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|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|ancestor = Proto-Zanahi
|ancestor = [[Proto-Zanahi]]
<!--
<!--
|ancestor2 = Old Zanahi
|ancestor2 = Old Zanahi
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{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Zanahi numerals
|+ Zanahi numerals
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="2"|Cardinal number !! rowspan="2"| Stem
! rowspan="2"| Symbol !! colspan="2"|Cardinal number !! rowspan="2"| Stem !! rowspan="2"| Fraction
|-
|-
! masc. !! fem.
! masc. !! fem.
|-
|-
! 0
! 0
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr-
| colspan="2"| ṣifr || ṣifr- || —
|-
|-
! 1
! 1
| ‘ayn || ‘aynā || ‘ayn-
| ‘ayn || ‘aynā || ‘ayn- || daruww <!--ḥam-->
|-
|-
! 2
! 2
| colspan="2" | ṭuwā || ṭuw-
| colspan="2" | ṭuwā || ṭuw- || hām
|-
|-
! 3
! 3
| tarayā || tarē || taray-
| tirayā || tirē || tiray- || tirēm
|-
|-
! 4
! 4
| kaṯurā || kaṯur || kaṯur-
| kaṯurā || kaṯur || kaṯur- || kaṯuram
|-
|-
! 5
! 5
| pankā || pank || pank-
| pankā || pank || pank- || pankam
|-
|-
! 6
! 6
| šaššā || šašš || šašš-
| šaššā || šašš || šašš- || šaššam
|-
|-
! 7
! 7
| haftā || haft || haft-
| haftā || haft || haft- || haftam
|-
|-
! 8
! 8
| ‘aṣṭā || ‘aṣṭ || ‘aṣṭ-
| ‘aṣṭā || ‘aṣṭ || ‘aṣṭ- || ‘aṣṭam
|-
|-
! 9
! 9
| nawā || nō || naw-
| nawā || nō || naw- || nōm
|-
|-
! 10
! 10
| ṭasā || ṭas || ṭas-
| ṭasā || ṭas || ṭas- || ṭasam
|-
|-
! 11
! 11
| ‘ayn ṭas || ‘aynā ṭasā || ‘ayn- ṭas
| ‘ayn ṭas || ‘aynā ṭasā || ‘ayn- ṭas || ‘ayn ṭasam
|-
|-
! 12
! 12
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|-
|-
! 13
! 13
| tarayā ṭas || tarē ṭasā || taray- ṭas
| tirayā ṭas || tirē ṭasā || tiray- ṭas
|-
|-
! 14
! 14
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|-
|-
! 20
! 20
| colspan="2"| ṭasīn || ṭasīn-
| colspan="2"| ṭasīn || ṭasīn- || ṭasīnam
|-
|-
! 21
! 21
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|-
|-
! 30
! 30
| colspan="2"| tarayīn || tarayīn-
| colspan="2"| tirayīn || tirayīn-
|-
|-
! 40
! 40
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|-
|-
! 100
! 100
| colspan="2"| sint || sint-
| colspan="2"| sint || sint- || sintam
|-
|-
! 200
! 200
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|-
|-
! 1000
! 1000
| colspan="2"| ’alf || ’alf-
| colspan="2"| ’alf || ’alf- || ’alfam
|-
|-
! 2000
! 2000
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|-
|-
|}
|}
Ordinal numbers are formed with the nisba suffix ''-iyy'' (feminine: ''-iyyā'') added to the number's stem, with the following exceptions:
Ordinal numbers are formed with the nisba suffix ''-iyy'' (feminine: ''-iyyā'') added to the number's stem. However, the ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last".
*The ordinal equivalent of ''‘ayn'' "one" is ''partam'' "first". Its opposite is ''aftam'' "last".
<!--
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.
*Adding the nisba suffix to numbers ending in ''-īn'' is proscribed, with the ordinal numbers being identical to the cardinal numbers. However, it is common to use the suffix in colloquial language.-->
<!--
As shown in the table, there are two words for "first", ''partam'' and ''’aynam''. These words can be used interchangeably
* ''partam'' -->


===Verbs===
===Verbs===
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|-
|-
! 7 !! Middle causative
! 7 !! Middle causative
| ha-1a-na-2- || -ha-1-n-i2- || ha-1a-n-2a3 || -ha-1a-n-2i3- || ha-12a-n-3a4- || -ha12a-n-3i4- || Middle, autobenefactive, reflexive, or anticausative of above; requestative || (استفعل)
| ha-1a-na-2- || -ha-1-n-i2- || ha-1a-n-2a3 || -ha-1a-n-2i3- || ha-12a-n-3a4- || -ha12a-n-3i4- || Middle, autobenefactive, reflexive, or anticausative of above; requestative |استفعل
|-
|-
|}
|}
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<!--** The active and passive participles are formed as they are in Arabic. Non-derived verbs use the patterns ''1ā2i3-'' and ''ma12ūl-'' (and/or their variants) respectively while derived and quadriliteral verbs use the prefix ''mu-'' identically to Arabic (including the dropping of the glottal stop in أفعل verbs).-->
<!--** The active and passive participles are formed as they are in Arabic. Non-derived verbs use the patterns ''1ā2i3-'' and ''ma12ūl-'' (and/or their variants) respectively while derived and quadriliteral verbs use the prefix ''mu-'' identically to Arabic (including the dropping of the glottal stop in أفعل verbs).-->


Some Arabic-derived verbs instead use the suffix conjugation. This is more common in colloquial speech and writing, and usually happens when the verbal noun was originally borrowed from Arabic and the verb was derived from it later. However, in formal Zanahi, it is considered preferrable to backform the verb from the verbal noun instead of deriving it via the addition of a suffix.
Some Arabic-derived verbs instead use the suffix conjugation. This is more common in colloquial speech and writing, and usually happens when the verbal noun was originally borrowed from Arabic and the verb was derived from it later on. However, in formal Zanahi, it is considered preferrable to backform the verb from the verbal noun instead of deriving it via the addition of a suffix.


Verbs borrowed from Semitic languages besides Arabic are usually early borrowings that have been fully nativized. This means that they decline identically to native Zanahi verbs.
Verbs borrowed from Semitic languages besides Arabic are usually early borrowings that have been fully nativized. This means that they decline identically to native Zanahi verbs.
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*Preservation of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ (merged with ''ā'' in standard language).
*Preservation of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ (merged with ''ā'' in standard language).
*Merger of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ into ''ē'' or ''ō'' respectively instead of ''ā''.
*Merger of original /ɛː/ and/or /ɔː/ into ''ē'' or ''ō'' respectively instead of ''ā''.
*Merger of ''ō'' and/or ''ē'' into ''ā''.
====Consonants====
====Consonants====
*Unconditional sound change /p/ > /f/.
*Unconditional sound change /p/ > /f/.
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*Pronunciation of ''ḅ'' as non-emphatic /b/ or /p/.
*Pronunciation of ''ḅ'' as non-emphatic /b/ or /p/.
*Maintaining a distinction between ''ḵ'' and ''ḫ'', and between ''ḡ'' and ''ġ''. In both sets, the first of the set is velar and the second is uvular.
*Maintaining a distinction between ''ḵ'' and ''ḫ'', and between ''ḡ'' and ''ġ''. In both sets, the first of the set is velar and the second is uvular.
*Merging of ''ō'' and/or ''ē'' into ''ā''.
*Lack of emphaticness in /x/.
*Lack of emphaticness in /x/.
*Spread of emphaticness to syllables adjacent to an emphatic consonant/vowel or even the whole word.
*Spread of emphaticness to syllables adjacent to an emphatic consonant/vowel or even the whole word.
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**''ḵ'' /x/ > /ʃ/
**''ḵ'' /x/ > /ʃ/
**''ḡ'' /ɣ/ > /ʒ/
**''ḡ'' /ɣ/ > /ʒ/
*Loss of interdental fricatives, which either merge with the corresponding dental stops or sibilant fricatives.
<!--
<!--
*Preservation of glottalized consonants from original PIE voiced stops.-->
*Preservation of glottalized consonants from original PIE voiced stops.-->
*Loss of emphaticness. The emphatic consonants may merge with the corresponding plain consonants, or may remain distinct via aspiration and/or vowel quality.


===Morphology===
===Morphology===
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===Time - ''haz-zaman''===
===Time - ''haz-zaman''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Greogorian months - ''hay-yarḥān ham-mīlādiyyā
|+ Seasons - ''han-’artawīn''
! English !! Zanahi
! English !! Zanahi
|-
|-
| January || kānān aftam
| spring || waḥār
|-
| summer || hamān
|-
| fall || waṯah
|-
| winter || zaym
|-
|}
 
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Solar months - ''hay-yarḥān han-ḥāwiliyyā
! English !! colspan="2"| Zanahi
|-
| January || kānān han-’aftam
|-
|-
| February || šavāṭ
| February || šavāṭ
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| September || ’īlūl
| September || ’īlūl
|-
|-
| October || tašrīn partam
| October || tašrīn hap-partam
|-
|-
| November || tašrīn aftam
| November || tašrīn han-’aftam
|-
|-
| December || kānān partam
| December || kānān hap-partam
|-
|-
|}
|}


'''Note:''' October (''tašrīn partam'') is considered the first month of the year.
'''Note:''' October (''tašrīn hap-partam'') is considered the first month of the year.


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
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! English !! Zanahi
! English !! Zanahi
|-
|-
| Sunday || han-‘aynīn
| Sunday || han-‘ayniyy
|-
|-
| Monday || haṭ-ṭuwīn
| Monday || haṭ-ṭuwiyy
|-
|-
| Tuesday || hat-tarayīn
| Tuesday || hat-tirayiyy
|-
|-
| Wednesday || hak-kaṯurīn
| Wednesday || hak-kaṯuriyy
|-
|-
| Thursday || hap-pankīn
| Thursday || hap-pankiyy
|-
|-
| Friday || haǧ-ǧum‘ā
| Friday || haǧ-ǧum‘ā
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| night || naḵṭ
| night || naḵṭ
|-
|-
| midnight ||  
| midnight || mayḏa ṯa-n-naḵṭ
|}
|}


{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Units of time - ''ham-māṯayīn taz-zaman''
|+ Units of time - ''ham-māṯayīn ta-z-zaman''
! English !! Zanahi
! English !! Zanahi
|-  
|-  
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|-
|-
| month || yarḥā
| month || yarḥā
|-
| season || ’artō
|-
|-
| year || yār
| year || yār
|-
|}
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Time adverbs - ''haẓ-ẓurūfa ṯa-z-zaman''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| now || nūnā
|-
| then ||
|-
| recently, a short time ago ||
|-
| earlier ||
|-
| soon, shortly ||
|-
| later ||
|-
| always ||
|-
| often ||
|-
| sometimes ||
|-
| rarely ||
|-
| never ||
|-
| ever ||
|-
| still, yet ||
|-
| already ||
|-
| today || haṭ-ṭayn
|-
| tonight || han-naḵṭ
|-
| yesterday ||
|-
| last night ||
|-
| tomorrow ||
|-
| tomorrow night ||
|-
| before yesterday ||
|-
| two nights ago ||
|-
| after tomorrow ||
|-
| this week || sā han-haftam
|-
| last week ||
|-
| next week ||
|-
| this year || sā hay-yār
|-
| last year || paruṯ
|-
| next year ||
|}
===Colours - ''hap-paysīn''===
{| class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
|+ Colours - ''hap-paysīn''
! English !! Zanahi
|-
| white || ’alb; suwayṯ
|-
| grey ||
|-
| black || siyāw
|-
| red || rawḏ; ruḏr
|-
| orange || burtuqāliyy
|-
| brown || qahwiyy; bunniyy
|-
| yellow || zalē
|-
| green || ’aḫḍar
|-
| blue ||
|-
| pink ||
|-
| purple ||
|-
| golden || ḏahabiyy
|-
|-
|}
|}
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'''Gloss:''' all of-the-people they_are_born free_PL and equal_PL in the-dignity and the-rights. Allah gave-them reason and conscience, and it_is_obligatory on-them that-they_mutually_act_with_each_other in-the-spirit of-the-brotherhood.
'''Gloss:''' all of-the-people they_are_born free_PL and equal_PL in the-dignity and the-rights. Allah gave-them reason and conscience, and it_is_obligatory on-them that-they_mutually_act_with_each_other in-the-spirit of-the-brotherhood.


<!--
====Arabized Zanahi====
====Arabized Zanahi====
  <p dir="rtl"> يُصْنى حَلْوُ انمَّنَا أَحْرَارًا وَحَمَاخِينَ أَنِ انشَّرَفِ وَانْحُقُوقِ. طَاءَهُمْ اللهُ عَقْلًا وَضَمِيرًا، وَفِيهِمْ كَيَتَكَارَوْا سَرُوحِ انبَّرَاثَرْتَاةِ.</p>
  <p dir="rtl"> يُصْنى حَلْوُ انمَّنَا أَحْرَارًا وَحَمَاخِينَ أَنِ انشَّرَفِ وَانْحُقُوقِ. طَاءَهُمْ اللهُ عَقْلًا وَضَمِيرًا، وَفِيهِمْ كَيَتَكَارَوْا سَرُوحِ انبَّرَاثَرْتَاةِ.</p>
'''Transliteration:''' ''Yuṣnā ḥalwu 'm-manā 'aḥrāran wa ḥamāḵīna ‘ani 'š-šarafi wa-n-ḥuqūq. Ṭā’a-humu 'Llāhu ‘aqlan wa ḍamīrā, wa-fīhim ka-yatakāraw sa-rūḥi 'b-barāṯartāh.''
'''Transliteration:''' ''Yuṣnā ḥalwu 'm-manā 'aḥrāran wa ḥamāḵīna ‘ani 'š-šarafi wa-n-ḥuqūq. Ṭā’a-humu 'Llāhu ‘aqlan wa ḍamīrā, wa-fīhim ka-yatakāraw sa-rūḥi 'b-barāṯartāh.''-->


==Other resources==
==Other resources==
Shariifka
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