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North-East Antarctican: Difference between revisions
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(Revamped vowels, finished vowel allophony) |
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* /ç/ and /x/ -> /c/ | * /ç/ and /x/ -> /c/ | ||
* /q/ and /ʀ/ -> /k/ and /g/ respectively | * /q/ and /ʀ/ -> /k/ and /g/ respectively | ||
* /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ -> /p/ and /b/ respectively | |||
* /çʷ/ and /xʷ/ -> /cʷ/ (in this case, the resulting /cʷ/ does not pattern as a strong consonant) | * /çʷ/ and /xʷ/ -> /cʷ/ (in this case, the resulting /cʷ/ does not pattern as a strong consonant) | ||
* /qʷ/ and /ʀʷ/ -> /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ respectively (likewise, in this case the resulting phonemes do not pattern as strong). | * /qʷ/ and /ʀʷ/ -> /kʷ/ and /gʷ/ respectively (likewise, in this case the resulting phonemes do not pattern as strong). | ||
* /h/ -> /ʔ/ | * /h/ -> /ʔ/ | ||
For example, the noun class | For example, the noun class proclitic for plants is normally /ʂɨ-/ (descended from English "tree" via an aspirated retroflex stop). However, when it attaches to the root /ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/ - "rose" (containing the strong consonant /ʀ/, the /ʂ/ changes to /ʈ/, giving /ʈɨ=ʀɨˈʔə̰ɻɨ/. | ||
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Both breathy and tense phonation tend to spread rightwards from the stressed syllable. Breathy voice spreads until it is blocked by a voiceless consonant (other than /h/). So /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "liver" is pronounced [baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ̤], the breathy phonation spreading from the stressed syllable, through the /d/ onto the final syllable. However, in words such as /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" and /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty", the voiceless /k/ blocks the spread of the breathy voice, no matter whether or not it is geminated. | Both breathy and tense phonation tend to spread rightwards from the stressed syllable. Breathy voice spreads until it is blocked by a voiceless consonant (other than /h/). So /baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ/ - "liver" is pronounced [baˈhɨ̤ɴdɨ̤], the breathy phonation spreading from the stressed syllable, through the /d/ onto the final syllable. However, in words such as /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" and /bɨˈhə̤kːɨ/ - "duty", the voiceless /k/ blocks the spread of the breathy voice, no matter whether or not it is geminated. | ||
The rules for tense phonation are slightly more complex. Tense phonation spreads through nasals, approximants, flaps / trills, and laterals, and also through voiceless stops. However, it is blocked by fricatives and voiced stops e.g. it spreads in both /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ - "giant" and /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", but not in /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ - "to | The rules for tense phonation are slightly more complex. Tense phonation spreads through nasals, approximants, flaps / trills, and laterals, and also through voiceless stops. However, it is blocked by fricatives and voiced stops e.g. it spreads in both /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ - "giant" and /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", but not in /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ - "to float" or /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear". | ||
===Vowel Allophony=== | ===Vowel Allophony=== | ||
Even though there is no phonemic contrast between front and back vowels, this does not mean that sounds such as [i], [u] and [e] are absent from the language. Front and back vowels occur as allophones of their corresponding central vowels e.g. / | Even though there is no phonemic contrast between front and back vowels, this does not mean that sounds such as [i], [u] and [e] are absent from the language. Front and back vowels occur as allophones of their corresponding central vowels e.g. /ˈhɨ̰mːʲɨ/ - "fjord" is pronounced [ˈhḭmːʲḭ], and /ˈtʷɨ̤pːasɨ/ - "digestion" is pronounced [ˈtʷṳpːasɨ]. | ||
The allophones of each vowel are given in the table below. Note that a "lowering" consonant is defined as a retroflex or uvular consonant (labialised or non-labialised, including /ɫ/): | The allophones of each vowel are given in the table below. Note that a "lowering" consonant is defined as a retroflex or uvular consonant (labialised or non-labialised, including /ɫ/): | ||
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! Phonemic Transcription !! Phonetic Transcription !! Meaning | ! Phonemic Transcription !! Phonetic Transcription !! Meaning | ||
|- | |- | ||
| / | | /ˈhɨ̰mːʲɨ/ || [ˈhḭmːʲḭ] || "fjord" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ˈca̰kːɨsama/ || [ˈcæ̰kːɨ̰sama] - " | | /ˈca̰kːɨsama/ || [ˈcæ̰kːɨ̰sama] - "client" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| / | | /ʔakʷɨʔəˈta̰/ || [ʔakʷuʔəˈta̰ː] || "to squeeze" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ˈqɨ̰dːɨ/ || [ˈqɤ̰dːɨ] || "good" | | /ˈqɨ̰dːɨ/ || [ˈqɤ̰dːɨ] || "good" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ || [gʷuˈkɨ̰ːda] || "to | | /gʷɨˈkɨ̰da/ || [gʷuˈkɨ̰ːda] || "to float" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| / | | /ˈtʷɨ̤pːasɨ/ || [ˈtʷṳpːasɨ] || "digestion" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| / | | /nɨˈʔə̤qːʷɨʔa/ || [nɨˈʔɔ̤qːʷʊʔa] || "root of a floating plant" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ʎɨˈkʷɨ̰ɾʲɨ/ || [ʎyˈkʷy̰ːɾʲḭ] || "yellow" | | /ʎɨˈkʷɨ̰ɾʲɨ/ || [ʎyˈkʷy̰ːɾʲḭ] || "dark yellow" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ˈkʷə̰sa/ || [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] || " | | /ˈkʷə̰sa/ || [ˈkʷo̰ːsa] || "throwing spear" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ || [ˈqɤ̰ːɫɤ̰] || "giant" | | /ˈqɨ̰ɫɨ/ || [ˈqɤ̰ːɫɤ̰] || "giant" | ||
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| /qɨˈɫɨ̰/ || [qɤˈɫɤ̰ː] || "evidence" | | /qɨˈɫɨ̰/ || [qɤˈɫɤ̰ː] || "evidence" | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Sound Symbolism== | |||
Tense voiced vowels and palatalised consonants have a strong association with darkness, night, the moon, the stars, the aurora, winter, the direction south, dryness, land, peace, femininity, being reactive (as opposed to proactive), staticness, permanence, and perennial plants. | |||
Conversely, breathy voiced vowels and retroflex / labialised consonants have a strong association with brightness, day, the sun, clouds, the direction north, rain, the sea, war, masculinity, being proactive (as opposed to reactive), dynamism, impermanence, and annual plants. | |||
==Compounding== | |||
Compounds are head final. Stress, phonation and gemination are lost on all but the last member of the compound e.g. /ˈkə̰tə/ - "short", and /ˈkʷə̰sa/ - "throwing spear" combine to make /kətəˈkʷə̰sa/ - "dart" (literally "short spear"). | |||
The restriction against more than one strong consonant in a word applies to compound words e.g. when /bɨˈhə̤kɨ/ - "bake" is combined with /ˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ - "fish", the result is /bɨʔəkɨˈkʷɨ̤sːɨ/ - "baked fish". Because the /kʷ/ in the word for "fish" is strong, it causes the /h/ in the word for "bake" to shift to a glottal stop. | |||