Germian

Germian
Germic
The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. The crossing represents the intertwining of languages.
Pronunciation	[germiʃ]
Created by	Jeppesper
Date	2022
Setting	Germanic languages
Native to	Anyone
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Germic Germian
Writing system	Latin

Germian (Germic IPA: /germiʃ/) is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, germ stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.

Qualities

Alignment	Neutral alignment
Type	Analytical
Tonal	No
Genders	None

Nouns decline according to	Case Number Definiteness
Verbs conjugate according to	Tense Aspect
Adjectives decline according to	Comparision

100%	Phonetic alphabet
100%	Consistent noun & adjective declensions
100%	Consistent verb conjugations
0%	Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation
+	Swadesh inclusive
+	GSRD inclusive

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Plosive	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ				h
Approximant					j		w
Trill			r
Lateral app.			l
Clusters						ks kw

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
High	iː yː				uː
Near-high		ɪ ʏ		ʊ
High-mid	eː				oː
Mid
Low-mid	ɛ				ɔ
Near-low
Low		a			ɑː
Diphthongs	ɛ͡ɪ	a͡ɪ a͡ʊ			ɔ͡ɪ ɔ͡ʊ

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Sound	/a/	/b/	/ʃ/	/d/	/ɛ/	/f/	/g/	/h/	/ɪ/	/j/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/ɔ/	/p/	/kw/	/r/	/s/	/t/	/ʊ/	/v/	/w/	/ks/	/ʏ/	/z/
Name	/a/	/beː/	/ʃeː/	/deː/	/ɛ/	/ɛf/	/geː/	/hoː/	/ɪ/	/jɛɪ/	/kɛɪ/	/ɛl/	/ɛm/	/ɛn/	/ɔ/	/peː/	/kwuː/	/ɛr/	/ɛs/	/teː/	/ʊ/	/vɛɪ/	/wʏn/	/ɛks/	/ʏ/	/zɛt/

Digraphs & Diphthongs

Digraphs & Diphthongs	Aa aa	Ee ee	Ii ii	Oo oo	Uu uu	Yy yy	Ng ng	Ai ai	Ei ei	Oi oi	Au au	Ou ou
Sound	/ɑː/	/eː/	/iː/	/oː/	/uː/	/yː/	/ŋ/	/a͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɔ͡ɪ/	/a͡ʊ/	/ɔ͡ʊ/
Name	lang a	lang e	lang i	lang o	lang u	lang y	/ɛŋ/	/a͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɔ͡ɪ/	/a͡ʊ/	/ɔ͡ʊ/

Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds

Foreign letters	Ðð	Þþ	Åå	Ææ Ää	Öö Øø	Üü	ẞß
Foreign sounds	/ð/	/θ/	/o/	/æ/	/œ/ /ø/	/ɵ/ /ʉ/	/s/
Germian translitteration	dh	th	ao	ae	oe	ue	ss

Phonotactics

• Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.

1. There are no silent letters.

2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.

3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:

Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:

Example: bb = /b.b/

Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are not pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: ia = /ɪa/

Example: iea = /ɪɛa/

Example: aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/

The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:

Example: aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/

Example: eei = /eː.ɪ/

Not like: aii = /a.iː/

Not like: eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/

Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/

Example: eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/

Example: aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/

Example: aaa = /ɑː.a/

Grammar

Syntax

Germian syntax follows a SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.

Descriptive examples:

Example: Jaik¹ hav² ain³ kat⁴. ⇄ I¹ have² a³ cat⁴.

Example: Jaik¹ siien⁴ nite³ et⁵. ⇄ I¹ do² not³ see⁴ it⁵.

Example: Ain¹ roud² rous³. ⇄ A¹ red² rose³.

^{Example: Vat1 wilte4 duu3 dun5 6? ⇄ What1 do2 you3 want4 to5 do6?}

^{Example: Vii1 brauke2 gouen3 in4 de5 morgen6. ⇄ We1 usually2 walk3 in4 the5 morning6.}

^{Example: Siien4 du2 et5 nite3? ⇄ Do1 you (s.)2 not3 see4 it5?}

Noun declenations

Case articles and number

Example	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Definite	de kat	de kates
Nominative-Indefinite	ain kat	(vleere) kates
Possessive-Definite	de katese	de kateses
Possessive-Indefinite	ain katese	(vleere) kateses

Vocabulary

^{ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)}

^{de ⇄ the (definite article)}

^{kat ⇄ cat}

^{vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")}

Noun affixes

-er ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employer)

-iie ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employee)

-ing ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's childhood)

Verb conjugations

Infinitive/Imperative: sainen ⇄ to be	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	sain ⇄ am/is/are	saine ⇄ being	hasainen ⇄ have/has been
Past	saind ⇄ was/were	sainde ⇄ was/were being	hadsainen ⇄ had been
Future	vil sain ⇄ will be	vil saine ⇄ will become	vil hasainen ⇄ will have been
Conditional			skalde hasainen ⇄ would have been	skalde sain ⇄ would be

Infinitive/Imperative: dunen ⇄ to do	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	dun ⇄ do	dune ⇄ doing	hadunen ⇄ have/has done
Past	dund ⇄ did	dunde ⇄ was/were doing	haddunen ⇄ had done
Future	vil dun ⇄ will do	vil dune ⇄ will be doing	vil hadunen ⇄ will have done
Conditional			skalde hadunen ⇄ would have done	skalde dun ⇄ would do

Infinitive/Imperative: haven ⇄ to have	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	hav ⇄ have	have ⇄ having	hahaven ⇄ have/has had
Past	havd ⇄ had	havde ⇄ was/were having	hadhaven ⇄ had had
Future	vil hav ⇄ will have	vil have ⇄ will be having	vil hahaven ⇄ will have had
Conditional			skalde hahaven ⇄ would have had	skalde hav ⇄ would have

Modal auxiliary verbs

berhauce ⇄ need

brauke ⇄ brukar, usually do

burt ⇄ ought

durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, dürf, få

kan ⇄ can, to be able

kaunde ⇄ could

moug ⇄ might

must ⇄ must

skal ⇄ shall

skalde ⇄ would

taure ⇄ dare

vil ⇄ will, going to

wilte ⇄ want

Verb affixes

-en ⇄ (making-verb)

Example	(Making-verb)	Progressive	Example phrase	Example phrase
vit ⇄ white	viten ⇄ whiten	vite ⇄ whitening	viten de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth	de vite faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth

rii- ⇄ (repeat)

un- ⇄ (deprive)

ike-- ⇄ (negate)

Example	(repeat)	(deprive)	(negate)
vit ⇄ white	riiviten ⇄ rewhiten	unviten ⇄ unwhiten	ike-vit ⇄ non-white

Adjective comparison

-er ⇄ (comparative)

-est ⇄ (superlative)

Example	Positive/Negative	Comparative	Superlative
Adjective	groos	grooser	groosest

Example: Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.

Example: Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.

Example: Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.

Example: Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.

Example: Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.

Example: Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.

Example: Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.

Example: Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.

Example: Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.

Example: Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.

Vocabulary

^{dan ⇄ than}

^{dat ⇄ that}

^{de ⇄ the}

^{et ⇄ it}

^{fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot}

^{groos ⇄ big}

^{hav ⇄ have}

^{jaik ⇄ I}

^{klain ⇄ small}

^{klim ⇄ little meer ⇄ even more, additional}

^{sain ⇄ am/is/are}

^{vleere ⇄ several}

^{wilte ⇄ want}

Adjective affix

-ic ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)

Example	gold ⇄ gold	hund ⇄ dog
-ic	goldic	hundic

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns	Nominative	Possesive	Reflexive
1st person	jaik ⇄ I vii ⇄ we	jaikse ⇄ my/mine viise ⇄ our/ours	jaikself ⇄ myself viiselfs ⇄ ourselves
2nd person	duu ⇄ you (s.) juu ⇄ you (pl.)	duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.) juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.)	duuself ⇄ yourself (s.) juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.)
3rd person	xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./former. standard) diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./post-former.) et ⇄ it dei ⇄ they (pl.)	xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.) diinse ⇄ theirs (s.) etse ⇄ its deise ⇄ theirs (pl.)	xiinself ⇄ themself (s.) diinself ⇄ themself (s.) etself ⇄ itself deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.)
4th person	eim ⇄ one	eimse ⇄ one's	eimself ⇄ oneself

Numerals

1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.

2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.

3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").

4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.

Capitalization

Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.

The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.

Punctuation

Apostrophe

The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.

Brackets

Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.

Colon

The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.

Comma

The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.

The comma is also used as the decimal separator.

Dash and hyphen

The dash ( –, — ) is used:

1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.

2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".

3. to mark someone speaking.

4. to mark the one who said something.

The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:

1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.

2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;

Ellipsis

An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.

Exclamation mark

The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.

Period/full stop/full point

The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".

Question marks

The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.

Quotation marks

Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.

Semicolon

The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.

Slash

The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.

Abbreviations

Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.

Word creation

A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ / in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out.

When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word that fits, then creative liberty can be pursued.

Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae".

Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color).

Compound words

When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:

Closed compound words

Example: apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice

Example: hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread

Open compound words

Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.

Example: video speil ⇄ video game

Example: ful moon ⇄ full moon

Hyphenated compound words

Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.

Example: CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc

Example: maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing

Loan words

Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:

Example: déjà vu ⇄ deica vue

Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:

Example: sushi ⇄ suci

Example: motto ⇄ moto

Example: niche ⇄ niic

Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.

Example: Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi

Example: internet ⇄ internet

Countries & languages

The word creation for country/region and language names should be done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically for the country/region or language to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic

Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.

Dictionary

Phrases

Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is...	jaik ⇄ I	heiten ⇄ to be named, heiße, heet, heter
Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name?	name ⇄ name	Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak...
Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak...	Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand.	Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet?
Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it? How is it going?	Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay?	Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay?
okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok	jaa ⇄ yes	nei ⇄ no
njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well	jee ⇄ yeah	naa ⇄ nah
maince ⇄ maybe	natuuric ⇄ of course	kain problem ⇄ no problem
antswer ⇄ answer	genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right	inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong
tangke ⇄ thanks	tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you	fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much
stop! ⇄ stop!	help ⇄ help	akta! ⇄ look out!
sori ⇄ sorry	sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this	pardon ⇄ excuse me
spliise ⇄ please	ckol ⇄ cheers	grelsing ⇄ greeting
haloo ⇄ hello	hae ⇄ hi	hei ⇄ hey
dae ⇄ good day/bye/dag	guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye	cau ⇄ bye
adjoo ⇄ adieu	ferwel ⇄ farewell	sees vii ⇄ see us: see you/see you later
wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome	moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome	guut morgen ⇄ good morning
guut daag ⇄ good day	guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon	guut aufend ⇄ good evening
guut nact ⇄ good night	jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you	Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this?

Swadesh+

1. I ⇄ jaik
2. we ⇄ vii
3. you (singular) ⇄ duu
4. you (plural) ⇄ juu
5. they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
6. they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
7. it ⇄ et
8. they (plural) ⇄ dei
9. this ⇄ dit
10. that ⇄ dat
11. here ⇄ heir
12. there ⇄ daar
13. who ⇄ viim
14. whose ⇄ viis
15. what ⇄ vat
16. why ⇄ vatfuur
17. which ⇄ velke
18. where ⇄ veir
19. when ⇄ van
20. how ⇄ vur
21. what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
22. not ⇄ nite
23. all ⇄ al
24. none, no, not any ⇄ kain
25. many ⇄ fiil
26. few ⇄ veenig
27. some ⇄ somige
28. other ⇄ aader
29. one ⇄ ein
30. two ⇄ tvei
31. three ⇄ drii
32. four ⇄ fiir
33. five ⇄ faif
34. big ⇄ groos
35. small ⇄ klain
36. long ⇄ lang
37. short ⇄ kort
38. wide ⇄ breid
39. narrow ⇄ smaal
40. thick ⇄ dik
41. thin ⇄ dun
42. heavy ⇄ cveer
43. light ⇄ leict
44. female ⇄ femlin
45. male ⇄ manske
46. hermaphrodite ⇄ herm
47. androgyne ⇄ wenle
48. gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
49. genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
50. cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
51. inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
52. endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
53. trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
54. diverse/variating/queer ⇄ veirai
55. human ⇄ huumas
56. child, youngling ⇄ kind
57. child, progeny ⇄ cinder
58. spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
59. parent ⇄ elter
60. animal ⇄ diir
61. fish ⇄ fic
62. bird ⇄ fogel
63. dog ⇄ hund
64. louse ⇄ laus
65. snake ⇄ clang
66. worm ⇄ wurm
67. nature ⇄ natuur
68. tree ⇄ trai
69. forest ⇄ skoog
70. stick ⇄ stape
71. fruit ⇄ fruut
72. seed ⇄ saed
73. leaf ⇄ lauv
74. root ⇄ wrootcel
75. bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
76. flower ⇄ blom
77. grass ⇄ grais
78. rope ⇄ roup
79. body ⇄ bodi
80. organ ⇄ organ
81. skin ⇄ skind
82. leather ⇄ leder
83. scale ⇄ sqeil
84. meat ⇄ flec
85. blood ⇄ blut
86. bone ⇄ boun
87. fat (noun) ⇄ feit
88. grease ⇄ greis
89. mucle ⇄ muskel
90. guts ⇄ darm
91. heart ⇄ hart
92. brain ⇄ breihin
93. liver ⇄ leever
94. egg ⇄ eig
95. horn ⇄ horn
96. stinger ⇄ stakel
97. antenna ⇄ anten
98. tail ⇄ stvan
99. feather ⇄ veder
100. hair ⇄ har
101. fur ⇄ fel
102. head ⇄ hovd
103. face ⇄ sicte
104. ear ⇄ oor
105. eye ⇄ ooge
106. nose ⇄ noose
107. snout ⇄ snuut
108. mouth ⇄ mund
109. beard ⇄ bard
110. mustasch ⇄ mustac
111. lip ⇄ lip
112. tooth ⇄ tand
113. tongue ⇄ tunge
114. foot ⇄ fut
115. leg ⇄ leg
116. knee ⇄ knii
117. hand ⇄ hand
118. finger ⇄ finger
119. nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
120. claw ⇄ klau
121. wing ⇄ ving
122. belly ⇄ belai
123. stomach ⇄ maage
124. neck ⇄ hals
125. nape ⇄ nek
126. throat ⇄ keel
127. back ⇄ rug
128. breast, boob ⇄ brost
129. chest ⇄ cest
130. ass, butt ⇄ bump
131. anus ⇄ anus
132. urethra ⇄ uretra
133. vagina ⇄ vagin
134. vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
135. clitoris ⇄ klitoris
136. womb ⇄ wuum
137. ovary ⇄ oovery
138. ovum ⇄ oovum
139. penis ⇄ peenis
140. penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
141. scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
142. male genitals ⇄ prung
143. glans ⇄ gleiskel
144. testicle ⇄ testikel
145. sperm ⇄ sperm
146. to drink ⇄ dringken
147. to eat ⇄ spiitsen
148. to nibble ⇄ knibelen
149. to bite ⇄ baiten
150. to suck ⇄ saugen
151. to spit ⇄ speiten
152. to vomit ⇄ sparfen
153. to blow ⇄ blousen
154. to breathe ⇄ andemen
155. to laugh ⇄ lahen
156. to see ⇄ siien
157. to hear ⇄ hooren
158. to know ⇄ visten
159. to think ⇄ tengken
160. to smell ⇄ raukten
161. to taste ⇄ spruufen
162. to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
163. to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
164. to touch ⇄ rooren
165. to sense ⇄ sensen
166. to fear ⇄ frangsten
167. to sleep ⇄ slaapen
168. to live ⇄ leven
169. to die ⇄ cdurden
170. to kill ⇄ douden
171. to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
172. to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
173. to hunt ⇄ jakten
174. to hit ⇄ slaagen
175. to cut ⇄ cneiden
176. to chop ⇄ haken
177. to stab ⇄ staben
178. to share ⇄ deelen
179. to split ⇄ spliten
180. to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
181. to dig ⇄ graven
182. to swim ⇄ swimen
183. to fly ⇄ fliigen
184. to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
185. to come ⇄ komen
186. to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
187. to sit ⇄ siten
188. to stand ⇄ standen
189. to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
190. to rise ⇄ staigen
191. to fall ⇄ falen
192. to give ⇄ geeven
193. to take ⇄ neimen
194. to hold ⇄ halden
195. to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
196. to rub ⇄ ruben
197. to wash ⇄ vasen
198. to wipe ⇄ drooken
199. to pull ⇄ pulen
200. to push ⇄ druken
201. to throw ⇄ troiven
202. to catch ⇄ fangen
203. to tie ⇄ binden
204. to sew ⇄ snaien
205. to count ⇄ reekenen
206. to say ⇄ saagen
207. to sing ⇄ singen
208. to play ⇄ spleien
209. to float ⇄ flouten
210. to sink ⇄ zingken
211. to flow ⇄ floisen
212. to swell ⇄ svelen
213. to freeze ⇄ friisen
214. to burn ⇄ brenen
215. fire ⇄ fiier
216. sun ⇄ son
217. star ⇄ ster
218. earth ⇄ erd
219. moon ⇄ mon
220. salt ⇄ salt
221. stone ⇄ steen
222. dust ⇄ stov
223. gravel ⇄ graus
224. boulder ⇄ boulder
225. ash ⇄ ask
226. mountain ⇄ berg
227. hill ⇄ houvel
228. sand ⇄ sand
229. road ⇄ veeg
230. water ⇄ vaater
231. drop ⇄ drop
232. rain ⇄ regen
233. river ⇄ flusd
234. lake ⇄ see
235. sea ⇄ haav
236. waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
237. waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
238. snow ⇄ snee
239. ice ⇄ ais
240. fog ⇄ neevel
241. mist ⇄ mist
242. tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
243. air ⇄ luft
244. cloud ⇄ woln
245. sky ⇄ himel
246. wind ⇄ wind
247. smoke ⇄ rook
248. disaster ⇄ katastrof
249. color ⇄ kolur
250. paint ⇄ farb
251. red ⇄ roud
252. orange ⇄ oranc
253. yellow ⇄ gelu
254. lime ⇄ laim
255. green ⇄ grun
256. turquoise ⇄ turkois
257. cyan ⇄ cyan
258. azure ⇄ azor
259. blue ⇄ blo
260. purple ⇄ prila
261. magenta ⇄ magent
262. cerise ⇄ ceri
263. white ⇄ vit
264. gray ⇄ gro
265. black ⇄ svart
266. brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
267. pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
268. beige ⇄ beic
269. light ⇄ lict
270. hazy ⇄ hazi
271. dark ⇄ dunkel
272. night ⇄ nact
273. day ⇄ daag
274. year ⇄ jaur
275. warm ⇄ varm
276. cold ⇄ kald
277. full ⇄ fol
278. empty ⇄ lemtom
279. new ⇄ nue
280. old ⇄ old
281. good ⇄ guut
282. bad ⇄ slect
283. ripe, mature ⇄ raif
284. rotten ⇄ rotnen
285. clean ⇄ crein
286. dirty ⇄ smotsic
287. straight ⇄ strak
288. bent ⇄ bougd
289. round ⇄ rund
290. sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
291. dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
292. smooth ⇄ glat
293. ragged ⇄ rugd
294. wet ⇄ vnot
295. dry ⇄ drog
296. near ⇄ neer
297. far ⇄ faar
298. right ⇄ rect
299. left ⇄ lingks
300. center ⇄ centraal
301. north ⇄ nord
302. south ⇄ saud
303. east ⇄ oust
304. west ⇄ vest
305. at ⇄ aton
306. in ⇄ in
307. with ⇄ mit
308. and ⇄ end
309. if ⇄ ifals
310. because ⇄ soodat
311. name ⇄ name
312. correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
313. incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc

Wordlists

• Adjectives
• Adverbs
• Conjunctions and subjunctions
• Interjections
• Nouns
• Numerals
• Prepositions
• Pronouns
• Verbs

Texts

Fragments 31

Fragments 31 — Sapfo — Anne Carson

Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske

das oposit duu siten

end hooren duu neer

spraaken soutlyt

en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde

maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;

fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid

et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken

aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput

end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,

Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,

end jaikse oors buze

kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende

graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker

dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt

tsoo hacdurden.

aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...

---

That man seems to me to be equal to the gods

who is sitting opposite you

and hears you nearby

speaking sweetly

and laughing delightfully, which indeed

makes my heart flutter in my breast;

for when I look at you even for a short time,

it is no longer possible for me to speak

but it is as if my tongue is broken

and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,

I cannot see anything with my eyes,

and my ears are buzzing

a cold sweat comes over me, trembling

seizes me all over, I am paler

than grass, and I seem nearly

to have died.

but everything must be dared/endured, since ...