Linguifex

Zanahi: Difference between revisions

Page Discussion

Zanahi (view source)

Revision as of 08:38, 26 February 2024

3,850 bytes added ,  26 February
→‎Time - haz-zaman
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit
Tags: Mobile edit Mobile web edit Advanced mobile edit
 
(34 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 13: Line 13:
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|ancestor = Proto-Zanahi
|ancestor = [[Proto-Zanahi]]
<!--
<!--
|ancestor2 = Old Zanahi
|ancestor2 = Old Zanahi
Line 276: Line 276:
|-
|-
|  || a ||  || {{IPA|/a/}} || lawšā<!--*lewH---> || Literally "opening".
|  || a ||  || {{IPA|/a/}} || lawšā<!--*lewH---> || Literally "opening".
|-
|  || i ||  || {{IPA|/i/}} || barqā<!--*breg--> || Literally "breaking".
|-
|  || u ||  || {{IPA|/u/}} || ‘anzā<!--*h2eng'h--> || Literally "narrowing".
|-
|-
|  || e || ĕ || {{IPA|/e/}} || barqā salīṯā  || Literally "sloped breaking". <br />In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis.
|  || e || ĕ || {{IPA|/e/}} || barqā salīṯā  || Literally "sloped breaking". <br />In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis.
|-
|  || i ||  || {{IPA|/i/}} || barqā<!--*breg--> || Literally "breaking".
|-
|-
|  || o || ŏ || {{IPA|/o/}} || ’anzā salīṯā || Literally "sloped narrowing". <br />In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis.
|  || o || ŏ || {{IPA|/o/}} || ’anzā salīṯā || Literally "sloped narrowing". <br />In native words, only occurs in combination with a mater lectionis.
|-
|  || u ||  || {{IPA|/u/}} || ‘anzā<!--*h2eng'h--> || Literally "narrowing".
|-
|-
|  || ā || aa; â || {{IPA|/aː/}} || ’alpā ṭalgā || Literally "long ’alpā".
|  || ā || aa; â || {{IPA|/aː/}} || ’alpā ṭalgā || Literally "long ’alpā".
Line 514: Line 514:
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Zanahi numerals
|+ Zanahi numerals
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="2"|Cardinal number !! rowspan="2"| Stem
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="2"|Cardinal number !! rowspan="2"| Stem !! rowspan="2"| Fraction
|-
|-
! masc. !! fem.
! masc. !! fem.
|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr- || —
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ‘ayn || ‘aynā || ‘ayn-
| ‘ayn || ‘aynā || ‘ayn- || daruww <!--ḥam-->
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| colspan="2" | ṭuwā || ṭuw-
| colspan="2" | ṭuwā || ṭuw- || hām
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| tarayā || tarē || taray-
| tirayā || tirē || tiray- || tirēm
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| kaṯurā || kaṯur || kaṯur-
| kaṯurā || kaṯur || kaṯur- || kaṯuram
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| pankā || pank || pank-
| pankā || pank || pank- || pankam
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| šaššā || šašš || šašš-
| šaššā || šašš || šašš- || šaššam
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| haftā || haft || haft-
| haftā || haft || haft- || haftam
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ‘aṣṭā || ‘aṣṭ || ‘aṣṭ-
| ‘aṣṭā || ‘aṣṭ || ‘aṣṭ- || ‘aṣṭam
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| nawā || nō || naw-
| nawā || nō || naw- || nōm
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ṭasā || ṭas || ṭas-
| ṭasā || ṭas || ṭas- || ṭasam
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| ‘ayn ṭas || ‘aynā ṭasā || ‘ayn- ṭas
| ‘ayn ṭas || ‘aynā ṭasā || ‘ayn- ṭas || ‘ayn ṭasam
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
Line 558: Line 558:
|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| tarayā ṭas || tarē ṭasā || taray- ṭas
| tirayā ṭas || tirē ṭasā || tiray- ṭas
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
Line 579: Line 579:
|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| colspan="2"| ṭasīn || ṭasīn-
| colspan="2"| ṭasīn || ṭasīn- || ṭasīnam
|-
|-
! 21
! 21
Line 585: Line 585:
|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| colspan="2"| tarayīn || tarayīn-
| colspan="2"| tirayīn || tirayīn-
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
Line 606: Line 606:
|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| colspan="2"| sint || sint-
| colspan="2"| sint || sint- || sintam
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
Line 612: Line 612:
|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| colspan="2"| ’alf || ’alf-
| colspan="2"| ’alf || ’alf- || ’alfam
|-
|-
! 2000
! 2000
Line 618: Line 618:
|-
|-
|}
|}
Ordinal numbers are formed with the nisba suffix ''-iyy'' (feminine: ''-iyyā'') added to the number's stem, with the following exceptions:
Ordinal numbers are formed with the nisba suffix ''-iyy'' (feminine: ''-iyyā'') added to the number's stem. However, the ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last".
*The ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first".
<!--
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.-->
<!--
As shown in the table, there are two words for "first", ''partam'' and ''’aynam''. These words can be used interchangeably
* ''partam'' -->


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
Line 778: Line 781:
|-
|-
! 7 !! Middle causative
! 7 !! Middle causative
| ha-1a-na-2- || -ha-1-n-i2- || ha-1a-n-2a3 || -ha-1a-n-2i3- || ha-12a-n-3a4- || -ha12a-n-3i4- || Middle, autobenefactive, reflexive, or anticausative of above; requestative || (استفعل)
| ha-1a-na-2- || -ha-1-n-i2- || ha-1a-n-2a3 || -ha-1a-n-2i3- || ha-12a-n-3a4- || -ha12a-n-3i4- || Middle, autobenefactive, reflexive, or anticausative of above; requestative |استفعل
|-
|-
|}
|}
Line 829: Line 832:
<!--** The active and passive participles are formed as they are in Arabic. Non-derived verbs use the patterns ''1ā2i3-'' and ''ma12ūl-'' (and/or their variants) respectively while derived and quadriliteral verbs use the prefix ''mu-'' identically to Arabic (including the dropping of the glottal stop in أفعل verbs).-->
<!--** The active and passive participles are formed as they are in Arabic. Non-derived verbs use the patterns ''1ā2i3-'' and ''ma12ūl-'' (and/or their variants) respectively while derived and quadriliteral verbs use the prefix ''mu-'' identically to Arabic (including the dropping of the glottal stop in أفعل verbs).-->


Some Arabic-derived verbs instead use the suffix conjugation. This is more common in colloquial speech and writing, and usually happens when the verbal noun was originally borrowed from Arabic and the verb was derived from it later. However, in formal Zanahi, it is considered preferrable to backform the verb from the verbal noun instead of deriving it via the addition of a suffix.
Some Arabic-derived verbs instead use the suffix conjugation. This is more common in colloquial speech and writing, and usually happens when the verbal noun was originally borrowed from Arabic and the verb was derived from it later on. However, in formal Zanahi, it is considered preferrable to backform the verb from the verbal noun instead of deriving it via the addition of a suffix.


Verbs borrowed from Semitic languages besides Arabic are usually early borrowings that have been fully nativized. This means that they decline identically to native Zanahi verbs.
Verbs borrowed from Semitic languages besides Arabic are usually early borrowings that have been fully nativized. This means that they decline identically to native Zanahi verbs.
Line 867: Line 870:
===Constituent order===
===Constituent order===
The typical word order in Modern Zanahi is SVO, though other word orders are allowed.
The typical word order in Modern Zanahi is SVO, though other word orders are allowed.
<!--
Earlier stages of the language had a primarily VSO order, and this shows up often in set phases.-->


===Noun phrase===
===Noun phrase===
Line 882: Line 887:
*Preservation of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ (merged with ''ā'' in standard language).
*Preservation of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ (merged with ''ā'' in standard language).
*Merger of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ into ''ē'' or ''ō'' respectively instead of ''ā''.
*Merger of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ into ''ē'' or ''ō'' respectively instead of ''ā''.
*Merger of ''ō'' and/or ''ē'' into ''ā''.
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
*Unconditional sound change /p/ > /f/.
*Unconditional sound change /p/ > /f/.
Line 887: Line 893:
*Pronunciation of ''ḅ'' as non-emphatic /b/ or /p/.
*Pronunciation of ''ḅ'' as non-emphatic /b/ or /p/.
*Maintaining a distinction between ''ḵ'' and ''ḫ'', and between ''ḡ'' and ''ġ''. In both sets, the first of the set is velar and the second is uvular.
*Maintaining a distinction between ''ḵ'' and ''ḫ'', and between ''ḡ'' and ''ġ''. In both sets, the first of the set is velar and the second is uvular.
*Merging of ''ō'' and/or ''ē'' into ''ā''.
*Lack of emphaticness in /x/.
*Lack of emphaticness in /x/.
*Spread of emphaticness to syllables adjacent to an emphatic consonant/vowel or even the whole word.
*Spread of emphaticness to syllables adjacent to an emphatic consonant/vowel or even the whole word.
*One or more of the following palatalizations, either conditionally or unconditionally:
**''g'' /ɡ/ > /d͡ʒ/
**''k'' /k/ > /t͡ʃ/
**''ḵ'' /x/ > /ʃ/
**''ḡ'' /ɣ/ > /ʒ/
*Loss of interdental fricatives, which either merge with the corresponding dental stops or sibilant fricatives.
<!--
<!--
*Preservation of glottalized consonants from original PIE voiced stops.-->
*Preservation of glottalized consonants from original PIE voiced stops.-->
*Loss of emphaticness. The emphatic consonants may merge with the corresponding plain consonants, or may remain distinct via aspiration and/or vowel quality.


===Morphology===
===Morphology===
===Syntax===
===Syntax===
==Vocabulary==
===Time - ''haz-zaman''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Seasons - ''han-’artawīn''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| spring || waḥār
|-
| summer || hamān
|-
| fall || waṯah
|-
| winter || zaym
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Solar months - ''hay-yarḥān han-ḥāwiliyyā
! English !! colspan="2"| Zanahi
|-
| January || kānān han-’aftam
|-
| February || šavāṭ
|-
| March || ’āḏār
|-
| April || nīsān
|-
| May || ’iyyār
|-
| June || ḥazīrān
|-
| July || tammūz
|-
| August || ’āv
|-
| September || ’īlūl
|-
| October || tašrīn hap-partam
|-
| November || tašrīn han-’aftam
|-
| December || kānān hap-partam
|-
|}
'''Note:''' October (''tašrīn hap-partam'') is considered the first month of the year.
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Days of the week - ''haṭ-ṭaynīn ta-n-haftam''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| Sunday || han-‘ayniyy
|-
| Monday || haṭ-ṭuwiyy
|-
| Tuesday || hat-tirayiyy
|-
| Wednesday || hak-kaṯuriyy
|-
| Thursday || hap-pankiyy
|-
| Friday || haǧ-ǧum‘ā
|-
| Saturday || has-sabt
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Parts of the day - ''hab-bāqīn ta-ṭ-ṭayn''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| day || ṭayn
|-
| dawn || ’awḥā
|-
| morning || ’azar
|-
| noon || ’awq
|-
| afternoon || wašpar
|-
| evening || šaf
|-
| dusk || ṭawšā
|-
| night || naḵṭ
|-
| midnight || mayḏa ṯa-n-naḵṭ
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''ham-māṯayīn ta-z-zaman''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| second || ṭuwiyyā
|-
| minute || daqīqā
|-
| hour || sā‘ā
|-
| day || ṭayn
|-
| week || haftam
|-
| month || yarḥā
|-
| season || ’artō
|-
| year || yār
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''haẓ-ẓurūfa ṯa-z-zaman''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| now || nūnā
|-
| then ||
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later ||
|-
| always ||
|-
| often ||
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never ||
|-
| ever ||
|-
| still, yet ||
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || haṭ-ṭayn
|-
| tonight || han-naḵṭ
|-
| yesterday ||
|-
| last night ||
|-
| tomorrow ||
|-
| tomorrow night ||
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week || sā han-haftam
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
| this year || sā hay-yār
|-
| last year || paruṯ
|-
| next year ||
|}
===Colours - ''hap-paysīn''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''hap-paysīn''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| white || ’alb; suwayṯ
|-
| grey ||
|-
| black || siyāw
|-
| red || rawḏ; ruḏr
|-
| orange || burtuqāliyy
|-
| brown || qahwiyy; bunniyy
|-
| yellow || zalē
|-
| green || ’aḫḍar
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden || ḏahabiyy
|-
|}
==Example texts==
==Example texts==
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
<!-- An example of a translated or unique text written in your language. Again, it is recommended that you make sure that the phonology, constraints, phonotactics and grammar are more or less finished before writing. -->
Line 901: Line 1,120:
'''Native script approximated with Syriac letters and Arabic diacritics:'''
'''Native script approximated with Syriac letters and Arabic diacritics:'''
<p dir="rtl">
<p dir="rtl">
ܚَܠْܘَ ܬَ݂ܢܡَّܢٝܘ ܝَܨَܢْܡَܐܢْ ܡُܟْ݂ܬِܝܢْ ܘَܚَܡَܐܟِ݂ܝܢْ ܐَܢْ ܐܢܫَّܪَܦْ݂ ܘَܢْܚُܩُܘܩْ. ܐَܠܠّٰܗْ ܛَܐܗَܐܢْ ܥَܩْܠْ ܘَܨَ݂ܡِܝܪْ، ܘَܒَܪَܐ ܦِ݂ܝܗَܐܢْ ܟَܝَܗَܟَܪَܐܟِܪَܐܢْ ܣَܢܪُّܘܚَ ܬَ݂ܢܒَّܪَܐܬَ݂ܪْܬَܐܬْ݂.
ܚَܠْܘَ ܬَ݂ܢܡَّܢٝܘ ܝَܨَܢْܡَܐܢْ ܡُܟْ݂ܬِܝܢْ ܘَܚَܡَܐܟِ݂ܝܢْ ܐَܢْ ܐܢܫَّܪَܦْ݂ ܘَܢْܚُܩُܘܩْ. ܐَܠܠّٰܗْ ܛَܐܗَܐܢْ ܥَܩْܠْ ܘَܨَ݂݁ܡِܝܪْ، ܘَܒَܪَܐ ܦِ݂ܝܗَܐܢْ ܟَܝَܗَܟَܪَܐܟِܪَܐܢْ ܣَܢܪُّܘܚَ ܬَ݂ܢܒَّܪَܐܬَ݂ܪْܬَܐܬْ݂.
</p>
</p>
<!--
<!--
Line 914: Line 1,133:
'''Transliteration:''' ''Ḥalwa ṯa-m-manō yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.''
'''Transliteration:''' ''Ḥalwa ṯa-m-manō yaṣanmān muḵtīn wa-ḥamāḵīn ‘an aš-šaraf wa-n-ḥuqūq. Allāh ṭā-hān ‘aql wa-ḍamīr, wa-barā fī-hān ka-yahakarākirān sa-r-rūḥa ṯa-b-barāṯartāṯ.''


'''IPA:''' /ħalwa θam.manoː jasˁanmaːn muxtiːn waħamaːxiːn an aʃ.ʃaraf wan.ħuquːq ‖ ʔaɫːaːh tˁaːhaːn ʕaql wad͡ɮamiːr | wabaraː fiːhaːn kajakaraːkiraːn sar.ruːħa θab.baraːθartaːθ/
'''IPA:''' /ħalwa θam.manoː jasˁanmaːn muxtiːn waħamaːxiːn an aʃ.ʃaraf wan.ħuquːq ‖ ʔaɫːaːh tˁaːhaːn ʕaql wad͡ɮamiːr | wabaraː fiːhaːn kajahakaraːkiraːn sar.ruːħa θab.baraːθartaːθ/


[ˈħælwæ‿θæm.ˈmænoː jæsˁɑnˈmæːn muχˈtʰiːn wæħæmæːˈχiːn ʔæn‿æʃ.ˈʃæɾˁɑf wæn.ħuˈquːq ‖ ʔæˈɫːɑːh ˈt̪ˁɑːhæːn ˈʕæql wæd͡ɮɑˈmiːɾ | wæˈbæɾˁɑː ˈfiːhæːn kæjæhækʰæˈɾˁɑːkʰiɾˁɑːn sæɾˁ.ˈɾˁuːħæ‿θæb.bæɾˁɑːθæɾˁˈt̪ʰæːθ]
[ˈħælwæ‿θæm.ˈmænoː jæsˁɑnˈmæːn muχˈtʰiːn wæħæmæːˈχiːn ʔæn‿æʃ.ˈʃæɾˁɑf wæn.ħuˈquːq ‖ ʔæˈɫːɑːh ˈt̪ˁɑːhæːn ˈʕæql wæd͡ɮɑˈmiːɾ | wæˈbæɾˁɑː ˈfiːhæːn kæjæhækʰæˈɾˁɑːkʰiɾˁɑːn sæɾˁ.ˈɾˁuːħæ‿θæb.bæɾˁɑːθæɾˁˈt̪ʰæːθ]
Line 920: Line 1,139:
'''Gloss:''' all of-the-people they_are_born free_PL and equal_PL in the-dignity and the-rights. Allah gave-them reason and conscience, and it_is_obligatory on-them that-they_mutually_act_with_each_other in-the-spirit of-the-brotherhood.
'''Gloss:''' all of-the-people they_are_born free_PL and equal_PL in the-dignity and the-rights. Allah gave-them reason and conscience, and it_is_obligatory on-them that-they_mutually_act_with_each_other in-the-spirit of-the-brotherhood.


<!--
====Arabized Zanahi====
====Arabized Zanahi====
  <p dir="rtl"> يُصْنى حَلْوُ انمَّنَا أَحْرَارًا وَحَمَاخِينَ أَنِ انشَّرَفِ وَانْحُقُوقِ. طَاءَهُمْ اللهُ عَقْلًا وَضَمِيرًا، وَفِيهِمْ كَيَتَكَارَوْا سَرُوحِ انبَّرَاثَرْتَاةِ.</p>
  <p dir="rtl"> يُصْنى حَلْوُ انمَّنَا أَحْرَارًا وَحَمَاخِينَ أَنِ انشَّرَفِ وَانْحُقُوقِ. طَاءَهُمْ اللهُ عَقْلًا وَضَمِيرًا، وَفِيهِمْ كَيَتَكَارَوْا سَرُوحِ انبَّرَاثَرْتَاةِ.</p>
'''Transliteration:''' ''Yuṣnā ḥalwu 'm-manā 'aḥrāran wa ḥamāḵīna ‘ani 'š-šarafi wa-n-ḥuqūq. Ṭā’a-humu 'Llāhu ‘aqlan wa ḍamīrā, wa-fīhim ka-yatakāraw sa-rūḥi 'b-barāṯartāh.''
'''Transliteration:''' ''Yuṣnā ḥalwu 'm-manā 'aḥrāran wa ḥamāḵīna ‘ani 'š-šarafi wa-n-ḥuqūq. Ṭā’a-humu 'Llāhu ‘aqlan wa ḍamīrā, wa-fīhim ka-yatakāraw sa-rūḥi 'b-barāṯartāh.''-->


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
6,897

edits

Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/294142...360674"