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{{Infobox language
'''Zarḍenlaṇḍs''' /ˈzaʀɖəlaɳʈs/ (name to be changed;  Thedish: ''Sardenlandьsk'') is an Ingvaeonic language spoken in Lõis's Sardinia and Corsica. It's from a separate branch from English and Frisian.
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Modern Hebrew
|nativename = {{heb|עברית}}<br/>''ngivrith''
|pronunciation = [ŋivˈriθ]
|region = Europe
|setting = [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]
|states =
|speakers =
|date = 2015
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[w:Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]
|fam4=[[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|script=[[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
}}


'''{{PAGENAME}}''' ({{heb|עברית תקנית}}, [ŋivˈriθ tʰakˈniθ]) is a standardized lect of Modern Hebrew in [[User:IlL/Lõis|Lõis]]. It has undergone major grammatical simplifications from Biblical Hebrew.
It's a member of the Sardinian sprachbund along with Thedish, Sardinian and Kyravar Mazhi, and has a dental-retroflex distinction. The main source of retroflexion in Zardenlands is from a consonant shift where Proto-Ingvaeonic þ d became d ḍ.


<!--
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III. Once done, try making sure everything is properly spelt so as to avoid unnecessary reader fatigue.
-->
==Introduction==
<!-- Design goals, inspiration, ideas, who speaks it?, when was it created?, where does it come from?, any peculiarities? -->
<!-- Example categories/headings:
Goals
Setting
Inspiration
-->
<!-- ***Phonology*** -->
<!-- What sounds does your language use? -->
<!-- Here are some example sub-/other categories:
Vowel inventory
Consonant inventory
Syllable structure
Stress
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-->
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Consonants===
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;"
|-
!colspan="2"| !!Labial !! Dental !! Alveolar !! Lateral !! Palatal !! Velar !! Glottal
|-
!colspan="2"|Nasal
| '''m''' /m/|| '''n''' /n/|| || || || '''ng''' /ŋ/ ||
|-
!rowspan="3"|Stop
!<small>aspirated</small>
| '''p''' /pʰ/ || '''t''' /tʰ/ || || || || '''c''' /kʰ/ ||
|-
!<small>unaspirated</small>
| || '''tt''' /t˭/ || '''ts''' /ts˭/ ||  || || '''cc''' /k˭/|| '''' ''' /ʔ/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b/ || '''d''' /d/ || || || || '''g''' /g/ ||
|-
!rowspan="2"|Fricative
!<small>voiceless</small>
| '''f''' /f/ || '''th''' /θ/|| '''s''' /s/ || '''σ''' /ɬ/|| '''sj''' /ʃ/ || '''ch''' /x/ || '''h''' /h/
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
| '''v''' /v/ || '''dh''' /ð/|| '''z''' /z/|| || || '''gh''' /ɣ/||
|-
!colspan="2"| Resonant
|  || || '''r''' /r/ || '''l''' /l/||'''y''' /j/ || '''w''' /w/||
|}
===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Vowel !! IPA
|-
| a || /a/
|-
| e || /ɛ/
|-
| ey || /ɛɪ/
|-
| eo || /ə/
|-
| i || /i/
|-
| o || /ɔ/
|-
| ow|| /ɔw/
|-
| u || /u/
|}
===Prosody===
====Stress====
====Intonation====
===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- Here are some example subcategories:
Nouns
Adjectives
Verbs
Adverbs
Particles
Derivational morphology
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===Nouns===
The Biblical Hebrew declension system with state, number and possession is mostly preserved. BH's declension system with complex stem changes have been regularized into a system with three principal parts (modulo regular phonetic alterations):
# the absolute singular,
# the absolute plural,
# the construct singular stem (formed by removing any feminine -ath ending).
The definite article ''ha-'' is added to any noun phrase even if it would violate traditional construct state rules.
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''caweov'' (m.) - 'dog'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Absolute
|''caweov''||''ceowovim''
|-
!|Construct
|''caweov''||''cawvey''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''cawvi''||''cawvay''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''cawvcho''||''cawváycho''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''cawvech''||''cawvaych''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''cawvow''||''cawvov''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''cawvo''||''cawváyho''
|-
!|1pl possessor
|''cawvénu''||''cawváynu''
|-
!|2pl.m possessor
|''cawvchem''||''cawveychem''
|-
!|2pl.f possessor
|''cawvchen''||''cawveychen''
|-
!|3pl.m possessor
|''cawvom''||''cawveyhem''
|-
!|3pl.f possessor
|''cawvon''||''cawveyhen''
|}
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!colspan="3" |''beorocho'' (f.) - 'greeting, blessing'
|-
!style="width: 100px;"|Number→<br/>State↓
!style="width: 100px;"|Singular
!style="width: 100px;"|Plural
|-
!|Absolute
|''beorocho''||''beorochowth''
|-
!|Construct
|''bircath''||''bircowth''
|-
!|1sg possessor
|''bircothi''||''bircowthay''
|-
!|2sg.m possessor
|''bircothcho''||''bircowtháycho''
|-
!|2sg.f possessor
|''bircothech''||''bircowthaych''
|-
!|3sg.m possessor
|''bircothow''||''bircowthov''
|-
!|3sg.f possessor
|''bircotho''||''bircowtháyho''
|-
!|1pl possessor
|''bircothénu''||''bircowtháynu''
|-
!|2pl.m possessor
|''bircothchem''||''bircowtheychem''
|-
!|2pl.f possessor
|''bircothchen''||''bircowtheychen''
|-
!|3pl.m possessor
|''bircothom''||''ceowoveyhem''
|-
!|3pl.f possessor
|''bircothon''||''ceowoveyhen''
|}
===Adjectives===
Adjectives have two principal parts as in Biblical Hebrew:
# the masculine singular,
# the masculine plural stem (formed by removing -im from the masculine plural).
===Verbs===
The verb has been drastically simplified, using verbal nouns in lieu of traditional conjugated verbs.
*paal: Peo3iLo
*nifal: hiPPo3Luth
*piel: Pi33ul, Pa33oLo
*hifil: heP3eyL, haP3oLo
*hitpael: hithPa33Luth
:'''''Ha poro beo 'eochilath dásjeo.'''''
:''The cow eats grass.''
:'''''Ha poro beo 'eochilothow.'''''
:''The cow eats it.''
===Pronouns and prepositions===
Subject pronouns fuse with tense, voice and negatives to form a copula (usually placed after the subject):
Present affirmative:
*1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: ni, 'ato, 'at, (hu), (hi), 'ónu, 'atem, 'aten, heym, heyn
Present negative:
*1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: 'eyni/'eynéni, 'eyncho, 'eyneych, 'eynow, 'eyno, 'eynénu, 'eynchem, 'eynchen, 'eynom, 'eynon
Past imperfect affirmative:
*hoyíthi, hoyítho, hoyith, hoyo, hoytho, hoyínu, hoyíthem, hoyíthen, hoyu
Past imperfect negative:
*low hoyíthi, low hoyítho, ...
Future/subjunctive affirmative:
*eye, tiyeto, tiyi, yiye, tiye, niye, tiyu, tiyu, yiyu, tiyéno
Future negative:
*low eye, low tiyeto, low tiyi, ...


The auxiliary verb ''ccah'' can be used to indicate the passive (similar to ''cael'' in Welsh):
As in Standard Dutch, but with the addition of '''ṭ ḍ ṇ ḷ''' /ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ/. /s z/ have allophones [ʂ ʐ] around retroflexes. [ʀ] is preferred for /r/.
*past: ccáhti, ccáhto, ccaht, ccah, cceoho, ccáhnu, ccáhtem, ccáhten, cceohu
*present: cceah ni, cceah 'ato, ...? (should the lowcceah be uninflected?)
*future: eqqah, tiqqahto, tiqqeohi, yiqqah, tiqqah, ...


An example of a passive sentence:
==Nouns==
:{{heb|רות קחה הכאה מכדור שלג.}}
Zardenlands has two grammatical genders like Dutch and Swedish: common and neuter.
:'''''Ruth cceoho haco'o mi cadur sjáweogh.'''''
:''Ruth was hit by a snowball.'' (< 'Ruth took a hitting from a snowball.')


==Syntax==
==Adjectives==
===Constituent order===
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
===Sentence phrase===
===Dependent clauses===
<!-- etc. etc. -->


==Example texts==
==Verbs==
==Other resources==
dental-retro alternations
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
===Class 1===
*lijden, leeḍ, geleḍen = to suffer (minimal pair with leiḍen = to lead)
*strijden, streeḍ, gestreḍen = to fight (by analogy)
*schijnen, scheeṇ, gescheṇen 'shine, seem'
===Class 2===
*vriezen, vroor, gevroren = to freeze


<!-- Template area -->
===Class 4a===
*biṇḍen, boṇḍ, geboṇḍen = to bind, to tie


==Sample text==
''Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheiḍ en reṭṭen geboren. Zij zijn begiftigḍ meṭ verstaṇḍ en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broeḍerschap te geḍragen.''


[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Jokelangs]]
[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Latest revision as of 19:37, 8 September 2021

Zarḍenlaṇḍs /ˈzaʀɖəlaɳʈs/ (name to be changed; Thedish: Sardenlandьsk) is an Ingvaeonic language spoken in Lõis's Sardinia and Corsica. It's from a separate branch from English and Frisian.

It's a member of the Sardinian sprachbund along with Thedish, Sardinian and Kyravar Mazhi, and has a dental-retroflex distinction. The main source of retroflexion in Zardenlands is from a consonant shift where Proto-Ingvaeonic þ d became d ḍ.

Phonology

As in Standard Dutch, but with the addition of ṭ ḍ ṇ ḷ /ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ/. /s z/ have allophones [ʂ ʐ] around retroflexes. [ʀ] is preferred for /r/.

Nouns

Zardenlands has two grammatical genders like Dutch and Swedish: common and neuter.

Adjectives

Verbs

dental-retro alternations

Class 1

  • lijden, leeḍ, geleḍen = to suffer (minimal pair with leiḍen = to lead)
  • strijden, streeḍ, gestreḍen = to fight (by analogy)
  • schijnen, scheeṇ, gescheṇen 'shine, seem'

Class 2

  • vriezen, vroor, gevroren = to freeze

Class 4a

  • biṇḍen, boṇḍ, geboṇḍen = to bind, to tie

Sample text

Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheiḍ en reṭṭen geboren. Zij zijn begiftigḍ meṭ verstaṇḍ en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broeḍerschap te geḍragen.

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