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<!-- ***Phonology*** --> | <!-- ***Phonology*** --> | ||
<!-- What sounds does your language use? --> | <!-- What sounds does your language use? --> | ||
<!-- Here are some example sub | <!-- Here are some example sub‑/other categories: | ||
Vowel inventory | Vowel inventory | ||
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|} | |} | ||
====Thematic anaptyxis==== | ====Thematic anaptyxis==== | ||
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However, in many ways the abstract singulative can be regarded more as a derivational than inflectional process, as it isn't universally productive (there are many collective-only abstract nouns). | However, in many ways the abstract singulative can be regarded more as a derivational than inflectional process, as it isn't universally productive (there are many collective-only abstract nouns). | ||
Masculine, feminine, and concrete nouns decline for six '''cases''': absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, ablative, and vocative. Abstract nouns feature the same cases except for the vocative, i.e. a total of five. Declension suffixes are shown in the table below – for an overview of what the parenthesised letters indicate, please see the above sections on [[#Class-dependent anaptyxis|→ class-dependent anaptyxis]] and the [[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]. | Masculine, feminine, and concrete nouns decline for six '''cases''': absolutive, ergative, dative, genitive, ablative, and vocative. Abstract nouns feature the same cases except for the vocative, i.e. a total of five. Declension suffixes are shown in the table below – for an overview of what the parenthesised letters indicate, please see the above sections on [[#Class-dependent anaptyxis|→class-dependent anaptyxis]] and the [[#Methelcystic t and the definite clitic|→methelcystic t and the definite clitic]]. | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | {| class="wikitable" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;" | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|abs}} | ! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|abs}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)an | ||
| | | ‑(t)aın | ||
| | | ‑(t)ana | ||
| | | ‑(i)ni | ||
| | | ‑(i)nis | ||
| | | ‑(t)in | ||
| | | ‑(t)en | ||
| | | ‑(t)eın | ||
| | | ‑(t)ene | ||
| | | ‑(u)nu | ||
| | | ‑(t)unu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|erg}} | ! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|erg}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)as | ||
| | | ‑(t)aıs | ||
| | | ‑(t)ara | ||
| | | ‑(t)i | ||
| | | ‑(t)is | ||
| | | ‑(t)ir | ||
| | | ‑(t)es | ||
| | | ‑(t)eıs | ||
| | | ‑(t)ere | ||
| | | ‑(t)u | ||
| | | ‑(t)uru | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|dat}} | ! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|dat}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)am | ||
| | | ‑(t)aım | ||
| | | ‑(t)ama | ||
| | | ‑(i)mi | ||
| | | ‑(i)mis | ||
| | | ‑(t)im | ||
| | | ‑(t)em | ||
| | | ‑(t)eım | ||
| | | ‑(t)eme | ||
| | | ‑(u)mu | ||
| | | ‑(t)umu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|gen}} | ! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|gen}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)ar | ||
| | | ‑(t)ari | ||
| rowspan=3 | | | rowspan=3 | ‑(t)ā | ||
| | | ‑(i)ri | ||
| | | ‑(i)ris | ||
| rowspan=3 | | | rowspan=3 | ‑(t)ī | ||
| | | ‑(t)er | ||
| | | ‑(t)eri | ||
| rowspan=3 | | | rowspan=3 | ‑(t)ē | ||
| | | ‑(u)ru | ||
| | | ‑(t)ū | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|abl}} | ! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|abl}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)al | ||
| | | ‑(t)aıl | ||
| | | ‑(i)li | ||
| | | ‑(i)lis | ||
| | | ‑(t)el | ||
| | | ‑(t)eıl | ||
| | | ‑(u)lu | ||
| | | ‑(t)ul | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|voc}} | ! style="text-align:center;" | {{sc|voc}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)a | ||
| | | ‑(t)aı | ||
| | | ‑(t)īs | ||
| | | ‑(t)īr | ||
| | | ‑(t)e | ||
| | | ‑(t)eı | ||
| style="background-color: #aaa;" | | | style="background-color: #aaa;" | | ||
| style="background-color: #aaa;" | | | style="background-color: #aaa;" | | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|abs}} | ! {{sc|abs}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)uın | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|erg}} | ! {{sc|erg}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)uruıs | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|dat}} | ! {{sc|dat}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)uım | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|gen}} | ! {{sc|gen}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)uri | ||
|- | |- | ||
! {{sc|abl}} | ! {{sc|abl}} | ||
| | | ‑(t)uli | ||
|} | |} | ||
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===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
====Tense and aspect==== | ====Tense and aspect==== | ||
The "default" (unmarked) aspect of the present and future tenses is the gnomic or simple aspect (by convention, the nomenclature is ''gnomic present'' but ''future simple''). A progressive aspect can be expressed through the regular suffix ⟨ | The "default" (unmarked) aspect of the present and future tenses is the gnomic or simple aspect (by convention, the nomenclature is ''gnomic present'' but ''future simple''). A progressive aspect can be expressed through the regular suffix ⟨‑ta⟩ affixed to the base declension of both tenses, and a perfect aspect only in the future tense through the suffixes ⟨‑bi⟩ (first person), ⟨‑si⟩ (second person) and ⟨‑ni⟩ (third person). | ||
The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person | The past tense, by contrast, has no unmarked aspect; each past aspect (''preterite'' or simple past, ''imperfect'' or progressive past, and ''habitual [past]'') has its own set of person‑number inflections. | ||
Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis|→Morphophonology of verbs § Thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the declensional suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''. | Below is an inflection table, where V represents the thematic vowel of the verb ([[#Thematic anaptyxis|→Morphophonology of verbs § Thematic anaptyxis]]). The progressive and perfect aspects for the future and present are not shown, as they are perfectly regular, with the exception that the present progressive third person singular/collective (or second person singular formal) has another theme vowel inserted between the declensional suffix and the progressive suffix to prevent the two /t/s colliding, which is the only instance of ''double thematic anaptyxis''. | ||
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|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;" | |- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;" | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | present | ! style="text-align:center;" | present | ||
| | | ‑Vg | ||
| | | ‑Vm | ||
| | | ‑Vn | ||
| | | ‑Vs | ||
| | | ‑Vt | ||
| | | ‑Vsi | ||
| | | ‑Vti | ||
| | | ‑Vsin | ||
| | | ‑Vri | ||
| | | ‑Vt | ||
| | | ‑Vti | ||
| | | ‑Vri | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | preterite | ! style="text-align:center;" | preterite | ||
| | | ‑Vbo | ||
| | | ‑Vbim | ||
| | | ‑Vbin | ||
| | | ‑Vtas | ||
| | | ‑Vsat | ||
| | | ‑Vtis | ||
| | | ‑Vsti | ||
| | | ‑Vtin | ||
| | | ‑Vsri | ||
| | | ‑Vsat | ||
| | | ‑Vsti | ||
| | | ‑Vsri | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | imperfect | ! style="text-align:center;" | imperfect | ||
| | | ‑Vbota | ||
| | | ‑Vbita | ||
| | | ‑Vbitan | ||
| | | ‑Vtasta | ||
| | | ‑Vtasat | ||
| | | ‑Vtista | ||
| | | ‑Vtasti | ||
| | | ‑Vtinta | ||
| | | ‑Vtasri | ||
| | | ‑Vtasat | ||
| | | ‑Vtasti | ||
| | | ‑Vtasri | ||
|- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;" | |- style="border-bottom: 2px solid #aaa;" | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | habitual | ! style="text-align:center;" | habitual | ||
| | | ‑Vbotag | ||
| | | ‑Vbitam | ||
| | | ‑Vtabin | ||
| | | ‑Vtastas | ||
| | | ‑Vsata | ||
| | | ‑Vtistas | ||
| | | ‑Vstita | ||
| | | ‑Vtintan | ||
| | | ‑Vtasir | ||
| | | ‑Vsata | ||
| | | ‑Vstita | ||
| | | ‑Vtasir | ||
|- | |- | ||
! style="text-align:center;" | future | ! style="text-align:center;" | future | ||
| | | ‑Vgi | ||
| | | ‑Vmi | ||
| | | ‑Vni | ||
| | | ‑Vsti | ||
| | | ‑Vti | ||
| | | ‑Vstir | ||
| | | ‑Vtir | ||
| | | ‑Vstin | ||
| | | ‑Vnir | ||
| | | ‑Vti | ||
| | | ‑Vtir | ||
| | | ‑Vnir | ||
|} | |} | ||
==== Mood ==== | ==== Mood ==== | ||
Mood in Daùnare is best analysed as being composed through three modal dimensions, comprising ''factual | Mood in Daùnare is best analysed as being composed through three modal dimensions, comprising ''factual‑intentional modality'' (indicative, imperative, subjunctive, conditional, or optative), ''syntactic modality'' (declarative, interrogative, relative, or subordinate) and ''negativity'' (positive or negative). | ||
The default/unmarked mood is the positive declarative indicative; other moods are expressed through modal particles, for which see below ([[#Modal particles|→Particles § Modal particles]]) | The default/unmarked mood is the positive declarative indicative; other moods are expressed through modal particles, for which see below ([[#Modal particles|→Particles § Modal particles]]) | ||
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==Semantics== | ==Semantics== | ||
===The verb ''tug''=== | ===The verb ''tug''=== | ||
The Daùnare verb ⟨tug⟩ nominally means "to bring", but is capable of expressing a whole host of things for which English uses different verbs. It is a so | The Daùnare verb ⟨tug⟩ nominally means "to bring", but is capable of expressing a whole host of things for which English uses different verbs. It is a so‑called ''defective verb'', meaning it has no antipassive. | ||
==== Intransitive ==== | ==== Intransitive ==== | ||
When used intransitively in '''primary voice''', it can be used with non | When used intransitively in '''primary voice''', it can be used with non‑sentient/non‑volitional arguments to mean "there is": | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | S | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | S | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Harnu | | Harnu | ||
| tugut. | | tugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| har | | har‑nu | ||
| tug | | tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| way | | way‑{{sc|abst}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| bring | | bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" | ''A way is brought.'' | | colspan="2" | ''A way is brought.'' | ||
| Line 975: | Line 975: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | S | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | S | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distan | | Distan | ||
| tegut. | | tegut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑an | ||
| teg | | teg‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| {{sc|mid}}\bring | | {{sc|mid}}\bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="2" | ''A man brings (himself).'' | | colspan="2" | ''A man brings (himself).'' | ||
| Line 999: | Line 999: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,007: | Line 1,007: | ||
| tugut. | | tugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| kun | | kun‑en | ||
| tug | | tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| dog | | dog‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| bring | | bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" | ''A man brings a dog.'' | | colspan="3" | ''A man brings a dog.'' | ||
| Line 1,024: | Line 1,024: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,032: | Line 1,032: | ||
| tegut. | | tegut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| kun | | kun‑en | ||
| teg | | teg‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| dog | | dog‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| {{sc|mid}}\bring | | {{sc|mid}}\bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" | ''(To) a man a dog brings (itself).'' | | colspan="3" | ''(To) a man a dog brings (itself).'' | ||
| Line 1,050: | Line 1,050: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | | style="background-color: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,060: | Line 1,060: | ||
| tugut. | | tugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| kun | | kun‑en | ||
| dis=n=i | | dis=n=i‑mi | ||
| tug | | tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| dog | | dog‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| person={{sc|def}}=∅ | | person={{sc|def}}=∅‑{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}} | ||
| bring | | bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4" | ''A man brings a dog to the woman.'' | | colspan="4" | ''A man brings a dog to the woman.'' | ||
| Line 1,077: | Line 1,077: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(ABL) | | style="background-color: #bbffbb" | I(ABL) | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,087: | Line 1,087: | ||
| tugut. | | tugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| kun | | kun‑en | ||
| plas | | plas‑t‑el | ||
| tug | | tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| dog | | dog‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| child | | child‑∅‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abl}} | ||
| bring | | bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4" | ''A man brings a dog from a child.'' | | colspan="4" | ''A man brings a dog from a child.'' | ||
| Line 1,107: | Line 1,107: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | | style="background-color: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | ||
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(ABL) | | style="background-color: #bbffbb" | I(ABL) | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,119: | Line 1,119: | ||
| tugut. | | tugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| kun | | kun‑en | ||
| dis=n=i | | dis=n=i‑mi | ||
| plas | | plas‑t‑el | ||
| tug | | tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| dog | | dog‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| person={{sc|def}}=∅ | | person={{sc|def}}=∅‑{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}} | ||
| child | | child‑∅‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abl}} | ||
| bring | | bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="5" | ''A man brings a dog to the woman from a child.'' | | colspan="5" | ''A man brings a dog to the woman from a child.'' | ||
| Line 1,137: | Line 1,137: | ||
==== Applicative ==== | ==== Applicative ==== | ||
When used as a di | When used as a di‑ or tritransitive, the verb can be modified using the applicative prefix ⟨do‑⟩ which promotes the dative to patient (and the secondary indirect object to primary). Relatively unusually, ⟨tug⟩ does not function as an intransitive verb with the applicative. Also, unlike some verbs, the applicative prefix cannot be combined with the middle voice stem to produce a medioapplicative. | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,149: | Line 1,149: | ||
| dotugut. | | dotugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| dis=n=i | | dis=n=i‑ni | ||
| do | | do‑tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| person={{sc|def}}=∅ | | person={{sc|def}}=∅‑{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| {{sc|appl}} | | {{sc|appl}}‑bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" | ''A man "bebrings" the woman.'' | | colspan="3" | ''A man "bebrings" the woman.'' | ||
| Line 1,164: | Line 1,164: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | | style="background-color: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,174: | Line 1,174: | ||
| dotugut. | | dotugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| dis=n=i | | dis=n=i‑ni | ||
| plas | | plas‑t‑em | ||
| do | | do‑tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| person={{sc|def}}=∅ | | person={{sc|def}}=∅‑{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| child | | child‑∅‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}} | ||
| {{sc|appl}} | | {{sc|appl}}‑bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4" | ''A man "bebrings" the woman through the child.'' | | colspan="4" | ''A man "bebrings" the woman through the child.'' | ||
| Line 1,190: | Line 1,190: | ||
==== Diapplicative ==== | ==== Diapplicative ==== | ||
As is the case with other tritransitive verbs, the diapplicative prefix ⟨ro | As is the case with other tritransitive verbs, the diapplicative prefix ⟨ro‑⟩ can be used to promote the secondary indirect object to patient instead. Much like with the applicative, the diapplicative does not function intransitively (unlike in other verbs). Also, again like the applicative, the diapplicative prefix cannot be combined with the middle stem to produce a mediodiapplicative. | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,202: | Line 1,202: | ||
| rotugut. | | rotugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| dis=n=i | | dis=n=i‑ni | ||
| ro | | ro‑tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| person={{sc|def}}=∅ | | person={{sc|def}}=∅‑{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| {{sc|diappl}} | | {{sc|diappl}}‑bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="3" | ''A man "disbrings" the woman.'' | | colspan="3" | ''A man "disbrings" the woman.'' | ||
| Line 1,217: | Line 1,217: | ||
:{| class="wikitable" | :{| class="wikitable" | ||
|- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | |- style="line-height: 1.0em; font-size: 75%; text-align:center;" | ||
| style="background: #ffebad" | A | | style="background-color: #ffebad" | A | ||
| style="background: #ffbbbb" | P | | style="background-color: #ffbbbb" | P | ||
| style="background: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | | style="background-color: #bbffbb" | I(DAT) | ||
| style="background: #bbbbff" | V | | style="background-color: #bbbbff" | V | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Distas | | Distas | ||
| Line 1,227: | Line 1,227: | ||
| rotugut. | | rotugut. | ||
|- | |- | ||
| dis | | dis‑t‑as | ||
| dis=n=i | | dis=n=i‑ni | ||
| plas | | plas‑t‑em | ||
| ro | | ro‑tug‑u‑t | ||
|- | |- | ||
| person | | person‑∅‑{{sc|masc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|erg}} | ||
| person={{sc|def}}=∅ | | person={{sc|def}}=∅‑{{sc|fem}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} | ||
| child | | child‑∅‑{{sc|conc}}.{{sc|sg}}.{{sc|dat}} | ||
| {{sc|diappl}} | | {{sc|diappl}}‑bring‑∅‑{{sc|prs}}.{{sc|3sg}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| colspan="4" | ''A man "disbrings" the woman through the child.'' | | colspan="4" | ''A man "disbrings" the woman through the child.'' | ||