View source for Anbirese

[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Wordlist]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Swadesh list]]<br/>
[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}/Names]]<br/>

{{Infobox language
|image = 
|imagesize = 
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|nativename = ''Anbirjeom, kaz Anbirjeom''
|pronunciation= 
|setting = [[Verse:Tricin]]
|region = Talma
|familycolor=quihum
|fam1= [[Quame languages|Quame]]
|fam2= Talmic
|fam3= Tigolic
|script=Talmic alphabet
|iso3=
|notice=IPA
}}

'''{{SUBPAGENAME}}''' (''n gaz Anbirjeom'' /ən gǎz ànbirjəm/ [ànbírjəm]) is a major [[Talmic]] language descended from [[Tigol]], inspired by Sino-Korean, Swedish, and Welsh. compared to its relatives [[Skellan]] and [[Qenian]], it has a relatively conservative verb system. On the planet of [[Verse:Tricin|Tricin]] ({{SUBPAGENAME}}: ''n Smau'' /ən smau/), it is an analogue of German in terms of influence. {{SUBPAGENAME}} is the official language of the Talman nation [[Verse:Tricin/Anbir|Anbir]] and of former colonies in Cualuav and Txapoalli; it is the second-largest Talmic language in terms of number of speakers. Like most modern Talmic languages, {{SUBPAGENAME}} is a descendant of [[Thensarian]]. Like with German, there is a Standard {{SUBPAGENAME}} and various regiolects.

Thanks in large part to the printing press, Modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} rapidly gained prominence over a larger area in Northern Talma and came to serve as a lingua franca for northern mainland Talma. Today, {{SUBPAGENAME}} still enjoys status as a "cultured" language and is one of the most widely taught foreign languages in the Bitaletan world.
==External history==
{{SUBPAGENAME}} began as "Tsjoen", a Swedish and Sino Korean hybrid. The grammar is heavily based on my first Tiogall draft.

==Todo==
*ot, od > vat, vad
*Numbers: kjam, tjeodeor, nask, dyv, solj, stam, rvað, lað, berb, ngjor, jachim, kne
*scaimh 'mountain' > skeγ
*obey < TELIC + 'listen' (like in Þiús'k)
*Conjunctions that take pronominal suffixes, like Arabic ''ʔinna'' and ''ʔanna'' (or maybe Bhlaoighne)
*Swadesh list
*Tigol > {{SUBPAGENAME}} sound changes
<poem>
plus, {{SUBPAGENAME}} has "accusativus in infinitivo"!
le could be omitted before indefinite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
but Maith Sivy always used it
that's one way of distinguishing archaic from modern {{SUBPAGENAME}}
another could be the use of the pronoun 'fiar'
which in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}} was completely replaced with 'scid'
ca-ephyth = of that
ca-leth = that (acc.)
ca-dzeth = in that; there
ma-, ca-, ta-, m-compounds: this, that, what, which
in that house = ca-dzen souar
or "dze cin souar"
both are valid
the first being more archaic
</poem>
a verbalizer like ''-ować''

*Verb prefixes:
**''ar-'': on, at > ''ar-''
**''(deut.) as-'': telic > ''ys-''
**''(prot.) de-, (deut.) do-'': in, at > ''dze-'', ''do-''
**''é-'': with, co- > ''e-''
**''fin-''/''sin-'' = well, thoroughly > ''fin-''
**''for-'': causative, through > ''for-''
**''(prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-'': around, back > ''fl-''
**''imm-'': immediately > ''im-, m-, n-, ŋ-''
**''(prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-'': up, out > ''gol-''
**''ro-'': down > ''ro-''
**''sol-'': a causative > ''sol-''
**''(prot.) su-, (deut.) so-'': towards > ''su-''
**''(prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-'': back > ''sor-''
**''(prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-'': from > ''oc-''

Vowel reflexes:
*a e i o u > eo jeo ji u u 
*ai ei oi ui > ae ji oe i
*á éa í(o) ó ú > a je ji o ou
*ái éi ói úi éu > ai je oi ui jau
*eá eó eói iú iúi > ja jo joi ju jui
*ae ao aoi > e eu eui
*ia ua uai > ja veo vae

==Phonology==
===Consonants===
*/k g x ŋ/
*/tɕ d͡ʑ ɕ ɲ/
*/t d ħ z n/
*/p b f v m/
*/s ɧ h/
*/r ɹ  j ɴ̆~w/

===Notation===
====Radical consonants====
*k χ ng /k x ŋ/
*kj χj ngj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
*t þ n /t ħ n/
*tj þj nj /tɕ ɕ ɲ/
*c cj /ts tɕ/
*p f m /f m/
*s sj/stj/skj h /s ɧ h/
*r l lj j /r ɴ̆ j j/

At word-final position, the voicing distinction in unaspirated plosives is lost, and unaspirated plosives are unreleased.

sj = sje, etc.

====Lenited consonants====
*g ȝ /g Ø/
*gj ȝj /d͡ʑ j/
*d z /d z/
*dj zj /d͡ʑ ɹ/
*b v /b v/
*bj vj /bj vj/

====Eclipsed consonants====
*ng ngh /ŋ ŋʰ/
*nj nhj /ɲ ɲʰ/
*n nh /n nʰ/
*m mh /m mʰ/

===Vowels===
i eu u e eo a o ae oe /i ɨ ü e ə~ʌ~ɔ a o~u ɛ~e ø/

===Stress===
Stress is weak to nonexistent in Modern Anbirese.

===Pitch accent===
Pitch accent is phonemic in Standard Anbirese, and often distinguishes different grammatical forms of the same word.

Each word has one of two possible pitch accents:
#Rising (or low, or peaking): starts low and rises, peaks at the second syllable; unmarked
#High: high and level, falls off word-finally, transcribed with an acute accent

For example:
*''skaen'' /skěn/ (rising tone) = 'a friend (sg)'; ''n skaen'' /ən skěn/ = 'the friend'
*''skáen'' /skén/ (high tone) = 'friends (pl)'; ''n skáen'' /ən skén/ = 'the friends'
*''ael'' (rising tone) = 'loves (present tense)'
*''áel'' (high tone) = 'loved (past tense)'
A handful of dialects lack pitch accent.

===Intonation===
*General fall: declarative clauses
*General rise: dependent clauses
*Interrogative: interrogative clauses

==Dialectology==
Anbirese is primarily spoken in Anbir, Musun and in overseas Anbirese colonies such as Euldondjama.
===Anbir===
Anbir has more dialectal diversity.
===Musun===
Musunese Anbir is similar to Standard Anbirese Anbirese, but has no pitch accent and uses more analytic constructions.

==Orthography==
Like other Talmic languages, Anbirese is written in the Talmic alphabet.

==Vocabulary==
Anbirese is about as purist as German, though it has a fair helping of [[Swuntsim]] loanwords. Anbirese vocabulary often uses compounding to disambiguate words that were made similar by dueum beopchik. Like in other Talman languages, academic vocabulary has more [[Tseezh]] and [[Windermere]] loans.

==Morphology==
===Mutations===
Like Qenian, Anbirese has lenition and nasal mutation.

===Nouns===
====Definite article====
Regardless of gender and number, the definite article is 
*''eo'' before nasals and resonants: ''eo mar'' [ə̀ mǎɾ] 'the tree'
*''n'' before other consonants and before vowels: ''n χeozir'' [ə̀n xə̀ʑîɾ] 'the flower'; ''n abeot'' [nàbə̂t] 'the book'

TODO: definite article mutations by gender

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" 
|+ '''Definite article'''
! rowspan=2 | || colspan="3" | singular || colspan="3" | plural 
|-
! m. || f. || n. || m. || f. || n. 
|-
! 
| eclipsis || lenition || no mut. || no mut. || no mut.|| eclipsis
|-
! Example
| ''eo mran''<br/>'the corner' || ''n gaz''<br/>'the language' || ''n χeozir''<br/>'the flower' || ''n prán''<br/>'the corners' || ''n káz''<br/>'the languages' || ''eo nghéozir''<br/>'the flowers'
|}

====Plural nouns====
A common way to pluralize nouns is by tone change. This is the default paradigm for loans.

*''mar'' /mǎɾ/ [mǎɾ] = a tree
*''már'' /máɾ/ [mâɾ] = trees

However, many plurals use suffixes or other changes:
*''íms'' /íms/ [îms] = a loved one
*''imseot'' /ǐmsət/ [ìmsə̂t] = loved ones (some dialects use ''ímseot'')

Musunese Anbirese always uses ''-eot'' for the plural.
<!--
Nouns only have two states (absolute and construct) and two numbers (singular and plural).  The usual affixes are:
*plural absolute: ''-r''
*singular construct: ''-(y)th''
*plural construct: ''-(y)ph''

e.g. ''cythr'' 'flower', ''cythryr'' 'flowers'; ''chyvn'' 'woman', ''chyvnyr'' 'women'.

The definite article is always ''i'', or ''in'' before a V or after a preposition.

Possessive suffixes: mar-na, mar-s, mar-ou, mar-i, mar-yth, mar-ym, mar-fe, mar-yc, mar-ur (or mar-thur)

Plural: mar-ph-yna, mar-ph-s, mar-ph-ou, mar-ph-i, ...

''i marna'' = my tree

''i cythr suvn-yna'' = my beautiful flower
-->

===Adjectives===
Adjectives do not inflect at all.

Adverbs derived from adjectives are unchanged (as in German).

TODO: degree words

===Verbs===
Verbs are conservative and similar to [[Cièdian]], with synthetic forms instead of analytic constructions as in [[Skellan]].
====Split-ergativity====
Anbirese has split-ergativity: perfective verbs display ergative alignment, and imperfective verbs have accusative alignment.

That is, the subject is marked with the preposition ''u'' for transitive verbs, and is unmarked for intransitive verbs. In the case of transitive verbs, the ergative marking occurs regardless of whether or not there is a direct object.

Examples:
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Transitive verbs'''
:''Xabin '''u''' na.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG
:'I have eaten.'

:''Xabin '''u''' na n sáeng.''
:eat.PRET ERG 1SG DEF bread
:'I have eaten the bread.'

:''A tjéobrjeong '''u''' na n kéolsjang χa.''
:but leave.PRET ERG 1SG DEF glh_schanng there
:'But I left the kefir-soaked Bjeheondian salad there.'
{{col-break}}
'''Intransitive verbs'''
:''Eoseong eo már.''
:die.PRET DEF tree/PL
:'The trees died.'

:''Farjeogin meo nóγeol χaltan.''
:return.PRET 1PL.EXC.POSS dog/PL at_last
:'Our dogs finally returned.'
{{col-end}}
====Non-finite forms====
*The active participle in ''-ig'' is used to modify a noun. As such it is used as a relative form for the subject.
*The ''-eot'' infinitive:
**is used with modal verbs.
*The ''-a'' infinitive:
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates "while the action is taking place" or, when possessed, "while POSSESSOR is VERBing"
**with ''eor'' 'on', indicates "upon/as soon as the action is taking place" or, when possessed,  "upon the POSSESSOR's VERBing"
**with ''nae'' 'by', indicates that the verb's action serves a purpose: "by VERBing"
*The bare infinitive:
**with ''θand'' 'after', indicates the perfect tense.
**with ''djeo'' 'in', indicates the progressive.
**with ''il'' 'from', indicates (from just having been VERB-ing)
**with ''χrin'' 'next to', indicates "intends to VERB" or "about to VERB"
**with ''ast'' 'without', indicates "without VERBing"

===Copula===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} is zero copula in the present tense; ''ngu'', ''si'', ''jeo'' and ''thar'' can be used as present tense copulas.

The past tense copula is ''latheon'' and the infinitive is ''fath''.

===Pronouns===
na, skid, ngu, si, jeo, me, tid, skid, thar = I, you, he, she, it, we (exc), we (inc), you, they

There is also an archaic 2nd person singular pronoun ''fjeor'' 'thou'.

===Prepositions===
*ljeo = accusative (ljeo + eo/n > ljeon) (only used with definite nouns in modern {{SUBPAGENAME}})
**''ljeo-na, (ljeo-s,) lj-u, l-i, lj-eoz, lj-eom, ljeof, ljeok, ljur''
*djeo = in, at (djeo + eo/n > djeon)
**''djeo-na, (deo-s,) dj-u, d-i, dj-eoz, dj-eom, djeof, djeok, djur''
*ae = to, for (ae + eo/n > aen)
**''aena, (aebeos), aebu, aebi, aebeoz, aebeom, aebeof, aebeok, aebur''

===Conjunctions===
===Derivational morphology===
====Native====
*-a = verbalizer
*ba- = sub-
====Foreign====
*ing- = verbalizer ([[Windermere|Wdm.]])
*bin- = nominalizer (Wdm.)

==Syntax==
:''More: [[Anbirese/Syntax]]

{{SUBPAGENAME}} is particularly rich in non-finite subordinate clause constructions, which may be used when English uses subordinate clauses with finite verbs.
===Negation===
The negation particle is ''ta'' (preposed) for imperatives and ''þri'' (preposed; from Tigol *ter ia- 'not once') otherwise.

===Questions===
Wh-words are fronted. Yes-no questions use a question particle ''sjeom'' (< Tigol ''is'' question particle + ''imb'' complementizer) before the sentence.

===Wishes/Jussive===
Wishes can be formed by using ''þumi'' (< Tigol ''tuabh mít'' 'who will grant') before a verb in the non-past tense.

===Word order===
{{SUBPAGENAME}} word order is primarily SVO, but may be VSO in more archaic or literary usage.

===Accusative with infinitive===
The accusative particle ''ljeo'' can be used to introduce the subject of a dependent clause. The verb of the dependent clause is preceded by the particle ''e'' 'to'.

:'''''Na togn ljeo mród aeb slam aeb Inþár.'''''
:1SG think.IPFV ACC apple-PL INF good to I.
:''I think Intar likes apples.''

===Preposition + verb clauses===
A preposition may be used with a verb followed by a possessive suffix indexing the subject, as in Hebrew and Irish.

An example with ''djeo'' 'at':
:'''''djeo h-argjeorn na ar eo lóegu'm'''''
:at keep_watch.IPFV-1SG 1SG on DEF stuff-3SG.M 3SG.M
:''when I was keeping watch on his things''

[[Category:Tricin]]