Zarḍenlaṇḍs
Zarḍenlaṇḍs /ˈzaʀɖəlaɳʈs/ (Thedish: Sardenlandьsk) is a minority Dutch dialect spoken in Lõis's Sardinia and Corsica.
It preserves the distinction between Old Dutch th and d unlike Standard Dutch; influence of other languages in the Sardinian sprachbund turned these into d and retroflex ḍ respectively. Other retroflexes come from the following sound changes:
- Old Dutch ft, cht > ṭṭ
- aṭ "eight" < OTh achta
- stiṭṭing "foundation" < *stift-ъnga
- PWGmc hn-, hl- > ṇ-, ḷ-
- ṇauw "narrow" < OTh hnawwъ
- ḷachen "laugh" < OTh hlahhjьnъ
- wed, wedden = year (a dialectal word); weḍḍen = to bet
Zarḍenlaṇḍs is also much more purist than Standard Dutch, and some loans are also slightly different.
Phonology
Should be Ingvaeonic?
As in Standard Dutch, but with the addition of ṭ ḍ ṇ ḷ /ʈ ɖ ɳ ɭ/. /s z/ have allophones [ʂ ʐ] around retroflexes. [ʀ] is preferred for /r/.
Nouns
Like Afrikaans, Zarḍenlaṇḍs uses the invariable definite article die and indefinite article een.
Pluralization normally uses -s or -en, but some plurals use different affixes: die kiṇḍ = the child, die kiṇḍeren 'the children'.
Adjectives
The inflected form in -e is usually used for attributive adjectives regardless of the Dutch or Old Thedish gender:
- een kleine man, een kleine vrouw, een kleine huis, kleine mannen/vrouwen/huizen
- die kleine man, die kleine vrouw, die kleine huis, die kleine mannen/vrouwen/huizen
Verbs
dental-retro alternations
Class 1
- lijden, leeḍ, geleḍen = to suffer (minimal pair with leiḍen = to lead)
- strijden, streeḍ, gestreḍen = to fight (by analogy)
- schijnen, scheeṇ, gescheṇen 'shine, seem'
Class 2
- vriezen, vroor, gevroren = to freeze
Class 4a
- biṇḍen, boṇḍ, geboṇḍen = to bind, to tie
Sample text
Alle mensen worden vrij en gelijk in waardigheiḍ en reṭṭen geboren. Zij zijn begiftigḍ meṭ verstaṇḍ en geweten, en behoren zich jegens elkander in een geest van broeḍerschap te geḍragen.