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Heracliotic Greek: Difference between revisions
→Declension
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==Evolution== | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
Voiced stops and /s/ were lenited: | |||
*β /b/ → /f/ | |||
*δ /d/ → /ɾ/ | |||
*γ /g/ → /j/ | |||
This makes /ɾ/ an independent phoneme from /r/ that contrast in any position (unlike Spanish where they only contrast between vowels). | |||
Voiceless stops were also lenited: | |||
*π /p/ → /b/ | |||
*τ /t/ → /d/ | |||
*κ /k/ → /g/ | |||
/b d g/ came to be realised as voiced stops [b d g] only in nasal + stop clusters. | |||
Otherwise they are realised as voiced fricatives [β ð ɣ] (after vowels and non-nasal voiced consonants) | |||
or devoiced stops [b̥ d̥ g̊] (in pausa and after voiceless consonants). | |||
Provection changes /b d g/ to aspirated /pʰ tʰ kʰ/. | |||
When Ancient voiceless stops were geminated or in a cluster with /s/, they were aspirated instead: | |||
*ππ σπ ψ φ πφ σφ /pp sp ps ph pph sph/ → /pʰ/ | |||
*ττ στ τσ θ τθ σθ /tt st ts th tth sth/ → /tʰ/ | |||
*κκ σκ ξ χ κχ σχ /kk sk x kh kkh skh/ → /kʰ/ | |||
Aspirates lost aspiration after vowels and voiced fricatives, unless provection blocked it. | |||
/s/ became lenited between vowels (but not when geminated or in pausa): | |||
σ /s/ → /h/ | |||
/z/ then devoiced in all positions except after nasals: | |||
ζ /z/ → /s/ | |||
νζ /ndz/ → /ndz/ | |||
Several consonants were palatalised: | |||
λιV /liV/ → ʎV | |||
νιV /niV/ → ɲV | |||
σιV ζιV /siV ziV/ → ɕV | |||
νζιV /nziV/ → /ɲʥV/ | |||
Velars were also palatalised before any front vowel (subsequent loans from Spanish and onomatopeia have reintroduced velars before front vowels however): | |||
g → ʥ | |||
kʰ → ʨʰ | |||
Similar to /b d g/, /ʥ/ is realised as voiced stop [ʥ] in a nasal + stop cluster, | |||
as a voiced fricative [ʑ] between vowels and after non-nasal voiced consonants | |||
and as [ʥ̥] in pausa or after voiceless consonants. | |||