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:''This article describes Middle Windermere. See [[Windermere]] for Modern Windermere and [[Windermere/Classical]] for Classical Windermere.''


{{Infobox language
|image =
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]], [[User:Praimhín|Praimhín]]
|name = Middle Windermere
|nativename = չէıɱ ғ·ɟ˫ƍ<br/>brits Dămea
|pronunciation= 
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=tergetic
|fam1=[[Lakovic languages|Lakovic]]
|fam2=Ashanic
|script={{PAGENAME}} script
|iso3=qnt
|notice=IPA
}}
==Todo==
*Use more final /b d/?
*Place name morphemes: frun-
*Infix allomorphs as in mi-ts{{angbr|m}}ăchean
Neutral:
:''Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.''
:sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
:Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.
Focused:
:''Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.''
:DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
:It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
:''Süeth id-păchnay.''
:naked DIR-king
:The king is naked.
<!-- Blacklist: ''șoa'' or ''șo'a'' or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew (thus no ''xoo'' in Skellan except by random change)
-->
Make more derivational use of aspects in Modern Wdm
cămra, ngüe, făm'oy, loch, wănir, yătlech, măley
Change orthography?
==Orthography==
===Consonants===
Consonants have capital and lowercase forms. Names and extremely respectful pronouns are written in all caps.
*Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
*Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
*Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ Պ̃ɱ̃ Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
*Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ
===Vowels===
The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.
*· : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea
===Punctuation===
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width:700px;text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
!  |Labial
!  |Dental
!  |Alveolar
!  |Palatal
!  |Velar
!  |Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
| '''m''' /m/
| '''n''' /n/
|
|
| '''ng''' /ŋ/
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Plosive
! |<small>voiced</small>
| '''b''' /b~β/
| '''d''' /d~ð/
|
|
| '''g''' /g~ɣ/
|
|-
! |<small>voiceless</small>
| '''p''' /p⁼/
| '''t''' /t⁼/
|
|
| '''c''' /k⁼/
| <b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
! colspan="2" style="" |Affricate
|
| '''ts''' /ts̪/
| '''tł''' /ts̺~ʈʂ/
|
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" style="" |Fricative
! |<small>spirant</small>
| '''f''' /f/
| '''th''' /θ/
|
|
| '''ch''' /x/
|
|-
! |<small>nonspirant</small>
|
| '''s''' /s̪/
| '''ł''' /s̺~ʂ/
| '''ș''' /ʃ/
|
| '''h''' /h/
|-
! colspan="2" |Resonant
| '''w''' /w/
| '''r''' /r/
| '''l''' /l~ɫ~ɭ/
| '''y''' /j/
|
|
|}
The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.
===Vowels===
These are the realization of vowels in Middle Windermere:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+Monophthongs
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''i''' /i/
| '''ü''' /y/
|
| '''u''' /u/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''e''' /e/
|
| '''ă''' /ə/
| '''o''' /o/
|-
! style="" |Open
|
|
| '''a''' /a̠/
|
|}
{{col-break}}
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
|+Breathy vowels
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" |Front
! rowspan="2" |Central
! rowspan="2" |Back
|-
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>unrounded</small>
! style="width: 45px; " |<small>rounded</small>
|-
! style="" |Close
| '''ie''' /iə/
| '''üe''' /yə/
|
| '''ua''' /uə/
|-
! style="" |Mid
| '''ee''' /e:/
|
| '''aa''' /ə:/
| '''oo''' /o:/
|}
{{col-end}}
;Notes
*/ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
===Stress===
Stress is on the last syllable that does not have /ə/ as the vowel.
===Phonotactics===
Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. /g h ʔ/ are prohibited in coda.
Allowed initial clusters in Classical Windermere are similar to Germanic. Here is a list by type of cluster (some clusters may be listed more than once):
*Cl: pl, cl, bl, gl, fl, chl, sl
*Cr: pr, tr, tsr, cr, br, dr, gr, fr, thr, chr, sr
*Cm: tm, thm, cm, chm, sm
*Cn: fn, cn, chn, sn
*Cng: fng, tng, thng, chng, sng
*Cw: tw, thw, cw, chw, gw, sw, șw
*sC: sp, st, sc, sm, sn, sng, sl, sr, sw
*chC: chm, chn, chng, chl, chr, chw
Voiced stops are not allowed to begin minor syllables in roots. This rule does not apply to proper names.
==Morphology==
Windermere morphology predominantly uses prefixes, infixes, and reduplication.
===Nouns===
''im-'' is used as the plural prefix.
===Prepositions===
The case markers are the following:
*''id'': nominative
*''u'': accusative
*''mi-'': locative
*''ya-'': comitative
*''șa-'': allative
*''ngie'': "like"
*''fa-'': ablative
*''tsip'' : without
*''fe'': by (passive)
*''ło-'': on
*''tăngap'': before
*''łăbie'': after
*''ba'': through
===Pronouns===
Pronouns are only used for animates. Inanimates use the demonstrative ''fid'' (pl. ''imfid'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg " style=" text-align: center;"
|-
!|
!I!!thou (m.)!!thou (f.)!!he!!she!!we (exc.)!!we (inc.)!!you (pl.)!!they (an.)
|-
!|Nominative
|''rie''||''łen''||''łes''||''in''||''is''||''tsa''||''bang''||''łănam''||''ănam''
|-
!|Accusative
|''crie''||''căłen''||''căłes''||''cin''||''cis''||''cătsa''||''căbang''||''căłnam''||''cănam''
|}
After a preposition, nominative forms are used.
===Demonstratives===
*this: __ se (adnominal); sed (pronominal); sen (masculine); ses (feminine)
*that: __ fi (adnominal); fid (pronominal); fin (masculine); fis (feminine)
*here: rădun se, dunse
*there: rădun fi, dumfi
*who: ășac ra, șara
*what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
*where: rădun ra, dura
*when: ngith ra, ngithra
*how: tănsü ra; tăra
*why: fănäl ra, fnăra
*all: tsor (preposed)
*many: mea (preposed)
*some: tăchung (preposed)
*few: łüp (preposed)
*other: nătha
===Verbs===
Classical Windermere verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and voice, but not for tense.
In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax ''VERB ya-tsa'', lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.
Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.
====Aspect====
Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.
Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (''F'') or last consonant (''L'')
*imperfective/stative = unmarked
*perfective = marked with ''em-''
*prospective = ''hef-'' (closest equivalent of future tense)
*momentane = ''bla-''
*progressive = ''ăL-''
*gnomic, habitual = marked with ''li-''
*iterative = ''FăL-''
*frequentative = ''eNFă-''
*inchoative/inceptive = ''osăL-''
*graduative = ''tăFa-''
====Intensive====
*''thu-'' = intensive prefix
====Voice affixes====
Voice affixes are obsolete in Modern Windermere.
*''‹ăch›'' = Dynamic passive
*''‹ră›'', ''‹wă›'' = Stative passive
*''‹ăp›'' = Reflexive
===Adjectives===
Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost identically to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.
*''rech'' = comparative marker
*''nüep'' = superlative marker (replaced by ''hă'et'' in Modern Windermere)
===Derivational morphology===
*TODO: another nominalizer?
*‹''i''› = nominalizer for underived verbs
*''bin-'' = nominalizer for derived verbs
*''hăl-'' = nominalizer for adjectives
*''sa-'' = nominalizer
*''di-'' = negation
*''ing-'' or ''ngi-'' = verbalizer (from ''ieng'' 'to do')
*''mo-'' (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
*''lă'' = verbalizer (how productive?)
*''yă-'' = adjectivizer
*''nu-'' = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
*''pa-'' = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
*{{angbr|''năr''}} = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
*Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive (used for both nouns and verbs)
**''yar'' = flower > ''yăryar'' 'little flower'
**''chnur'' = song > ''chnărnur'' 'little song'
*Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
**''hălwier'' = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
**''wang'' = 'matter, affairs'
**''ngoth'' = 'manner, way, belief system'
**''sces'' = 'style of, à la'
**''ăma'' = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')
===="Trigger" verb affixes====
These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.
*''‹ăn/ăng›'' = Applicative trigger
*''‹ith›'' = Locative trigger
*''‹ăw›'' = Instrumental trigger
*''‹ăfong›'' = Destination trigger
**''răfongüe'' 'to endow' < ''rüe'' 'to give'
*''‹ălis›'' = Comitative trigger
*''‹ăm›'' = Source/cause trigger
*''‹ăchem›'' = Benefactive/purpose trigger
*''‹ărea›'' = Malefactive trigger
==Syntax==
===Constituent order===
The basic word order of Windermere is VSO. All modifiers except adverbs come after heads.
The question particle is ''lea'', which is preposed before the sentence.
===Noun phrase===
===Verb phrase===
There is a preverbal negative particle ''die''.
===Time clauses===
For a non-finite time clause, ''mi-'' + verbal noun may be used.
===Relative clauses===
''mo-'' = relativizer
*often combined with the complementizer: ''mong''
===Complement clauses===
''nga'' = complementizer
===Reason clauses===
===Verbal noun clauses===
==Example texts==
==Other resources==
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Template area -->
[[Category:{{PAGENAME}}]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Tricin]]
[[Category:Lakovic languages]]
IlL
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