Zarḍenlaṇḍs: Difference between revisions
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==Todo== | ==Todo== | ||
*''sjålôm'' = 'hello' | |||
*''birtzônkhå/-êkh/-khem'' = 'please' (lit. 'with your will') | *''birtzônkhå/-êkh/-khem'' = 'please' (lit. 'with your will') | ||
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Revision as of 06:40, 20 December 2016
| Modern Hebrew | |
|---|---|
| עברית ngivrith | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ŋivˈriθ]] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Lõis |
Zarḍenlaṇḍs (עברית תקנית, [ŋivˈriθ tʰakˈniθ]) is a standardized lect of Modern Hebrew in Lõis. It has undergone major grammatical simplifications from Biblical Hebrew.
Todo
- sjålôm = 'hello'
- birtzônkhå/-êkh/-khem = 'please' (lit. 'with your will')
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
| Stop | aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | ||||
| unaspirated | tt /t˭/ | ts /ts˭/ | cc /k˭/ | ' /ʔ/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | σ /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ |
| voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | z /z/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||||
| Resonant | r /r/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ | ||||
Vowels
| Vowel | IPA |
|---|---|
| a | /a/ |
| e | /ɛ/ |
| ey | /ɛɪ/ |
| eo | /ə/ |
| i | /i/ |
| o | /ɔ/ |
| ow | /ɔw/ |
| u | /u/ |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
The Biblical Hebrew declension system with state, number and possession is mostly preserved. BH's declension system with complex stem changes have been regularized into a system with three principal parts (modulo regular phonetic alterations such as "CəC > CC when a suffix is added"):
- the absolute singular,
- the absolute plural,
- the construct singular stem (formed by removing any feminine -ath ending).
The definite article ha- is added to any noun phrase even if it would violate traditional construct state rules.
| caleov (m.) - 'dog' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Absolute | caleov | ceolovim |
| Construct | caweov | calvey |
| 1sg possessor | calvi | calvay |
| 2sg.m possessor | calvcho | calváycho |
| 2sg.f possessor | calvech | calvaych |
| 3sg.m possessor | calvow | calvov |
| 3sg.f possessor | calvo | calváyho |
| 1pl possessor | calvénu | calváynu |
| 2pl.m possessor | calvchem | calveychem |
| 2pl.f possessor | calvchen | calveychen |
| 3pl.m possessor | calvom | calveyhem |
| 3pl.f possessor | calvon | calveyhen |
| beorocho (f.) - 'greeting, blessing' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Absolute | beorocho | beorochowth |
| Construct | bircath | bircowth |
| 1sg possessor | bircothi | bircowthay |
| 2sg.m possessor | bircothcho | bircowtháycho |
| 2sg.f possessor | bircothech | bircowthaych |
| 3sg.m possessor | bircothow | bircowthov |
| 3sg.f possessor | bircotho | bircowtháyho |
| 1pl possessor | bircothénu | bircowtháynu |
| 2pl.m possessor | bircothchem | bircowtheychem |
| 2pl.f possessor | bircothchen | bircowtheychen |
| 3pl.m possessor | bircothom | ceowoveyhem |
| 3pl.f possessor | bircothon | ceowoveyhen |
Adjectives
Adjectives have two principal parts as in Biblical Hebrew:
- the masculine singular,
- the masculine plural stem (formed by removing -im from the masculine plural).
Verbs
The verb has been drastically simplified, using verbal nouns in lieu of traditional conjugated verbs. The possessor of a verbal noun is usually its direct object.
- paal: Peo3iLo
- nifal: hiPPo3Luth
- piel: Pi33ul, Pa33oLo
- hifil: heP3eyL, haP3oLo
- hitpael: hithPa33Luth
- Ha yaleodh beo sjeyno.
- The child is sleeping.
- Ha poro beo 'eochilath dásjeo.
- The cow eats grass. (< The cow is at eating of grass.)
- Ha poro beo 'eochilothow.
- The cow eats it. (< The cow is at its eating.)
Other predicate constructions
- Yeysj rangeov ngeolay.
- I'm hungry. (lit. There is hunger on me.)
Pronouns and prepositions
Subject pronouns fuse with tense, voice and negatives to form a copula (usually placed after the subject):
Present affirmative:
- 1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: ni, 'ato, 'at, (hu), (hi), 'ónu, 'atem, 'aten, heym, heyn
Present negative:
- 1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: 'eyni/'eynéni, 'eyncho, 'eyneych, 'eynow, 'eyno, 'eynénu, 'eynchem, 'eynchen, 'eynom, 'eynon
Past imperfect affirmative:
- hoyíthi, hoyítho, hoyith, hoyo, hoytho, hoyínu, hoyíthem, hoyíthen, hoyu
Past imperfect negative:
- lowyíthi, lowyítho, ...
Future/subjunctive affirmative:
- eye, tiyeto, tiyi, yiye, tiye, niye, tiyu, tiyu, yiyu, tiyéno
Future negative:
- low eye, low tiyeto, low tiyi, ...
The auxiliary verb ccah can be used to indicate the passive (similar to cael in Welsh):
- past: ccáhti, ccáhto, ccaht, ccah, cceoho, ccáhnu, ccáhtem, ccáhten, cceohu
- present: cceah ni, cceah 'ato, ...? (should the lowcceah be uninflected?)
- future: eccah, ticcahto, ticceohi, yiccah, ticcah, ...
An example of a passive sentence:
- רות קחה הכאה מכדור שלג.
- Ruth cceoho haco'o mi cadur sjáleogh.
- Ruth was hit by a snowball. (< 'Ruth took a hitting from a snowball.')
Numbers
ahad, sjtajim, sjolowsj, arbang, hamesh, shesh, sjavang, sjmowneo, tesjang, ngeseor
howseor X ("lack of X"): "negative X"