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Modern Gothic (view source)

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| nativename = Γnσɑvþɑʒɔ, ''Gusanrazd''<br> Γnσɜvþɑþɔ, ''Gusenrard''
| nativename = Γnσɑvþɑʒɔ, ''Gusanrazd''<br> Γnσɜvþɑþɔ, ''Gusenrard''
| pronunciation =  /ˈgu.sən.ˌrast/ <br> /ˈgu.sən.ˌrɐrt/
| pronunciation =  /ˈgʊ.sən.ˌrɐst/ <br> /ˈgu.sən.ˌrart/
|-
|-
|creator=sjacik
|creator=sjacik
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== Phonology
== Development ==
=== Grammar Changes ===
The Dative merged with either the Genitive, or the Accusative in some cases. Which it does originally depended on the number and the declension class. However, for most words this was leveled out so that the Genitive became the norm.
* 'ɑσ ɑ̑þɥɑσ' in the singular, but 'ɑσ ɑ̑þɥɑv' with the Oblique in the plural.
In the dialects surrounding Trette (Trent), the Oblique and the Nominative merged, as well.
While the Genitive has become the case to use when using prepositions, a new Genitive has emerged used 'ɑƚ' with the Common case.
In the eastern dialects, the dual pronouns were kept. Their retention in Standard Modern Gothic is an artificial archaicism.
=== Sound changes from Biblical Gothic to Middle Gothic ===
==== General ====
/kʷ/ was re-analyzed as /kw/. <br>
* Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 ''qiman'' → ''*kwiman'' → pbμɑʒ ''kiomaz'' / pıμɜσ ''kimes'' / pbμσ ''küms'', 'to come'. <br>
/mn/ assimilated to /mː/. <br>
* Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 ''himins'' → ''*himms'' → εμμ ''emm'', 'heaven'.
/iV/ becomes /jV/.
* Gothic 𐌳𐌹𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌿𐍃 ''diabaulus'' → ''*djawala'' → ʒ̇ɑɣл ''zhawl'', 'demon'.
==== Metathesis ====
This primarily happened with liquids. if /l r/ are adjacent to /h/, they are switched so /h/ is either directly before or after a vowel. <br>
* Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 ''marhs'' → ''*mahrs'' → μɑ̑ɑ̑þ ''mȃȃr'', 'horse'. <br>
* Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 ''hlahjan'' → ''*lhahjn'' → лɑ̑ɑ̑ɥʒ / лɑ̑ɑ̑ɥσ ''lȃȃjz / lȃȃjs'', 'to laugh'.
==== Glottalization ====
Geminate stops are fortified to glottal stops.
* Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌺𐌺𐍉𐌽 ''wikkon'' → ''*ioʔon'' → ɣbrɑ ''wioha'', 'witch'. N.b. ɣbrɑ is a learned form from Middle Gothic, the CMG and EMG forms are ''ı'' and ''ǿj'', respectively.
This is later dropped in most cases, and in the ones that don't it becomes /h/.
==== Elision ====
Unstressed, short vowels are elided when near stressed and/or long occurrences of the same vowel.
* Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍃 ''alamanns'' → ''*almanns'' → ɑлμɑvv ''almann'', 'German'.
==== Vocalic Effects ====
===== H-Shift =====
V + ''h'' clusters, or ''h'' + V, caused the vowel to be lowered. If the /h/ was after the vowel, said vowel gets lengthened. <br>
* Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 ''hardus'' → ɑ̑þɔ ''ȃrd'', 'hard'. <br>
* Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 ''saihs'' → ''*saas'' → σɑɑ ''saa'', 'six'.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption H-shift
|-
! colspan="6" | 𐌷
|-
! Root Vowel !! Outcome 1 !! Outcome 2 !! Root Vowel !! Outcome 1 !! Outcome 2
|-
| a          || ɑ || ɑː || ɛː || aː || aːː
|-
| ɛ          || a || aː || eː || ɛː || ɛːː
|-
| i          || e || eː || iː || eː || eːː
|-
| ɨ          || ɘ || ɘː || uː || oː || oːː
|-
| u          || o || oː || oː || ɔː || ɔːː
|-
| ɔ          || ɑ || ɑː || ɔː || ɑː || ɑːː
|-
| aː        || ɑː || ɑːː ||  ||  ||
|}
===== W-Shift =====
V + ''w'' clusters, or ''w'' + V, caused the vowel to be rounded. If the /w/ or /u̯/ was after the vowel, said vowel gets lengthened. Back vowels, /u ɔ uː oː ɔː/, became longer regardless if /w/ followed or preceded. <br>
* Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 ''wintrus'' → ''*iontr'' → bꞇꞇþɑ ''iottra'' / ıꞇꞇɜþ ''itter'' / bꞇꞇþ NMG ''yttr'', 'winter'. <br>
* Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 ''fidwor'' →  ƚıɔoɑþ / ƚıɔoþ ''fidoar / fidor '', 'four'. <br>
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption W-shift
|-
! colspan="6" | 𐍅
|-
! Root Vowel !! Outcome 1 !! Outcome 2 !! Root Vowel !! Outcome 1 !! Outcome 2
|-
| a          || ɔ || ɔː || ɛː || œː || œːː
|-
| ɛ          || œ || œː || eː || øː || øːː
|-
| i          || y || yː || iː || yː || yːː
|-
| ɨ          || ʉ || ʉː || uː || uːː || uːː
|-
| u          || uː || uːː || oː || oːː || oːː
|-
| ɔ          || ɔː || ɔːː || ɔː || ɔːː || ɔːː
|-
| aː        || ɔː || ɔːː ||  ||  ||
|}
===== Ƕ-Shift =====
Both of the previous shifts can be combined.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Caption Ƕ-shift
|-
! colspan="6" | 𐌷
|-
! Root Vowel !! Outcome 1 !! Outcome 2 !! Root Vowel !! Outcome 1 !! Outcome 2
|-
| a          || ɔ || ɔː || ɛː || ɔː || ɔːː
|-
| ɛ          || ɔ || ɔː || eː || œː || œːː
|-
| i          || ø || øː || iː || yː || yːː
|-
| ɨ          || ɵ || ɵː || uː || oːː || oːː
|-
| u          || oː || oː || oː || ɔːː || ɔːː
|-
| ɔ          || ɑ || ɔː || ɔː || ɑːː  || ɔːː
|-
| aː        || ɔ || ɔːː ||  ||  ||
|}
==== Nasal Lenition ====
At the end of words, /m/ and /n/ are softened to /ṽ z̃/.
* Gothic -𐌰𐌽 ''-an'' → ''-az̃'' → ''-ɑσ''
=== Middle Gothic to Western Gothic ===
==== /ɣ/ softening ====
Near front vowels /ɣ/ becomes /j~i̯/. Otherwise, it becomes /w~u̯/.
* Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌲𐌻𐍃 ''fugls'' → ''*fuwl'' → ƚonл ''foul'', 'bird'
In the dialects around Titshin (Pavia), this interacts with the high vowels to create diphthongs.
* Gothic 𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌽 ''rign'' → ''*rejn'' → þεɥσ ''rejs'', 'rain'. Compare this to those in east Gothia, which served as the basis of CMG, þεıσ 'reis'.
==== Plosive Shift ====
Step one: the consonants /p t k/ lenite to /f s x/ between vowels and after a vowel at the end of a word. /x/ later becomes /ç/ when near front vowels.
* Gothic 𐌱𐌰𐍄𐌹𐌶𐌰 ''batiza'' → ''*basiz'' → SMG ηɑσɑσ CMG ηɑσɜþ ''basas baser'', 'better'.
* Gothic 𐌻𐌴𐌹𐌺 ''leik'' → ''*leikh'' → лεıp̑ ''leich'',  'body'.
* Gothic 𐍃𐌺𐌹𐍀 ''skip'' → ''*skif'' → σıƚ ''sif'', 'ship'.
Step two: the nasal-stop clusters coalesce into geminate stops
* Gothic ''asdf'' → ''*asdf'' → ''asdf'', 'asdf'. No words currently suitable for an example.
* Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌽𐍄𐌴𐌹𐌽𐍃 ''sinteins'' → ''*sittin'' → σıꞇꞇɑv ''sittan'', 'daily'.
* Gothic ''asdf'' → ''*asdf'' → ''asdf'', 'asdf'. No words currently suitable for an example.
* Gothic ''asdf'' → ''*asdf'' → ''asdf'', 'asdf'. No words currently suitable for an example.
* Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐌿𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃 '' grundus'' → ''*grudda'' → cþovɔɔɑ ''grouda'', 'ground'.
* Gothic 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 ''tuggo'' → ''*tugga'' → ꞇonccɑ ''touga'', 'tongue'. No words currently suitable for an example.
==== Palatalization ====
/Cj/ clusters are palatalized, except for those that start with a labial consonant.
* Gothic 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌾𐌿𐍃 ''fotjus'' → ''*footja'' → ƚooσ̇ɑ ''foosja'', 'feet'.
* Gothic 𐍅𐌰𐍃𐌾𐌰𐌽 ''wasjan'' → ''*osjas'' → oσ̇ ''osj'', 'to wear'.
* Gothic 𐌼𐌹𐌳𐌾𐌹𐍃 ''midjis'' → ''*midja'' → μıʒ̇ɑ ''mizha'', 'middle'.
* Gothic 𐌺𐌰𐌿𐌶𐌾𐌰𐌽 ''kauzjan'' → ''*kauzjas'' → pɑnʒ̇ ''kauzj'', 'to taste'.
* Gothic 𐍃𐍀𐍂𐌴𐌺𐌾𐍉 ''sprekjo'' → ''*spreekjo'' → σϖþεεṗ ''spreekj'', 'language'.
* Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌲𐌾𐌹 ''wigji'' → ''*iogj'' → ɣbċ ''wiogj'', 'mare'.
* Gothic 𐌲𐍂𐍉𐌽𐌾𐌹𐍃 ''gronjis'' → ''*groonj'' → cþoov̇ ''groonj'', 'green'.
* Gothic 𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽 ''fulljan'' → ''*fuljan'' → ƚnл̇ɑσ ''fuljas'', 'to fill'.
In the eastern dialects this also applies to /rj/, yielding /j/ through intermediary /jː/.
* Gothic -𐌰𐍂𐌹𐌿𐍃 ''-arius'' → ''*-ajja'' → -ɑɥɑ ''-aja'', '-er, agentative'.


==Standard New Gothic ==
==Standard New Gothic ==
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/ɑə̯/ is incredibly rare, as the environment it comes from was mostly found only in compounds. <br>
/ɑə̯/ is incredibly rare, as the environment it comes from was mostly found only in compounds. <br>
The centering diphthongs come from overlong vowels in Middle Gothic. No surviving dialect has kept them as overlong. They were either broken or shortened.
The centering diphthongs come from overlong vowels in Middle Gothic. No surviving dialect has kept them as overlong. They were either broken or shortened.
=== Sound changes from Biblical Gothic to Middle Gothic ===
==== General ====
/kʷ/ was re-analyzed as /kw/. <br>
* Gothic 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 ''qiman'' → ''*kwiman'' → pbμɑʒ ''kiomaz'' / pıμɜσ ''kimes'' / pbμσ ''kyms'', 'to come'. <br>
/mn/ assimilated to /mː/. <br>
* Gothic 𐌷𐌹𐌼𐌹𐌽𐍃 ''himins'' → ''*himms'' → εμμ ''emm'', 'heaven'.
==== Elision ====
Unstressed, short vowels are elided when near stressed and/or long occurrences of the same vowel.
* Gothic 𐌰𐌻𐌰𐌼𐌰𐌽𐌽𐍃 ''alamanns'' → ''*almanns'' → ɑлμɑvv ''almann'', 'German'.
==== Metathesis ====
This primarily happened with liquids. if /l r/ are adjacent to /h/, they are switched so /h/ is either directly before or after a vowel. <br>
* Gothic 𐌼𐌰𐍂𐌷𐍃 ''marhs'' → ''*mahrs'' → μɑ̑þ ''mȃr'', 'horse'. <br>
* Gothic 𐌷𐌻𐌷𐌾𐌰𐌽 ''hlahjan'' → ''*lhahjn'' → лɑ̑ɑ̑ɥʒ / лɑ̑ɑ̑ɥσ ''lȃȃjz / lȃȃjs'', 'to laugh'.
==== H-Lowering ====
V + ''h'' clusters, or ''h'' + V, caused the vowel to be lowered. If the /h/ was after the vowel, said vowel gets lengthened. <br>
* Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐍂𐌳𐌿𐍃 ''hardus'' → ɑ̑þɔ ''ȃrd'', 'hard'. <br>
* Gothic 𐍃𐌰𐌹𐌷𐍃 ''saihs'' → ''*saas'' → σɑɑ ''saa'', 'six'.
==== W-Rounding ====
V + ''w'' clusters, or ''w'' + V, caused the vowel to be rounded. If the /w/ or /u̯/ was after the vowel, said vowel gets lengthened. Back vowels, /u ɔ uː oː ɔː/, became longer regardless if /w/ followed or preceded. <br>
* Gothic 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐍄𐍂𐌿𐍃 ''wintrus'' → ''*iontrus'' → bꞇꞇþɑ ''iottra'' / ıꞇꞇɜþ ''itter'' / bꞇꞇþ NMG ''yttr'', 'winter'. <br>
* Gothic 𐍆𐌹𐌳𐍅𐍉𐍂 ''fidwor'' →  ƚıɔoɑþ / ƚıɔoþ ''fidoar / fidor '', 'four'. <br>
* Gothic 𐌸𐌹𐌿𐌳𐌰 ''thiuda'' → ψuɔ̑ / ψuψ ''thiudh / thiuth'', 'people'.


== Grammar ==
== Grammar ==
Sjacik
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