View source for First Linguifex Relay/Kiwi

Here follows the '''[[Kiwi]]''' source text for the [[First Linguifex Relay]]. Note that it is ''strictly forbidden'' to create public English translations of this text and its derivations while the relay is running, so please avoid doing so. It only spoils the fun. If you are not partaking in the relay, do not worry, a proper translation will be published after the relay has run its course.

'''This time it's really important you read all the notes.'''

==Kanāti hikaukaʻinā==

<i> Ōnatahāʻi wakaʻi, ma keʻeli,<br>
kanāti me telēaheʻ, <br>
kanāti maʻorīnā, <br>
kilāʻ wewiʻakānia nuhuʻ kikaukaʻime,<br>
ʻūluna tāʻingīne wetāʻitelā,<br>
ʻūluna tāʻipīriʻ, ūluna tāʻiwuʻe.<br>
Katā yilāʻ yititelāʻinā<br>
kilāʻ wewiʻakānia nuhuʻ kikaukaʻime,<br>
ʻĀlunu ana me naʻi,<br>
ʻālunu ana taʻahumei taʻ hikōloʻi.''</i>


===Interlinear gloss===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 350px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" style=" text-align: center; |Glossing abbreviations used on this page
|-
! style="width: 100px; "|Abbreviation
! style="width: 250px; "|Meaning
|-
| >
|transitivity direction
|-
| 1
|first person
|-
|2
|second person
|-
|3
|third person
|-
|~
|reduplication (preceded by its significance)
|-
| -
|morpheme separator
|-
|. 
|grammatical function separator
|-
|PA
|paucal
|-
|PL
|plural
|-
|VN
|verbal noun
|-
|cX
|noun class
|-
|ADZ
|adjectiviser or adverbialiser
|-
|NOM
|nominative case
|-
|ACC
|accusative case
|-
|INST
|instrumental case
|-
|BEN
|benefactive case
|-
|GEN
|genitive case
|-
|SUPL
|superlative applicative
|}

''Kanāti hikaukaʻinā''<br>
<small>kanātia hi-kaukaʻi-nā</small><br>
to_sing.{{sc|vn-nom}} c8.{{sc|gen}}-song_bird.{{sc|pa-gen}}<br>
''Ōnatahāʻi wakaʻi, ma keʻeli,''<br>
<small>ōna-tahāʻi wakaʻi-{{sc|∅}} ma keʻeli</small><br>
{{sc|supl}}-to_drift.{{sc|vn-nom}} ground.{{sc|pa-acc}} a.{{sc|art}} to_dream.{{sc|vn}} <br>
''kanāti me telēaheʻ ''<br>
<small>kanāti me telēa-heʻ</small><br>
to_sing.{{sc|vn-nom}} no.{{sc|art}} reason.{{sc|pa-ben}}<br>
''kanāti maʻorīnā''<br>
<small>kanāti maʻorī-nā</small><br>
to_sing.{{sc|vn-nom}} murder.{{sc|pa-gen}}<br>
''kilāʻ wewiʻakānia nuhuʻ kikaukaʻime''<br>
<small>ki-lāʻ we~wiʻakāni-a nuhuʻ ki~kaukaʻi-me</small><br>
c6-two {{sc|pl}}~lover-{{sc|nom}} to_fly.{{sc|vn-nom}} {{sc|pl}}~song_bird-{{sc|inst}}<br>
''ʻūluna tāʻingīne wetāʻitelā''<br>
<small>ʻūluna tāʻi-ngīne we-tāʻi-telā</small><br>
ocean.{{sc|pa.acc}} {{sc|c6.adz}}-gust and-{{sc|c6.adz}}-change<br>
''ʻūluna tāʻipīriʻ, ʻūluna tāʻiwuʻe.''<br>
<small>ʻūluna tāʻi-pīriʻ, ʻūluna tāʻi-wuʻe</small><br>
ocean.{{sc|pa.acc}} {{sc|c6.adz}}-cold ocean.{{sc|pa.acc}} {{sc|c6.adz}}-ice<br>
''Katā yilāʻ yititelāʻinā''<br>
<small>kata-a yi-lāʻ yi-ti~telā-ʻinā</small><br>
time.{{sc|pa-nom}} {{sc|c8}}-two {{sc|c8.gen-pl}}~change-{{sc|gen}}<br>
''kilāʻ wewiʻakānia nuhuʻ kikaukaʻime,''<br>
<small>ki-lāʻ we~wiʻakāni-a nuhuʻ ki~kaukaʻi-me</small><br>
{{sc|c6}}-two {{sc|pl}}~lover-{{sc|nom}} to_fly.{{sc|vn-nom}} {{sc|pl}}~song_bird-{{sc|inst}}<br>
''ʻĀlunua ana me naʻi,''<br><small>ʻālunu-a ana me naʻi</small><br>
abyss.{{sc|pa-nom}} {{sc|past}} not to_speak<br>
''ʻĀlunua ana taʻahumei taʻ hikōloʻi.''<br>
<small>ʻālunu-a ana taʻahu-mei taʻ-∅ hi-kōloʻi</small><br>
abyss.{{sc|pa-nom}} {{sc|past}} {{sc|3>4.pa}}-to_see that.{{sc|rel-acc}} {{sc|c8.adz}}-secret<br>

===Dictionary===

All the word appear in their basic form: '''accusative paucal''' for nouns, and '''infinitive''' or '''verbal nominal''' form for verbs. Any additional informaion is provided in the Notes column. 

The Kiwi languages has little distinction between noun and verb. Thus, the Notes column will display which function the word has in this text, as well as which [[Kiwi#Noun classes and adjectivisation|classes]] the nouns have.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" style="width: 600px;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Kiwi !! style="width: 250px;" | English !! style="width: 250px;" | Notes
|-
! kanāti
| to sing|| ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! {{term|kaukaʻi}}
| song bird || ''noun, c1''
|-
! tahāʻi
| to drift, to fly || ''verb''
|-
! wakaʻi
| land || ''noun, c6''
|-
! ma
| indefinite article || ''article''
|-
! keʻeli
| to dream || ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! me
| no, no one || ''negative article''
|-
! telēa
| to have a reason, to originate|| ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! maʻorī
| to murder, to die|| ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! lāʻ
| two || ''numeral''
|-
! wiʻakāni
| lover || ''noun, c1''
|-
! nuhuʻ
| to swim, to fly || ''verb''
|-
! {{term|ʻūluna}}
| ocean || ''noun, c6''
|-
! ngīne
| gust || ''noun, c1''
|-
! telā
| to change || ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! pīriʻ
| to freeze || ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! wuʻe
| ice || ''noun, c8''
|-
! kata
| time || ''noun, c8''
|-
! ʻĀlunu
| abyss, the personification of the abyss || ''noun, proper noun, c6''
|-
! ana
| morning, PAST || ''particle''
|-
! naʻi
| to speak|| ''verb''
|-
! mei
| to see || ''verb''
|-
! taʻ
| that || ''relative pronoun''
|-
! kōloʻi
| to conceal, to keep secret|| ''verbal noun, c8''
|-
! we-
| and || ''conjunction''
|}

===Grammar===

The following are the cases used in the text.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg sortable" style="width: 600px;"
! style="width: 100px;" | Kiwi !! style="width: 250px;" | Case !! style="width: 250px;" | Notes
|-
! -heʻ
| {{sc|benefactive}} || 
|-
! -me
| {{sc|instrumental}} || ''Has a comitative function, as well as an instrumental one.''
|-
! -ʻinā, -nā
| {{sc|genitive}} || ''The possessor agrees with the possessee, by means of [[Kiwi#Classes and adjectivisation|class prefixes]]. In this case, the class prefixes do not adjectivise.<br>
''If there is no ADZ-prefix on the possessor, the genitive means '''about'''.''
|-
! -a
| {{sc|nominative}} || ''If the subject is not a verbal noun, it gets a marked nominative.''
|-
! -a
| {{sc|accusative}} || ''If the accusative is a verbal noun, the accusative is marked.''
|-
! ōna-
| {{sc|superlative}} || ''Denotes movement '''over''' something else.'' This is an applicative of sorts, and thus fixed to the verb.
|}

==Notes==
*[[Kiwi]]
*[[Kiwi#Plural|Formation of the plural]]
*[[Kiwi#Classes and adjectivisation|What does c8, c6 and ADZ mean?]]

===Definiteness===
Kiwi makes no distinction in definiteness. There is an indefinite article, meaning "one", though.
===Morphosyntactic alignment and copula===
Kiwi is unusual in that it has a marked nominative morphosyntactic system, which means that the nominative is marked on nouns, but the accusative is not. The language also does not have a copula, but two arguments lacking a verb get connected.
*''Anā wōri''
:''ana-'''a''' wōri-∅''
:me-'''NOM''' girl-ACC

::''I am a girl''
===VN: The verbal noun===
Kiwi makes use of verbal nouns when the subject and tense is unknown, or when there is no direct object of the verb. Verbal nouns take many forms in English, in Kiwi, however, they all take the same form, the infinitive::
*'''''To err''' is human''.
*''I like '''singing'''.


*'''''Ramā''' '''miraʻ'''.
:ramā miraʻ
:to_regret.VN to_understand.VN
::'''''Regretting''' is '''to understand'''.

As it happens, the marked nominative alignment does not apply to verbal nouns. Instead, they get a marked accusative.
*''Wehaʻākani '''kanātia'''''.
:weʻa-ʻākani kanāti-'''a'''.
:1>3-to_like to_sing.VN-'''ACC'''.
::''I like '''singing'''.

===cX and ADZ===
Kiwi has noun classes, simple as that. To derive adjectives and adverbs, a noun gets a class prefix that agrees with the attributed noun's class.

{{Gloss
|phrase = {{term|ʻūluna}} tāʻikulāʻ
|IPA = /ʔuːluˈnɑ taːʔɪquˈlaːʔ/
|morphemes = ʻūluna tāʻi-kulāʻ
|gloss = ocean.c6.PA  ADZ.c6-darkness.c8.PA
|translation = dark ocean
}}

===X>Y: The bipersonal agreement===
In the Kiwi language, the object and subject of a transitive verb are both marked with one prefix, this is called [[Kiwi#Bipersonal agreement|bipersonal agreement]].
*A subject X acts upon an object Y.

===4===
Fourth person, 4, denotes an [[w:Obviation|obviate third person]].


[[Category:First Linguifex Relay]]
[[Category:Kiwi relay texts]]