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Vinnish (view source)

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| fam2 = Germanic
| fam2 = Germanic
| fam3 = North Germanic
| fam3 = North Germanic
| fam4 = Far West Norse
| fam5 = Old Vinnish
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects-->
| dia1 = <!--these are for dialects-->
| agency =
| agency =
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Intonation
Intonation
-->
-->
==Orthography==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet
|-
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Ææ || Øø || Åå
|}
The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
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-->
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===Orthography===
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
The pronunciation of each letter is as follows. Vinnish words are almost always stressed on the first syllable. In non-diphthong syllables stress is shown by lengthening the vowel.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!
!'''Pronunciation'''
!'''Example'''
!'''IPA'''
!'''Translation'''
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''a'''
|[aː] when stressed
|t'''a'''ke
|[ˈtʰ'''aː'''kə]
|to take
|-
|[a] when unstressed
|vinsk'''a'''p
|[viːnʃk'''a'''p]
|friendship (n)
|-
|[ə] word-finally (only loanwords)
|past'''a'''
|[ˈpʰaːʂt'''ə''']
|pasta; noodles (c)
|-
|'''au'''
|[oʊ]
|ð'''au'''
|[ˈð'''oʊ''']
|they (referring to neuter nouns)
|-
|'''b'''
|[b] (in some dialects, [p])
|'''b'''ogi
|[ˈ'''b'''oːgi]
|bow (c)
|-
|'''bl'''
|[pl]
|'''bl'''år
|[ˈ'''pl'''ɔːr]
|blue
|-
|'''br'''
|[pr]
|'''br'''oðar
|[ˈ'''pr'''oːðər]
|brother (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''c'''
|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|'''C'''anade
|[ˈkʰaːnadə]
|Canada
|-
|[s] before i/e (loanwords only)
|'''c'''enter
|[ˈ'''s'''eːntr̩]
|center; central office (n)
|-
|'''ch'''
|same as “k” (loanwords only)
|'''ch'''ronologi
|[ˈkroːnologi]
|chronology (c)
|-
|'''d'''
|[d] (in some dialects, [t])
|'''d'''ager
|[ˈ'''d'''aːgr̩]
|day (c)
|-
|'''dr'''
|[tr]
|'''dr'''epe
|[ˈ'''tr'''eːpə]
|to kill
|-
|'''ð'''
|[ð]
|sta'''ð'''er
|[ˈʂtaː'''ð'''r̩]
|town, city (c)
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''e'''
|[eː] when stressed
|sk'''e'''re
|[ʂk'''eː'''rə]
|to cut, to part
|-
|[e] when unstressed
|Vinl'''e'''ndenger
|[ˈviːnl'''e'''ndeŋkr̩]
|Vinnish (person)
|-
|[ə] word-finally
|Els'''e'''
|[ˈeːls'''ə''']
|a proper name; Elsa
|-
|'''ei'''
|[ei]
|ð'''ei'''r
|[ˈð'''ei'''r]
|they (common pl)
|-
|'''er'''
| rowspan="2" |syllabic word-finally
|mað'''er'''
|[ˈmaːð'''r̩''']
|man, person (c)
|-
|'''el'''
|komb'''el'''
|[ˈkʰoːmb'''l̩''']
|grave, monument (n)
|-
|'''em'''
|[əm] word-finally
|skåp'''em'''
|[ˈʂkɔːp'''əm''']
|“we do”
|-
|'''en'''
|[ən] word-finally
|vat'''en'''
|[ˈvaːt'''ən''']
|water (n)
|-
|'''es'''
|[əs] word-finally in mediopassive verbs
|hør'''es'''
|[ˈhøːr'''əs''']
|mediopassive infinitive of “høre”
|-
|'''et'''
|[ət] word-finally in definite articles and neuter adjectives
|barn'''et'''
|[ˈbaːrn'''ət''']
|the child (n)
|-
|'''eu'''
|[øy]
|'''Eu'''rope
|[ˈ'''øy'''ropə]
|Europe (c)
|-
|'''f'''
|[f]
|'''f'''å
|[ˈ'''f'''ɔː]
|to obtain, to get
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''g'''
|[g] (in some dialects, [k])
|'''g'''øre
|[ˈ'''g'''øːrə]
|to make
|-
|[ʂ] before i/e in certain loanwords
|'''g'''eographi
|[ˈ'''ʂ'''eːokrafi]
|geography
|-
|[ɣ] word-finally, post-vocalically before a consonant
|e'''g'''
|[ˈeː'''ɣ''']
|I (first person pronoun)
|-
|'''gr'''
|[kr]
|'''gr'''år
|[ˈ'''kr'''ɔːr]
|gray; gloomy
|-
|'''gl'''
|[kl]
|'''gl'''åpe
|[ˈ'''kl'''ɔːpə]
|to stare (+d); to focus on (+a)
|-
|'''gv'''
|[kv]
|'''gv'''er
|[ˈ'''kv'''eːr]
|who
|-
|'''h'''
|[h]
|'''h'''ester
|[ˈ'''h'''eːstr̩]
|horse (c)
|-
|'''hl'''
|[l̥] for older speakers; otherwise same as “l”
|'''hl'''aupe
|[ˈ'''l̥'''oʊpə]
|to jump
|-
|'''hr'''
|[r̥]~[ɹ̥] for older speakers; otherwise same as “r”
|'''hr'''inger
|[ˈ'''r̥'''iːŋkr̩]
|ring (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''i'''
|[iː] when stressed
|f'''i'''lgi
| rowspan="2" |[ˈf'''iː'''lg'''i''']
| rowspan="2" |friend; pal (c)
|-
|[i] when unstressed
|filg'''i'''
|-
|'''j'''
|[j]
|'''j'''eter
|[ˈ'''j'''eːtr̩]
|hot (adj.)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''k'''
|[kʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters
|'''k'''one
|[ˈ'''kʰ'''oːnə]
|woman (c)
|-
|[k] in clusters and at the end of a word
|'''k'''ristni
|[ˈ'''k'''riːʂtni]
|Christianity (c)
|-
|'''l'''
|[l]
|'''l'''anger
|[ˈ'''l'''aːŋkr̩]
|long, tall (adj)
|-
|'''m'''
|[m]
|'''m'''ame
|[ˈ'''m'''aːmə]
|mom; mama (c)
|-
|'''n'''
|[n]
|'''n'''eme
|[ˈ'''n'''eːmə]
|to take; to grab
|-
|'''ng'''
|[ŋk]
|ga'''ng'''e
|[ˈgaː'''ŋk'''ə]
|to go
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''o'''
|[oː] when stressed
| rowspan="2" |m'''o'''t'''o'''r
| rowspan="2" |[ˈm'''oː'''t'''o'''r]
| rowspan="2" |motor (c)
|-
|[o] when unstressed
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''p'''
|[pʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters
|'''p'''ape
|[ˈ'''pʰ'''aːpʰə]
|dad; papa (c)
|-
|[p] in clusters and at the end of a word
|ski'''p'''
|[ˈʂkiː'''p''']
|ship (n)
|-
|'''ph'''
|[f] (only used in Greek loanwords)
|'''ph'''oto
|[ˈ'''f'''oːto]
|photograph (n)
|-
|'''qu'''
|[kv]~[gv] (only used in French/Latin loanwords)
|'''q'''uantite
|[ˈ'''kv'''aːntitə]
|quantity (c)
|-
|'''r'''
|[r]
|'''r'''auðer
|[ˈ'''r'''oʊðr̩]
|red (adj)
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''s'''
| rowspan="2" |[s] prevocalically and in any cluster where it precedes f, l, n, r, v; also at the end of genitives in compound nouns
|'''s'''orter
|[ˈ'''s'''oːrtr̩]
|black (adj)
|-
|Egil'''s'''dottar
|[ˈeːɡil'''s'''dottər]
|a patronymic; daughter of Egil
|-
|[ʂ] word-initially/after a vowel and before a consonant
|'''st'''erker
|[ˈ'''ʂ'''teːrkr̩]
|strong (adj)
|-
|[ʃ] between two consonants
|vin'''sk'''e
|[ˈviːn'''ʃ'''kə]
|Vinnish (language) (c)
|-
|'''sj'''
|[ʂ]
|'''sj'''ør
|[ˈ'''ʂ'''øːr]
|sea (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''t'''
|[tʰ] prevocalically outside of clusters
|'''t'''il
|[ˈ'''tʰ'''il]
|towards; lative preposition
|-
|[t] in clusters and at the end of a word
|sor'''t'''
|[ˈsoːr'''t''']
|neuter of “sorter” (black)
|-
|'''th'''
|same as “t” (only used in Greek loanwords)
|'''th'''eologi
|['''tʰ'''eˈoːlogi]
|theology (c)
|-
|'''tj'''
|[tʂ]
|gvi'''tj'''øre
|[ˈkviː'''tʂ'''ørə]
|kenning for a goose; literally “white-ear” (n)
|-
|'''u'''
|[uː] when stressed
|r'''u'''m
|[ˈr'''uː'''m]
|bed (n)
|-
|'''v'''
|[v]
|'''v'''inder
|[ˈ'''v'''iːndr̩]
|wind (c)
|-
|'''w'''
|[v]~[w]
|'''W'''isconsin
|['''v'''iˈʂkoːnsin]
|Wisconsin
|-
|'''x'''
|[ks]
|se'''x'''
|[ˈseː'''ks''']
|six
|-
|'''y'''
|[yː] when stressed
|gr'''y'''n
|[ˈkr'''yː'''n]
|green
|-
|'''z'''
|[z]~[s]
|'''z'''ebre
|[ˈ'''z'''eːprə]
|zebra (c)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''æ'''
|[æː] when stressed
|s'''æ'''l
|[ˈs'''æː'''l]
|well, healthy (adj)
|-
|[æ] when unstressed
|gven'''æ'''r
|[ˈgveːn'''æ'''r]
|when (interrogative)
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''ø'''
|[øː] when stressed
|sp'''ø'''rje
|[ˈʂp'''øː'''rjə]
|to ask
|-
|[ø] when unstressed
|f'''ø'''rgefe
|[f'''ø'''rˈɡeːfə]
|to forgive
|-
|-
! colspan="30" | Vinnish Alphabet
| rowspan="2" |'''å'''
|[ɔː]~[oː] when stressed
|v'''å'''ge
|[ˈv'''ɔː'''gə]
|eye (n)
|-
|-
| Aa || Bb || Cc || Dd || Ðð || Ee || Ff || Gg || Hh || Ii || Jj || Kk || Ll || Mm || Nn || Oo || Pp || Qq || Rr || Ss || Tt || Uu || Vv || Ww || Xx || Yy || Zz || Ææ || Øø || Åå
|[ɔ]~[o] when unstressed
|Ol'''å'''fer
|[ˈoːl'''ɔ'''fr̩]
|Olaf (male name)
|}
|}


The Vinnish orthography is based on the Latin alphabet, with the addition of four extra letters, Ð, Æ, Ø, and Å. The alphabet was codified with the translation of the Bible into Vinnish by scholar Johan Goðmundsson around the time of the Protestant Reformation in Vinland. Until then, Vinnish was largely unwritten, with the exception of a few runestones written in Medieval Runes, as well as several documents in churches written in ad hoc orthographies based on the Latin script.
===Common Phonological Processes in Vinnish===
 
==== Elision ====
Certain letters in Vinnish are subject to elision when inflectional endings follow them. In particular, -en, -er, and -el are prone to this sort of change:
 
* krist'''en''' > krist'''ne'''
* komb'''el''' > komb'''li'''
* mað'''er''' > mað'''ren'''
 
In multisyllabic adjective stems, this is particularly prominent.
 
==== Vowel Assimilation ====
Often, two vowels that are adjacent to each other will undergo elision, with the “double” vowel merging into the first vowel.
 
* hå-'''ar''' -> h'''år'''
* hå-'''a''' -> h'''å'''
* tru-'''em''' -> tru'''m'''
 
==== R-Assimilation ====
In addition, the -er suffix is prone to being dropped when added to stems that end in -l, -n, -r, -s, and -x. This is due to it being a word-final “-r” in Old Norse which would assimilate to one of the aforementioned consonants.
 
* far + er > fa'''r'''
* mikel + er > mike'''l'''
* vinlos + er > vinlo'''s'''
* gryn + er > gry'''n'''
 
This also shows up with the genitive plural adjectival suffix, -re, which will assimilate by doubling the stem consonant that comes before it:
 
* far + re > fa'''rre'''
* vinlos + re > vinlo'''sse'''
* gryn + re > gry'''nne'''
 
==== U-Umlaut ====
U-umlaut in Vinnish is fairly simple: certain suffixes and grammatical endings trigger u-umlaut, which only surfaces in the vowel “a” earlier on in the word. This change causes the vowel “a” to become “å” instead.
 
* sk'''a'''p- > sk'''å'''pem
* b'''a'''rn > b'''å'''rn
 
In syllables whose stem vowel is not “a”, this change does not visibly surface.
 
* m'''æ'''l- > m'''æ'''lem
* sk'''i'''p > sk'''i'''p
 
In multisyllabic words (often verbs) that undergo u-umlaut, generally the stressed “a” will mutate to “å” while the remaining “a” vowels until the ending will mutate to “e”.
 
Throughout this page, the shorthand (+u) will be used to denote the triggering of u-umlaut.
 
==== I-Umlaut ====
I-Umlaut is a somewhat more complicated process: It affects many more vowels than u-umlaut does, and as such, each pattern needs to be memorized separately. Note that also in some cases, one vowel can have multiple realizations after i-umlaut for etymological reasons relating to Old Norse. In these cases, I try to list the most common realization first and the less common ones last.
{| class="wikitable"
|'''Vowel'''
|'''I-Umlauted'''
|-
|a, ja
|e
|-
|au, o
|ø
|-
|vå
|jø
|-
|å
|æ, ø
|-
|u, ø, ju, jø, o
|y
|}
Throughout this page, the shorthand (+i) will be used to denote the triggering of i-umlaut.


===Consonants===
==== Dental Assimilation ====
When a suffix beginning in a dental sound follows another dental, some assimilation takes place between the two sounds.


===Vowels===
* ð + d > dd, d word-finally
===Prosody===
** fy'''ð'''- + -de > fy'''dd'''e
====Stress====
* ð + t > tt, t word-finally
====Intonation====
** rau'''ð'''- + t > rau'''t'''
* ð + t > st word-finally (more in verbs)
** ba'''ð'''- + t > ba'''st'''
* t + t > tt, t word-finally
** fla'''t'''- + t > fla'''t'''
* t + t > st word-finally (more in verbs)
** gal'''t'''- + t > gal'''st'''


===Phonotactics===
<!-- Explain the consonant clusters and vowel clusters that are permissible for use in the language. For example, "st" is an allowed consonant cluster in English while onset "ng" isn't. -->
===Morphophonology===
==Morphology==
==Morphology==
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. -->
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