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Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions
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→"Thinking" in Dundulanyä
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{| class="wikitable" align="center" style="text-align: center;" | | |||
|+ | |+Second person (√''kata'') | ||
|- | |- | ||
! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ! !! Singular !! Dual !! Plural | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Direct-Ergative</small> | ! <small>Direct-Ergative</small> | ||
| ''' | | '''kata''' || '''kotve''' || '''cītai''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Accusative</small> | ! <small>Accusative</small> | ||
| | | katat || kotūtha || cītaih | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Dative</small> | ! <small>Dative</small> | ||
| | | katak || kotvāma || cītumi | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Ablative</small> | ! <small>Ablative</small> | ||
| | | katū || kotveṣu || cītenī | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Locative</small> | ! <small>Locative</small> | ||
| | | katā || rowspan=2 | kotvehe || cītyän | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Essive</small> | ! <small>Essive</small> | ||
| rowspan=2 | | | rowspan=2 | katī || cītoṭu | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small>Instrumental</small> | ! <small>Instrumental</small> | ||
| | | kotvāl || cītanīka | ||
|- | |- | ||
! <small> | ! <small>Fused copular form</small> | ||
| | | kaṅga || kotūga || <small>cītai ga /</small><br/>cīṅga | ||
|} | |} | ||
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Table notes: | Table notes: | ||
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First- and second-person pronouns have synthetic (fused) copular forms: | First- and second-person pronouns have synthetic (fused) copular forms: | ||
: '''''yūga''' dūhṛṃlila.'' "I am an office worker." | : '''''yūga''' dūhṛṃlila.'' "I am an office worker." | ||
: ''''' | : '''''kaṅga''' umūm lila.'' "You are a good person." | ||
The undeclinable so-called "copular adjectives", such as ''cami'' "great, important", ''lalla'' "high, higher; next" or ''umūm'' "good", are not used with ''ga'', but need ''idu'' in a negative sentence: | The undeclinable so-called "copular adjectives", such as ''cami'' "great, important", ''lalla'' "high, higher; next" or ''umūm'' "good", are not used with ''ga'', but need ''idu'' in a negative sentence: | ||
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''√nely-'', on the other hand, is used in the past to state something that was thought to be one way but turned out not to be. Also, it is used for future forecasts: | ''√nely-'', on the other hand, is used in the past to state something that was thought to be one way but turned out not to be. Also, it is used for future forecasts: | ||
: ''nälte nilavā tati nilin, lalla dāvan cāhin jallīyās''. — I thought it was 4:00 in the morning, but it was already ''lalla dāvan'' (7:00 in the morning). | : ''nälte nilavā tati nilin, lalla dāvan cāhin jallīyās''. — I thought it was 4:00 in the morning, but it was already ''lalla dāvan'' (7:00 in the morning). | ||
: '' | : ''kaṅga naṅgaśaurulu tati inilyam hä !'' — I thought you were from Naṅgaśūra! (the perfect here could also be translated as "until now, I had been thinking ...") | ||
: ''prānilau idmaiṣyika tati nelyah''. — I think it's going to rain tomorrow. | : ''prānilau idmaiṣyika tati nelyah''. — I think it's going to rain tomorrow. | ||
Note that ''√nely-'' is a perception verb, as defined [[#Telicity_in_perception_verbs|above]], and therefore intransitive, unlike ''√sām-''. | Note that ''√nely-'' is a perception verb, as defined [[#Telicity_in_perception_verbs|above]], and therefore intransitive, unlike ''√sām-''. | ||