Zarḍenlaṇḍs
| Modern Hebrew | |
|---|---|
| עברית ngivrith | |
| Pronunciation | [[Help:IPA|ŋivˈriθ]] |
| Created by | IlL |
| Setting | Lõis |
Zarḍenlaṇḍs (עברית תקנית, [ŋivˈriθ tʰakˈniθ]) is a standardized lect of Modern Hebrew in Lõis. It has undergone major grammatical simplifications from Biblical Hebrew.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Consonants
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Lateral | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m /m/ | n /n/ | ng /ŋ/ | |||||
| Stop | aspirated | p /pʰ/ | t /tʰ/ | c /kʰ/ | ||||
| unaspirated | tt /t˭/ | ts /ts˭/ | cc /k˭/ | ' /ʔ/ | ||||
| voiced | b /b/ | d /d/ | g /g/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f /f/ | th /θ/ | s /s/ | σ /ɬ/ | sj /ʃ/ | ch /x/ | h /h/ |
| voiced | v /v/ | dh /ð/ | z /z/ | gh /ɣ/ | ||||
| Resonant | r /r/ | l /l/ | y /j/ | w /w/ | ||||
Vowels
| Vowel | IPA |
|---|---|
| a | /a/ |
| e | /ɛ/ |
| ey | /ɛɪ/ |
| eo | /ə/ |
| i | /i/ |
| o | /ɔ/ |
| ow | /ɔw/ |
| u | /u/ |
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
The Biblical Hebrew declension system with state, number and possession is mostly preserved. BH's declension system with complex stem changes have been regularized into a system with three principal parts (modulo regular phonetic alterations):
- the absolute singular,
- the absolute plural,
- the construct singular stem (formed by removing any feminine -ath ending).
The definite article ha- is added to any noun phrase even if it would violate traditional construct state rules.
| caweov (m.) - 'dog' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Absolute | caweov | ceowovim |
| Construct | caweov | cawvey |
| 1sg possessor | cawvi | cawvay |
| 2sg.m possessor | cawvcho | cawváycho |
| 2sg.f possessor | cawvech | cawvaych |
| 3sg.m possessor | cawvow | cawvov |
| 3sg.f possessor | cawvo | cawváyho |
| 1pl possessor | cawvénu | cawváynu |
| 2pl.m possessor | cawvchem | cawveychem |
| 2pl.f possessor | cawvchen | cawveychen |
| 3pl.m possessor | cawvom | cawveyhem |
| 3pl.f possessor | cawvon | cawveyhen |
| beorocho (f.) - 'greeting, blessing' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Number→ State↓ |
Singular | Plural |
| Absolute | beorocho | beorochowth |
| Construct | bircath | bircowth |
| 1sg possessor | bircothi | bircowthay |
| 2sg.m possessor | bircothcho | bircowtháycho |
| 2sg.f possessor | bircothech | bircowthaych |
| 3sg.m possessor | bircothow | bircowthov |
| 3sg.f possessor | bircotho | bircowtháyho |
| 1pl possessor | bircothénu | bircowtháynu |
| 2pl.m possessor | bircothchem | bircowtheychem |
| 2pl.f possessor | bircothchen | bircowtheychen |
| 3pl.m possessor | bircothom | ceowoveyhem |
| 3pl.f possessor | bircothon | ceowoveyhen |
Adjectives
Adjectives have two principal parts as in Biblical Hebrew:
- the masculine singular,
- the masculine plural stem (formed by removing -im from the masculine plural).
Pronouns and prepositions
Subject pronouns fuse with tense, voice and negatives:
Present affirmative:
- 1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: ni, 'ato, 'at, hu, hi, 'ónu, 'atem, 'aten, heym, heyn
Present negative:
- 1sg, 2sg.m, 2sg.f, 3sg.m, 3sg.f, 1pl, 2pl.m, 2pl.f, 3pl.m, 3pl.f: 'eyni/'eynéni, 'eyncho, 'eyneych, 'eynow, 'eyno, 'eynénu, 'eynchem, 'eynchen, 'eynom, 'eynon
Past imperfect affirmative:
- hoyíthi, hoyítho, hoyith, hoyo, hoytho, hoyínu, hoyíthem, hoyíthen, hoyu
Future affirmative:
- eye, tiyeto, tiyi, yiye, tiye, niye, tiyu, tiyu, yiyu, tiyéno
The conjugated verb ccah can be used to indicate the passive:
- past: ccáhti, ccáhto, ccaht, ccah, cceoho, ccáhnu, ccáhtem, ccáhten, cceohu
- present: lowcceah 'eoni, lowcceah 'oto, ...? (should the lowcceah be uninflected?)
- future is easy: eqqah, tiqqah oto, tiqqeohi, yiqqah, tiqqah, ...
Verbs
The verb has been drastically simplified, using verbal nouns in lieu of traditional conjugated verbs.
- paal: Peo3iLo
- nifal: hiPPo3Luth
- piel: Pi33ul, Pa33oLo
- hifil: heP3eyL, haP3oLo
- hitpael: hithPa33Luth