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Wendlandish: Difference between revisions
→The renarrative past
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Examples: ''fjør'' "I carry" - ''hav løt'' "I have carried" - ''højm løt'' "I had carried" - ''hav kaft fjarir'' "I will have carried" | Examples: ''fjør'' "I carry" - ''hav løt'' "I have carried" - ''højm løt'' "I had carried" - ''hav kaft fjarir'' "I will have carried" | ||
====The renarrative past==== | |||
The renarrative past is a tense derived by the old Latin perfect (with analogically created forms for formerly deponent verbs), but in Wendlandish it marks evidentiality and can be translated as "I've been told that X". Compare these two examples: | |||
: ''If jatt ipist, hvofur if hejt aðøft propka.'' "He is late because he found a traffic jam." (I know for sure he was stuck in a traffic jam, hence the regular past (hejt aðøft < *habet adeptum)) | |||
: ''If jatt ipist, hvofur if eðpiskerit propka.'' "He is late because, he told me, he found a traffic jam." (I'm just reporting what he told me, without knowing for sure he was stuck in a traffic jam, hence the renarrative past (eðpiskerit < *adipīscerit)). | |||
The renarrative past conjugation is notable for the widespread use of umlaut (often umlaut in the first person singular is the only distinction between it and the present) and for its high irregularities as, most often, Wendlandish kept the Latin irregular stems (cf. ''kaðir'' "to fall", ''if kæðit'' "he falls", but ''if kesjiþt'' "he apparently fell" (< cadere, cadit, cecidit)). | |||
{| class=wikitable | |||
! rowspan=2 | !! 1st (-æjr) !! 2nd (-ajr) !! 3rd (-ir) !! 4th (-ær/-er) | |||
|- | |||
! ømlæjr "to walk" !! viðajr "to see" !! øðir "to hear" !! milær "to smile" | |||
|- | |||
! jag | |||
| øml'''ø''' || v'''y'''ð || øð'''i''' || mil'''ø''' | |||
|- | |||
! tsu | |||
| øml'''østi''' || v'''y'''ð'''sti'''<ref>''ðst'' is pronounced just [st], with a silent ''ð''.</ref> || øð'''sti''' || mil'''østi''' | |||
|- | |||
! if / ifja | |||
| øml'''øt''' || v'''y'''þ'''t''' || øþ'''t''' || mil'''øt''' | |||
|- | |||
! novr | |||
| øml'''ørm''' || v'''y'''ð'''yrm''' || øð'''yrm''' || mil'''ørm''' | |||
|- | |||
! vovr | |||
| øml'''østir''' || v'''y'''ð'''stir''' || øð'''stir''' || mil'''østir''' | |||
|- | |||
! ifi / ifjæ | |||
| øml'''ørtn''' || v'''y'''ð'''ørtn''' || øð'''ørtn''' || mil'''ørtn''' | |||
|- | |||
! (impersonal) | |||
| øml'''øtse''' || v'''y'''þ'''tse''' || øþ'''tse''' || mil'''øtse''' | |||
|} | |||
Some of the most common irregular renarrative past stems (excluding completely irregular verbs, whose conjugations are found in the next section): | |||
: ''hnovskir'' "to know", ''if hnovskit'' "he knows", ''if hnøjt'' (stem ''hnøj-'') "he apparently knew" (< gnōscere, gnōscit, gnōvit) | |||
: ''kaðir'' "to fall", ''if kæðit'' "he falls", ''if kesjiþt'' (stem ''kesjið-'') "he apparently fell" (< cadere, cadit, cecidit) | |||
: ''kurir'' "to run", ''if kyrit'' "he runs", ''if kukyrt'' (stem ''kukyr-'') "he apparently ran" (< currere, currit, cucurrit) | |||
: ''mirðajr'' "to bite", ''if mirðit'' "he bites", ''if mumirþt'' (stem ''mumirð-'') "he apparently bit" (< mordēre, mordet, momordit) | |||
: ''paskir'' "to feed", ''if pæskit'' "he feeds", ''if pøjt'' (stem ''pøj-'') "he apparently fed" (< pāscere, pāscit, pāvit) | |||
: ''spindajr'' "to assure", ''if spindit'' "he assures", ''if spufønts'' (stem ''spufønd-'') "he apparently assured" (< spondēre, spondet, spopondit) | |||
: ''tangir'' "to touch, to get to know", ''if tængit'' "he touches", ''if tetajt'' (stem ''tetaj-'') "he apparently touched" (< tangere, tangit, tetigit) | |||
: ''tekir'' "to weave", ''if tikit'' "he weaves", ''if tøht'' (stem ''tøk-'') "he apparently wove" (< texere, texit, texuit) | |||
: ''vinsjir'' "to win", ''if vinsjit'' "he wins", ''if visjt'' (stem ''visj-'') "he apparently won" (< vincere, vincit, vīcit) | |||
A few verbs whose stems end in ''-j'' assimilate it to ''s'' in the second persons, e.g. ''paskir'' "to feed", ''if pøjt'' "he apparently fed" but ''tsu pøsjti'', ''vovr pøsjtir''.<br/> | |||
Verbs with ''ø'' (but not ''øj'') in the stem shift it to ''y'' in the second persons and to ''u'' in the third plural, e.g. ''tekir'' "to weave", ''if tøht'' "he apparently wove" but ''tsu tyksti'', ''vovr tykstir'', ''ifi tukørtn''. | |||
==== Irregular verbs ==== | ==== Irregular verbs ==== | ||