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Wistanian: Difference between revisions
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
'' | '''THIS SECTION IS INCOMPLETE''' | ||
(I | Verbs, which tend to be expressed at the beginning of a sentence, are defined as any state or action applied to or applied by the subject. Wistanian verbs conjugate between the stative aspect, durative aspect, durative/perfective aspect, and irrealis mood. There are also a number of verbal particles (featured at the beginning of a VP) that denote conditional, telic, gnomic, permissive, obligative, and potential moods. There are a number of suffixes that can derive nouns from verbs. Tense is not marked but rather implied through context. | ||
All verbs possess either an ⟨-a⟩, ⟨-i⟩, or ⟨-u⟩ stem. Nouns or loan words that are added to the Wistanian lexicon are typically given the ⟨-a⟩ stem. Therefore ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems are usually attributed to verbs from Taliv unless a non-Talivian verb already ended with ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨-u⟩ (or a similar sound). These stems influence the conjugation paradigms of a verb, mainly by shifting to ⟨y⟩ if the stem is ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨w⟩ if the stem is ⟨-u⟩. Unconjugated, the verb acts as a gerund. | |||
====Aspect==== | |||
=====Stative===== | |||
Stative verbs (<code>STA</code>) describe a situation or action that is unchanging over a long period of time. Stative verbs do not describe temporary actions, but rather the result of a temporary action or a series of temporary actions that identify the subject. | |||
=====Durative===== | |||
The durative aspect (<code>DUR</code>) is a dynamic aspect which indicates that an action is in progress from one state to another. | |||
=====Perfective===== | |||
====Mood==== | |||
=====Irrealis===== | |||
Irrealis verbs describe an action that has not occurred. This mood is applied to verbs in the future "tense", interrogative and polite imperative sentences, and conditional, obligative, and potential moods. Irrealis verbs are conjugated with the suffix ⟨-j⟩. It is not applied to negated verbs. | |||
=====Gnomic===== | |||
=====Conditional===== | |||
The conditional mood (<code>COND</code>) is used to form "if" clauses, such as "if she sings" and "if we go", etc. This is homonymous with the question particle, and they are often considered the same word. The verb head of the conditional particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. | |||
'''a murwij ya, junaij lu ddal dim dau.''' | |||
'''a''' muru-i '''-j''' yau, juna-i -j lu ddal dim dau. | |||
'''COND''' die -PFV '''-IRR''' 1S.NOM, bury-PFV-IRR 2S.NOM LOC hill 1S.ACC. | |||
"If I die, you will bury me on the hill." | |||
=====Permissive===== | |||
The permissive mood (<code>PRM</code>) denotes the permission or ability to do an action, corresponding with English "can" and "may". To denote prohibition or incapability, the speaker will attach the negation prefix to the verb. The irrealis conjugation is not applied to the head verb. | |||
=====Obligative===== | |||
The obligative mood (<code>OBL</code>) denotes an action that should happen, whether by obligation or logical progression. The verb head of an obligative particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. | |||
'''auv zij, daaya bimaj daridd. diri va luvi va au.''' | |||
auv zij, '''daaya''' bima-a '''-j''' daridd. diri va luvi va au. | |||
TEMP near.future, '''OBL''' fall-DUR'''-IRR''' rain. CAU COP cloud(PL) COP gray. | |||
"Soon, the rain should fall because the clouds are gray." | |||
=====Potential===== | |||
The potential mood (<code>POT</code>) denotes an action that could occur but doesn't, such as "I could go" or even "I could have gone". The verb head of a potential particle is always conjugated for the irrealis mood. | |||
'''zaggu umaadaij yi luj, a hiyaj yaadd vaddal.''' | |||
'''zaggu''' umaada-i '''-j''' yi luj, a hi -iya-j yaadd ddal. | |||
'''HYP''' sink -PFV'''-IRR''' 1S.POSS boat, COND exist-STA-IRR hole LOC. | |||
"My boat could sink if there is a hole in it." | |||
=====Telic===== | |||
Although technically a lexical aspect, telicity refers to a verb with an intended endpoint. | |||
====Gerunds==== | |||
====Derivational Suffixes==== | |||
Root + ⟨-zaun⟩ = Agentive (one who does X) | |||
viga > vigazaun | |||
eat > eater | |||
Root + ⟨-huz⟩ or ⟨-hani⟩ = Place of X | |||
viga > vigahuz | |||
eat > dining room | |||
Root - stem + ⟨-aun⟩ = Act/Idea of X | |||
viga > vigaun | |||
eat > the act of eating | |||
===Modifiers=== | ===Modifiers=== | ||