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West Carpathian: Difference between revisions
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|ethnicity= Carpathian people | |ethnicity= Carpathian people | ||
|speakers= 45 | |speakers= 45 000 | ||
|date=2012 census | |date=2012 census | ||
|familycolor=#80EE80 | |familycolor=#80EE80 | ||
|fam1=[[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | |fam1=[[Alpatho-Hirtic languages|Oronaic]] | ||
|fam2=[[Carpathian languages|Carpathian]] | |||
|ancestor=[[Proto-Oronaic]] | |ancestor=[[Proto-Oronaic]] | ||
|ancestor2=Proto-Alpathian (?) | |ancestor2=Proto-Alpathian (?) | ||
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West Carpathian (native name - ''kārpāthirēta'', also ''äthikārpāthirēta'') is one of the three recognized [[Carpathian languages|Carpathian languages]] spoken by the Carpathian people in Slovakia and in three small mountainous regions of Southern Poland. It has approximately 45 000 native speakers according to 2012 census in Slovakia (including speakers of dialects). | West Carpathian (native name - ''kārpāthirēta'', also ''äthikārpāthirēta'') is one of the three recognized [[Carpathian languages|Carpathian languages]] spoken by the Carpathian people in Slovakia and in three small mountainous regions of Southern Poland. It has approximately 45 000 native speakers according to 2012 census in Slovakia (including speakers of dialects). | ||
West | West Carpathian was influenced by West Slavic languages, Polish and Slovak in particular, and also by Hungarian to a lesser extend. Typologically it is between [[w:Fusional language|fusional]] and [[w:Agglutunative language|agglutinative]] languages and is different from surrounding Indo-European languages. It has a complex inflection system for nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, depending on their roles in the sentence. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
===Ancient history=== | ===Ancient history=== | ||
Proto-Carpathian is believed to have formed near Polish-Slovak border near 2500 BCE, after its split from hypothetical Proto-Alpathian or directly from Proto-Oronaic itself with an intermediate stage as a proto-dialect. According to most linguists, the language comes from Polish lowlands in the basin of Vistula river. Current models assume two or more hypothetical Pre-Proto-Carpathian dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. This data is supported by Ancient Roman geographers and writers, such as Ptolemy and Marinus of Tyre, who mentioned the '''Estri tribe''', which inhabited modern day [[w:Lower Austria|Lower Austria]], and the city of '''Esterixus''', located somewhere in modern [[w:Lienz District|Bezirk Lienz]]. There are very few language examples, which is not enough to determine, whether Estrian was an early Carpathian language. Some scholars agree that it could possibly be an ancient Alpian language or even Proto-Alpian, while those, who support Proto-Alpathian existence, claim it to be an intermediate language between Alpian and Carpathian. | |||
===Medieval period=== | ===Medieval period=== | ||
The first attestation of West Carpathian was on the XVth century map of Eastern Europe. The words are ''"Kárpathiáte"'' (modern spelling - ''kārpāttāt'', which means "Carpathians' land"). More written records were found also in the form of personal names and short notes. In the late XVIIth century the Bible was translated by Josef Kauffman. However, only the first few pages remain to these days, while the rest of the book is lost and it is not known, if this was a complete translation, since there were no copies of the book. Other attempts to translate any texts into West Carpathian were abandoned. All liturgical ceremonies were held in Latin | The first attestation of West Carpathian was on the XVth century map of Eastern Europe. The words are ''"Kárpathiáte"'' (modern spelling - ''kārpāttāt'', which means "Carpathians' land"). More written records were found also in the form of personal names and short notes. In the late XVIIth century the Bible was translated by Josef Kauffman. However, only the first few pages remain to these days, while the rest of the book is lost and it is not known, if this was a complete translation, since there were no copies of the book. Other attempts to translate any texts into West Carpathian were abandoned. All liturgical ceremonies were held in Latin | ||
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| ā [aː] | | ā [aː] | ||
|} | |} | ||
*The mid vowels are phonetically mid [e̞ | *The mid vowels are phonetically mid [e̞, o̞]. | ||
*The unrounded open vowel transcribed in IPA with /ɑ/ has been described as open central [ɑ̈]. | *The unrounded open vowel transcribed in IPA with /ɑ/ has been described as open central [ɑ̈]. | ||
West Carpathian still preserves a complete vowel harmony for ä/a, which means these sounds can not be in the same native word. As for other vowels, only residual harmony is present, which is completely different from Proto-Carpathian, in which every vowel had a contrasting counterpart. | West Carpathian still preserves a complete vowel harmony for ä/a, which means these sounds can not be in the same native word. As for other vowels, only residual harmony is present, which is completely different from Proto-Carpathian, in which every vowel had a contrasting counterpart. | ||
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* iu appears only in words from Prešov dialects. | * iu appears only in words from Prešov dialects. | ||
Phonemic diphthongs contrast with long vowels while inflecting nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Non-phonemic diphthongs historically are sequences of two vowels and with an exeption of äi and ai do not contrast with anything. | Phonemic diphthongs contrast with long vowels while inflecting nouns, pronouns, adjectives and verbs. Non-phonemic diphthongs historically are sequences of two vowels and with an exeption of äi and ai do not contrast with anything. | ||
===Consonants=== | ===Consonants=== | ||
The consonant system is different from such neighbouring languages, as West Carpathian lacks voiced/voiceless contrast, typical for Slavic languages and Hungarian. Instead it has an opposition of plain vs geminated consonants, which take part in a [[w:Consonant gradation|consonant gradation]] similar to some Uralic languages, for instance: ''koatta''-''koatak'' ("branch"-"branches"). Almost all consonants (except for ť, h, v, j and r) have phonemic geminated forms. These are independent phonemes, but can occur only medially. Also a rather unique feature, found only in West Carpathian, is a phonemic dental approximant, which sounds between English /l/ and /ð/. | The consonant system is different from such neighbouring languages, as West Carpathian lacks voiced/voiceless contrast, typical for Slavic languages and Hungarian. Instead it has an opposition of plain vs geminated consonants, which take part in a [[w:Consonant gradation|consonant gradation]] similar to some Uralic languages, for instance: ''koatta''-''koatak'' ("branch"-"branches"). Almost all consonants (except for ť, h, v, j and r) have phonemic geminated forms. These are independent phonemes, but can occur only medially. Also a rather unique feature, found only in West Carpathian, is a phonemic dental approximant, which sounds between English /l/ and /ð/. | ||
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Consonant clusters are not allowed word-intially in native words, and only two consonants are allowed together medially and finally, except for a very small ammount of words, like in ''tarste'' "a big bag". However, this rule is omitted in recent loanwords, like ''transporta'' "transport vehicle" or ''elektronika'' "electronics". | Consonant clusters are not allowed word-intially in native words, and only two consonants are allowed together medially and finally, except for a very small ammount of words, like in ''tarste'' "a big bag". However, this rule is omitted in recent loanwords, like ''transporta'' "transport vehicle" or ''elektronika'' "electronics". | ||
[[w:Palatalization|Palatalization]] is a Carpathian feature shared by its neighbouring languages. All palatal consonants, except for ť, | [[w:Palatalization|Palatalization]] is a Carpathian feature shared by its neighbouring languages. All palatal consonants, except for ť, which contrasts with j, can be either plain or geminated, for example ''vaľľa''-''vaľā'' ("freedom" in nominative and accusative cases respectively). Unlike other palatal consonants '''ť''' is a strong grade (and thus is often released as [cː] instead of plain [c]) Its weak grade is '''j''' - ''keťi''-''keja'' "ball of thread" in nominative and accusative cases. | ||
==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives are inflected in exactly the same way as nouns, and they must always agree in number and case with the noun they modify. All adjective can possibly have a comparative and superlative forms. The comparative is formed by adding a ''-ij-/-av-'' suffix to the stem, while superlative is formed with a suffix ''-m-'' added to a | Adjectives are inflected in exactly the same way as nouns, and they must always agree in number and case with the noun they modify. All adjective can possibly have a comparative and superlative forms. The comparative is formed by adding a ''-ij-/-av-'' suffix to the stem, while superlative is formed with a suffix ''-m-'' added to a comparative form. For example, ''kuokku'' "long" - ''kūkkava'' "longer" - ''kūkkauma'' "the longest". | ||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
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*Prešov dialect: | *Prešov dialect: | ||
Enkautu kūlek javok vaľat oa poukat. Tompū muoltō ātāliu, kā oulleik pehkovaińek, jāvećieik plājea tejecil kōluttāvamōn rēśa. Oa ikke ahluvō dauvō šuihēvat pokuhlat. Pÿlhik ealćieik pertuorok tainomma toaramma āhkunō, tēmma varvekuista muoltauriumÿ. Kāvō roauju. | Enkautu kūlek javok vaľat oa poukat. Tompū muoltō ātāliu, kā oulleik pehkovaińek, jāvećieik plājea tejecil kōluttāvamōn rēśa. Oa ikke ahluvō dauvō šuihēvat pokuhlat. Pÿlhik ealćieik pertuorok tainomma toaramma āhkunō, tēmma varvekuista muoltauriumÿ. Kāvō roauju. | ||
*standard South Carpathian: | |||
Feat ulĭ a kuik kezdük lentešt oa pogukašt. A muoldăgă tompu visahuzu, kas ah oullătäi păkuvĭuk, luminuk a plajăg teis koitoamba loupĭ. Oa ikĕ ah atogă dabagă bu kujukot pogušt. Ternĕ eadäik părtuoruk reitejĕzbä toarăba akunăgo, tejü barvăkuimona a tomporümi. Kavu ruovi. | |||
*English translation: | *English translation: | ||
During the wintertime mornings begin slowly and calmly. The darkness of the night recedes, when street lights are lit, that illuminate the way for those, leaving homes early. And only about eighth o'clock it begins dawning gently. A dim sunshine breaks through the mysterious patterns on the window, painted by the night frost. It's silence everywhere. | During the wintertime mornings begin slowly and calmly. The darkness of the night recedes, when street lights are lit, that illuminate the way for those, leaving homes early. And only about eighth o'clock it begins dawning gently. A dim sunshine breaks through the mysterious patterns on the window, painted by the night frost. It's silence everywhere. | ||
===Alpian and Hirtian languages=== | |||
Three sentences in West Carpathian, Vaand and Hirtya are given below to demonstrate the relationship between them. Every word, used in Carpathian sentences, have cognates in Alpian and Hirtian ones, which are used in respective sentences. | |||
*West Carpathian: | |||
Sammulki sōrauta kītinnä keahcui ňivrie. Kura voťe oskuvauki saiveutu jēkeunou ňiä. Emmasā kōduoľľu. | |||
*Vaand: | |||
Taammibi scharsech dà kiessein keetig jüüre-ge. Kuru bàyer ankoweng seiwe-fäus ikkevetz jää. Àmmend kaarsches. | |||
*Hirtya (Southern dialect): | |||
Тымбәвудьә хоорта’ сьии’си́ӈ нювәрсьи́элнэт (Tymbəwuđə hoorta’ śii’siŋ ńüwərśielnet). Квори вай’э əcӈо́огдьә сайца йиичәвъё йәйне (K<sup>w</sup>ori waj’e əsŋooɣđə sajca jiičəwjö jəjńe). Эмэньцьа квайәхцьә (Emeńća k<sup>w</sup>ajəhćə). | |||
*English translation: | |||
We saw a raven sitting on a spruce branch. Three boys are fishing in a lake with their uncle. My mother goes home. | |||
==Geographic distribution== | ==Geographic distribution== | ||
West Carpathian is spoken by about 45 thousand people, most of whom are Slovakian citizens. There are also small Carpathian minorities in Poland (less than 7000 people). The majority of the Carpathian population in Slovakia, 78% as of 2012, speak West Carpathian as their first language, while in Poland this number is significantly smaller (19%, which is approximately 2000 speakers). | West Carpathian is spoken by about 45 thousand people, most of whom are Slovakian citizens. There are also small Carpathian minorities in Poland (less than 7000 people). The majority of the Carpathian population in Slovakia, 78% as of 2012, speak West Carpathian as their first language, while in Poland this number is significantly smaller (19%, which is approximately 2000 speakers). | ||
==Official status== | ===Official status=== | ||
West Carpathian is a minority language in Slovakia and has a status of a regional language in [[w:Žilina Region|Žilina]] and [[w:Prešov Region|Prešov]] regions. In some municipalities of [[w:Bytča District|Pičča]] (Bytča in Slovak), [[w:Čadca District|Čacca]] (Čadca), [[w:Námestovo District|Námestovo]], [[w:Bardejov District|Bardejov]], | West Carpathian is a minority language in Slovakia and has a status of a regional language in [[w:Žilina Region|Žilina]] and [[w:Prešov Region|Prešov]] regions. In some municipalities of [[w:Bytča District|Pičča]] (Bytča in Slovak), [[w:Čadca District|Čacca]] (Čadca), [[w:Námestovo District|Námestovo]], [[w:Bardejov District|Bardejov]], | ||
[[w:Svidník District|Svidník]], [[w:Medzilaborce District|Medzilaborce]] and [[w:Snina District|Snina]] districts it is co-official with Slovakian. | [[w:Svidník District|Svidník]], [[w:Medzilaborce District|Medzilaborce]] and [[w:Snina District|Snina]] districts it is co-official with Slovakian. | ||
[[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | [[Category:Carpathian languages]] [[Category:Languages]] | ||