr'' "to have" → ''tytt'' "had" (< analog. *tenītum; fem. ''titta'', pl. ''titts'') | |||
: ''ljasjir'' "to read" → ''løt'' "read" (< ''lēctum''; fem. ''lajta'', pl. ''lajts'') | |||
:: ''idelajsjir'' "to understand" → ''ideljøt'' "understood" (< ''intellectum''; fem. ''ideljahta'', pl. ''ideljahts'') | |||
: ''pisir'' "to be able to" → ''puts'' "that could be done" (< analog. *possutum; fem. ''pitsa'', pl. ''pitss'') | |||
: ''vjal'' "to want" → ''vylt'' "wanted" (< analog. *volītum; fem. ''vilta'', pl. ''vilts'') | |||
: ''ditsir'' "to say" → ''føt'' "said" (< analog. *fātum; fem. ''fata'', pl. ''fats'') | |||
: ''prilufir'' "to talk" → ''lukut'' "talked" (< ''locūtum''; fem. ''lukuta'', pl. ''lukuts'') | |||
The '''past''' is formed by using the present forms of ''hav'' in front of the past participle. Its forms are: ''hav'' - ''hajs'' - ''hejt'' - ''høymur'' - ''hætir'' - ''hents'' - ''hejtse''.<br/> | |||
The '''past perfect''' is formed with the past forms of ''hav'' instead: ''højm'' - ''hømyst'' - ''hømyt'' - ''hømymur'' - ''hømysts'' - ''hørtn''<br/> | |||
The '''future perfect''' uses the present forms of ''hav'', followed by ''kaft'' (past participle of ''kap'') and the infinitive. | |||
Examples: ''fjør'' "I carry" - ''hav løt'' "I have carried" - ''højm løt'' "I had carried" - ''hav kaft fjarir'' "I will have carried" | |||
==== Irregular verbs ==== | ==== Irregular verbs ==== | ||