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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Tjoch
|name = Tjoc
|nativename = Tjoch
|nativename = Tjoc
|pronunciation = ['tjo:tʃ]
|pronunciation = ['tjo:tʃ]
|region = Europe
|region = Europe
Line 22: Line 22:
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
}}
}}
=General informations=
'''Tjoc''' is a language spoken in the ''Ljoshare af Angelkinn'' (= Country of Angelkinn), a country that corresponds to Modern England on a parallel timeline, where the United Kingdom doesn't exist.
This language has evolved from the Anglo-Saxon with a scarce influence of Latin, while one can appreciate a Scandinavian influence. Thus Tjoc is a Germanic language that is strongly linked to Modern English.
=Phonology=
==Alphabet==
Tjoc alphabet uses letters from Latin alphabet and contains 25 characters:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
|'''Letters'''
|'''Pronunciation'''
|'''Further informations'''
|-
|a
|[a]
|short 'a'
|-
|å
|[ɑ:]
|long 'a'
|-
|b
|[b]
| -
|-
|c
|[tʃ]
| -
|-
|d
|[d]
|it can be realized as both a dental and an alveolar
|-
|e
|[ɛ] / [e:]
|in plural cluster -es it is not pronounced
|-
|f
|[f]
| -
|-
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronunced as in the English word "get"
|-
|h
|[h]
|in the digraph 'hv' it is read [k]
|-
|ƕ
|[hv] or [kv] depending on the speaker
| -
|-
|i
|[ɪ]
|short 'i'
|-
|j
|[j]
|it corresponds to ''y'' in English ''you''
|-
|k
|[k]
| -
|-
|l
|[l]
| -
|-
|m
|[m]
| -
|-
|n
|[n]
| -
|-
|o
|[ɔ] / [o:]
| -
|-
|p
|[p]
| -
|-
|r
|[r]
|trilled just as in Italian
|-
|s
|[s]
|always voiceless
|-
|t
|[t]
|it can be realized as both a dental and an alveolar
|-
|u
|[ʊ]
|short 'u'
|-
|ů
|[u:]
|long 'u'
|-
|w
|[v]
|it was [w] in Old English, then this sound evolved into [v], but the grapheme <w> remained
|-
|y
|[i:]
|long 'i'
|}
The letter 'c' had two different sounds in Old English: [tʃ] or [k], but when <k> was generalised to express the sound [k], <c> remained to express the sound [tʃ], as in the Old English word ''ic'', "I".
==Consonantic phonemes==
Tjoc language has the following consonantic phonemes:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Phonemes'''
!'''Bilabial'''
!'''Labiodental'''
!'''Dental'''
!'''Alveolar'''
!'''Postalveolar'''
!'''Palatal'''
!'''Velar'''
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!'''Stop'''
|p b
|
|(t̯) (d̯)
|t d
|
|
|k g
|
|-
!'''Affricate'''
|
|
|
|
|tʃ
|
|
|
|-
!'''Nasal'''
|m
|(ɱ)
|
|n
|
|
|(ŋ)
|
|-
!'''Fricative'''
|
|f v
|
|s
|ʃ
|
|
|h
|-
!'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|r
|
|j
|(w)
|
|-
!'''Lateral approximant'''
|
|
|
|l
|
|
|
|
|}
In the South the final postvocalic <f> is not pronunced, ex.: ''stof'' is read as [sto:], ''wouf'' is read as ['vɔu̯], and so on.
The [w] phoneme is found as a glide in words like ''wouen'', wolves, that is pronounced as ['vɔu̯wɛn].
==Vocalic phonemes==
In Tjoc there are the following vowels:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
! rowspan="2" colspan="1"|'''Phonemes'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Short'''
! rowspan="1" colspan="2"|'''Long'''
|-
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
!'''Front'''
!'''Back'''
|-
!'''Closed'''
|ɪ
|ʊ
|i:
|u:
|-
!'''Mid-closed'''
|
|
|e:
|o:
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ
|ɔ
|
|
|-
!'''Open'''
|a
|
|
|ɑ:
|}
The 'a' is realized not precisely in the front of mouth, but in the mid between the front and centre of the mouth, wehereas the 'å' [ɑ:] is realized in the mid between the back and the centre of mouth.
===Vowel length===
The short vowels 'a', 'i' and 'u' have got a long counterpart: 'å', 'y' and 'ů'.
Only the vowels 'e' and 'o' can be either short or long, but they are written always in one way. The pronunciation of these two vowels, however, seems not to be more relevant in the language.
Actually there are words that differ in the pronunciation of these vowels, such as ''wjor'', that means both "far", when it is pronounced ['vjɔr], and "four", when it is pronounced ['vjo:r]. Anyway in the present language the context has become more important than the correct pronunciation of 'e' and 'o'.
==Diphthongs and digraphs==
Tjoc has got also twenty diphthongs, that is clusters of two vowels pronounced with a single emission of air. These diphthongs are:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Diphthongs'''
!'''Pronunciation'''
|-
|aj - åj
|[aɪ] - [ɑ:ɪ]
|-
|au - åu
|[aʊ] - [ɑ:ʊ]
|-
|ej
|[ɛɪ] - [e:ɪ]
|-
|eu
|[ɛʊ] - [e:ʊ]
|-
|ja - jå
|[ja] - [jɑ:]
|-
|je
|[jɛ] - [je:]
|-
|jo
|[jɔ] - [jo:]
|-
|ju - jů
|[jʊ] - [ju:]
|-
|oj
|[ɔɪ] - [o:ɪ]
|-
|ou
|[ɔʊ] - [o:ʊ]
|}
Tjoc has got a digraph too: <sh>, that is pronounced [ʃ].
==Stress==
The position of stress in this language is quite regular, because it falls on the root and thus there are few rules to observe:
* In substantives (and in adjectives and adverbs) the stress generally falls on the first syllable, but if they are compound nouns / adjectives, formed by prefix + noun / adjective, the stress falls on the root syllable of the noun / adjective, ex.: ''jarjewels'', "forgiveness", is read as [var'jɛvɛls]. In compounds which are formed by noun / adjective + noun / adjective, the various words are read as if they were written separately, ex.: ''lerstof'', "school", is read as ['le:r 'sto:f];
* In verbs the stress falls always on the root, even if they are compounds, ex.: ''iwacan'', "to wake up", is read as [ɪ'vatʃan].
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