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Wistanian: Difference between revisions
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All verbs possess either an ⟨-a⟩, ⟨-i⟩, or ⟨-u⟩ stem. Nouns or loan words that are added to the Wistanian lexicon are typically given the ⟨-a⟩ stem. Therefore ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems are usually attributed to verbs from Taliv unless a non-Talivian verb already ended with ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨-u⟩ (or a similar sound). These stems influence the conjugation paradigms of a verb, mainly by shifting to ⟨y⟩ if the stem is ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨w⟩ if the stem is ⟨-u⟩. Unconjugated, the verb acts as a gerund. | All verbs possess either an ⟨-a⟩, ⟨-i⟩, or ⟨-u⟩ stem. Nouns or loan words that are added to the Wistanian lexicon are typically given the ⟨-a⟩ stem. Therefore ⟨-i⟩ and ⟨-u⟩ stems are usually attributed to verbs from Taliv unless a non-Talivian verb already ended with ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨-u⟩ (or a similar sound). These stems influence the conjugation paradigms of a verb, mainly by shifting to ⟨y⟩ if the stem is ⟨-i⟩ or ⟨w⟩ if the stem is ⟨-u⟩. Unconjugated, the verb acts as a gerund. | ||
All Wistanian verbs are ambitransitive, meaning that they can be either intransitive or transitive. This is accomplished by assuming a directional semantic role upon a verb. For example, '''buda''' means "walk" as an intransitive durative verb and means "walk to" as a transitive durative verb. '''aadi''' can mean "sit" as an intransitive stative verb or "sit on" as a transitive stative verb. This can also be achieved by allowing phrases such as "I sleep a nap," and "It rained a storm." | |||
====Aspect==== | ====Aspect==== | ||
Aspect is chiefly lexical in Wistanian, conjugating verbs as either stative, which indicated a state of the subject noun, or durative, which indicates the action of a subject. For example, the verb '''hadu''' means "know" in the stative and "learn" in the durative. The verb '''dula''' means "wear" in the stative and "put on" in the durative. The verb '''vaiza''' means "need" in the stative and "run out of" in the durative. | |||
The durative verb can also take on an additional suffix, the perfective ⟨-i⟩, which reacts to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩. | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Stative | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Durative | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | Perfective | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | dula | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''duliya''<br />(to be wearing) | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''dula''<br />(to be putting on) | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''dulai''<br />(to have put on) | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | aadi | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aadiya''<br />(to be sitting) | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aadya''<br />(to be sitting down) | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''aadyai''<br />(to have sat down) | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center;" | hadu | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''hadiya''<br />(to be knowing) | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''hadwa''<br />(to be learning) | |||
| style="text-align: center;" | ''hadwai''<br />(to have learned) | |||
|} | |||
=====Stative===== | =====Stative===== | ||
Stative verbs (<code>STA</code>) describe a situation or action that is unchanging over a long period of time. Stative verbs do not describe temporary actions, but rather the result of a temporary action or a series of temporary actions that identify the subject. | Stative verbs (<code>STA</code>) describe a situation or action that is unchanging over a long period of time. Stative verbs do not describe temporary actions, but rather the result of a temporary action or a series of temporary actions that identify the subject. They are marked on a verb by dropping the stem and adding ⟨-iya⟩. | ||
=====Durative===== | =====Durative===== | ||
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=====Perfective===== | =====Perfective===== | ||
The Perfective Aspect (<code>PFV</code>) is applied to a dynamic verb that has been completed, strongly implying the past tense. Although the perfective is formed by adding ⟨-i⟩ to the durative ⟨-a⟩, becoming ⟨-ai⟩, it is glossed only as <code>PFV</code> rather than <code>DUR-PFV</code> for the sake of saving space. | |||
====Mood==== | ====Mood==== | ||