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Luthic: Difference between revisions
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|ethnicity = Luths | |ethnicity = Luths | ||
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'''Luthic''' ([[ | '''Luthic''' ([[IPA for Luthic|/ˈluːθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LOOTH-ik'']], less often [[IPA for Luthic|/ˈlʌθ.ɪk/]] [[w:Help:Pronunciation respelling key|''LUTH-ik'']], also ''Luthish''; [[w:Endonym|endonym]]: ''Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]] or ''Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) is an [[w:Italic languages|Italic language]] that is spoken by the Luths, with strong [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]] influence. Unlike other [[w:Romance languages|Romance languages]], such as [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Catalan language|Catalan]], [[w:Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[w:French language|French]], Luthic has a large inherited vocabulary from [[w:East Germanic languages|East Germanic]], instead of only proper names that survived in historical accounts, and [[w:Loanword|loanwords]]. About 250,000 people speak Luthic worldwide. | ||
Luthic is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after the [[w:Goths|Gothic raids]] towards the [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] began, together with the later [[w:Germanic peoples|West Germanic]] merchants’ travels to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the Roman Empire slowly formed a [[w:Creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. | Luthic is the result of a prolonged contact among members of both regions after the [[w:Goths|Gothic raids]] towards the [[w:Roman Empire|Roman Empire]] began, together with the later [[w:Germanic peoples|West Germanic]] merchants’ travels to and from the [[w:Western Roman Empire|Western Roman Empire]]. These connections and the conquest by the Germanic tribes of the Roman Empire slowly formed a [[w:Creole language|creole]] for mutual communication. | ||
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As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | As in most European countries, the minority languages are defined by legislation or constitutional documents and afforded some form of official support. In 1992, the Council of Europe adopted the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages to protect and promote historical regional and minority languages in Europe. | ||
Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[ | Luthic is regulated by the '''Council for the Luthic Language''' (Luthic: ''Gafaurdo faul·la Rasda Lûthica'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˈfɔɾ.du fɔl‿lɐ ˈʁaz.dɐ ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ]]]) and the '''Luthic Community of Ravenna''' (Luthic: ''Gamainescape Lûthica Ravennai'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ɡɐˌmɛ.neˈska.fe ˈlu.tʰi.xɐ ʁɐˈvẽ.nɛ]]]). The existence of a regulatory body has removed Luthic, at least in part, from the domain of Standard Italian, its traditional [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|Dachsprache]], Luthic was considered an Italian dialect like many others until about [[w:World War II|World War II]], but then it underwent [[w:Abstand and ausbau languages|ausbau]]. | ||
[[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | [[File:Spoken Luthic Ravenna.png|thumb|Luthic geographical distribution in the commune of Ravenna]] | ||
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* The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i. | * The letter c represents the sound [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] before the letters e and i. | ||
* The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c or g. | * The letter g represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]] at the end of words and before the letters a, o, and u but represents the sound [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]] before the letters e and i. It also represents the sound [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] before c or g. | ||
** [[ | ** [[IPA for Luthic|/ɡʷ/]] only happens before a nasal and is spelled as ggu [[w:Labialization|/ŋɡʷ/]], or inherited from Gothic ''-ggw-'' as a regular outcome of [[w:Proto-Germanic language|Germanic]] ''*ww'': [[wikt:𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃|𐍄𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[triɡʷːs]]], ''tregguo'' [ˈtɾɛɡ.ɡʷu]. | ||
* The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled. | * The letter r represents the sound [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] onset or stressed intervocalic, [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] when intervocalic or nearby another consonant or at the end of words and [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]] if doubled. | ||
* The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | * The cluster sc /sk/ before the letters e and i represents the sound [[w:Voiceless postalveolar fricative|/ʃ/]], [[w:Gemination|geminate]] if intervocalic. | ||
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|+ '''Standard Luthic Alphabet''' | |+ '''Standard Luthic Alphabet''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:A|A]], a || a [[ | | [[w:A|A]], a || a [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈa]]] || asga [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈaz.ɡɐ]]] || [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]] or [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/a/]] || â, ȧ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[ | | [[w:B|B]], b || bi [[IPA for Luthic|[bi]]] || bairca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈbɛɾ.kɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial plosive|/b/]] or [[w:Voiced labiodental approximant|/ʋ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[ | | [[w:C|C]], c || ci [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡ʃi]]] || caunȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkɔ.no]]] || [[w:Voiceless velar plosive|/k/]], [[w:Voiceless postalveolar affricate|/t͡ʃ/]] or [[w:Voiceless velar fricative|/x/]] || ċ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:D|D]], d || di [[ | | [[w:D|D]], d || di [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈdi]]] ||dago [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈda.ɣ˕u]]] || [[w:Voiced dental plosive|/d/]] or [[w:Voiced dental approximant|/ð̞/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:E|E]], e || e [[ | | [[w:E|E]], e || e [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛ]]] || aiqqo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛk.kʷu]]] || [[w:Close-mid front unrounded vowel|/e/]] or [[w:Open-mid front unrounded vowel|/ɛ/]] || ê | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[ | | [[w:F|F]], f || effe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛf.fe]]] || faiho [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfɛ.hu]]] || [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental affricate|/p͡f/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[ | | [[w:G|G]], g || gi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒi]]] || geva [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈd͡ʒe.vɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced velar plosive|/ɡ/]], [[w:Voiced postalveolar affricate|/d͡ʒ/]], [[w:Voiced velar approximant|/ɣ˕/]] or [[w:Voiced velar nasal|/ŋ/]] || ġ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[ | | [[w:H|H]], h || acca [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈak.kɐ]]] || haġlo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈhaʎ.ʎu]]] || [[w:Voiceless glottal fricative|/h/]] or [[w:Voiceless palatal fricative|/ç/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:I|I]], i || i [[ | | [[w:I|I]], i || i [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈi]]] || eisso [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈis.su]]] || [[w:Close front unrounded vowel|/i/]] or [[w:Voiced palatal approximant|/j/]] || ï | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:L|L]], l || elle [[ | | [[w:L|L]], l || elle [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛl.le]]] || lago [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈla.ɣ˕u]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar lateral approximants|/l/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:M|M]], m || emme [[ | | [[w:M|M]], m || emme [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈẽ.me]]] || manno [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] || [[w:Voiced bilabial nasal|/m/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:N|N]], n || enne [[ | | [[w:N|N]], n || enne [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈẽ.ne]]] || nauþo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈnɔ.θu]]] || [[w:Voiced dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals|/n/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:O|O]], o || o [[ | | [[w:O|O]], o || o [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɔ]]] || oþalȯ [[IPA for Luthic|[oˈθa.lo]]] || [[w:Close-mid back rounded vowel|/o/]], [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Open-mid back rounded vowel|/ɔ/]] || ô, ȯ | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[ | | [[w:P|P]], p || pi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpi]]] || pairþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈpɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless bilabial plosive|/p/]] or [[w:Voiceless labiodental fricative|/f/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[ | | [[w:Q|Q]], q || qoppa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɔp.pɐ]]] || qairþa [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈkʷɛɾ.t͡θɐ]]] || [[w:Labialization|/kʷ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[ | | [[w:R|R]], r || erre [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛˈʀe]]] || raida [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈʁɛ.ð̞ɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced uvular trill|/ʀ/]], [[w:Voiced uvular fricative|/ʁ/]] or [[w:Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps|/ɾ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[ | | [[w:S|S]], s || esse [[IPA for Luthic|[ɛsˈse]]] || sauila [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈsɔj.lɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar fricative|/s/]], [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar fricative|/z/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:T|T]], t || ti [[ | | [[w:T|T]], t || ti [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti]]] || teivo [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈti.vu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental plosive|/t/]] or [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Thorn (letter)|Þ]], þ || eþþe [[ | | [[w:Thorn (letter)|Þ]], þ || eþþe [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈɛθ.θe]]] || þaurno [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈθɔɾ.nu]]] || [[w:Voiceless dental fricative|/θ/]] or [[w:Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate|/t͡θ/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:U|U]], u || u [[ | | [[w:U|U]], u || u [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu]]] || uro [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈu.ɾu]]] || [[w:Close back rounded vowel|/u/]] or [[w:Voiced labial–velar approximant|/w/]] || û, ü | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[ | | [[w:V|V]], v || vi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈvi]]] || viġna [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈviɲ.ɲɐ]]] || [[w:Voiced labiodental fricative|/v/]] || — | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[ | | [[w:Z|Z]], z || zi [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡si]]] || zetta [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈt͡sɛt.tɐ]]] || [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|/t͡s/]] or [[w:Voiced alveolar affricate|/d͡z/]] || — | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[File:Luthic keyboard.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | [[File:Luthic keyboard.png|thumb|A Luthic computer keyboard layout.]] | ||
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=====Absorption of nasals before fricatives===== | =====Absorption of nasals before fricatives===== | ||
This is the source of such alterations as modern Standard Luthic ''fimfe'' [[ | This is the source of such alterations as modern Standard Luthic ''fimfe'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈfĩ.(p͡)fe]]] “five”, ''monþo'' [[IPA for Luthic|[ˈmõ.(t͡)θu]]] “mouth” versus Gothic [[wikt:𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆|𐍆𐌹𐌼𐍆]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɸimɸ]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃|𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃]] [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈmunθs]]] “''id.''” and German [[wikt:fünf|fünf]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[fʏnf]]] “''id.''”, [[wikt:Mund|Mund]] [[wikt:AP:pron:de|[mʊnt]]] “''id.''”. | ||
=====Monophthongization===== | =====Monophthongization===== | ||