Germian

Germian
Germic
The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags.
Pronunciation	[germiʃ]
Created by	Jeppesper
Date	2022
Setting	Germanic languages
Native to	Anyone
Language family	Indo-European Germanic North Germanic West Germic Germian
Writing system	Latin
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Germian (Germic IPA: /germiʃ/) is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, germ stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.

Qualities

Alignment	Neutral alignment
Type	Analytical
Tonal	No
Genders	None

Nouns decline according to	Case Number Definiteness
Verbs conjugate according to	Tense Aspect
Adjectives decline according to	Comparision

100%	Phonetic alphabet
100%	Consistent noun & adjective declensions
100%	Consistent verb conjugations
0%	Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation
+	Swadesh inclusive
+	GSRD inclusive

Phonology

Consonants

	Bilabial	Labio-dental	Alveolar	Post-alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labio-velar	Glottal
Nasal	m		n			ŋ
Plosive	p b		t d			k g
Fricative		f v	s z	ʃ				h
Approximant					j		w
Trill			r
Lateral app.			l
Clusters						ks kw

Vowels

	Front	Near-front	Near-back	Back
High	iː yː			uː
Near-high		ɪ ʏ	ʊ
High-mid	eː			oː
Mid
Low-mid	ɛ			ɔ
Near-low
Low		a		ɑː
Diphthongs	ɛ͡ɪ	a͡ɪ a͡ʊ		ɔ͡ɪ ɔ͡ʊ

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter	Aa	Bb	Cc	Dd	Ee	Ff	Gg	Hh	Ii	Jj	Kk	Ll	Mm	Nn	Oo	Pp	Qq	Rr	Ss	Tt	Uu	Vv	Ww	Xx	Yy	Zz
Sound	/a/	/b/	/ʃ/	/d/	/ɛ/	/f/	/g/	/h/	/ɪ/	/j/	/k/	/l/	/m/	/n/	/ɔ/	/p/	/kw/	/r/	/s/	/t/	/ʊ/	/v/	/w/	/ks/	/ʏ/	/z/
Name	/a/	/beː/	/ʃeː/	/deː/	/ɛ/	/ɛf/	/geː/	/hoː/	/ɪ/	/jɛɪ/	/kɛɪ/	/ɛl/	/ɛm/	/ɛn/	/ɔ/	/peː/	/kwuː/	/ɛr/	/ɛs/	/teː/	/ʊ/	/vɛɪ/	/wʏn/	/ɛks/	/ʏ/	/zɛt/

Digraphs & Diphthongs

Digraphs & Diphthongs	Aa aa	Ee ee	Ii ii	Oo oo	Uu uu	Yy yy	Ng ng	Ai ai	Ei ei	Oi oi	Au au	Ou ou
Sound	/ɑː/	/eː/	/iː/	/oː/	/uː/	/yː/	/ŋ/	/a͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɔ͡ɪ/	/a͡ʊ/	/ɔ͡ʊ/
Name	lang a	lang e	lang i	lang o	lang u	lang y	/ɛŋ/	/a͡ɪ/	/ɛ͡ɪ/	/ɔ͡ɪ/	/a͡ʊ/	/ɔ͡ʊ/

Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds

Foreign letters	Ðð	Þþ	Åå	Ææ Ää	Öö Øø	Üü	ẞß
Foreign sounds	/ð/	/θ/	/o/	/æ/	/œ/ /ø/	/ɵ/ /ʉ/	/s/
Germian translitteration	dh	th	ao	ae	oe	ue	ss

Phonotactics

Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.

1. There are no silent letters.

2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.

3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:

Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:

Example: bb = /b.b/

Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are not pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: ia = /ɪa/

Example: iea = /ɪɛa/

Example: aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/

The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:

Example: aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/

Example: eei = /eː.ɪ/

Not like: aii = /a.iː/

Not like: eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/

Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/

Example: eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/

Example: aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/

Example: aaa = /ɑː.a/

Grammar

Syntax

Germian syntax follows a SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.

Descriptive examples:

Example: Jaik¹ hav² ain³ kat⁴. ⇄ I¹ have² a³ cat⁴.

Example: Jaik¹ siien⁴ nite³ et⁵. ⇄ I¹ do² not³ see⁴ it⁵.

Example: Ain¹ roud² rous³. ⇄ A¹ red² rose³.

^{Example: Vat¹ wilte⁴ duu³ dun^{5 6}? ⇄ What¹ do² you³ want⁴ to⁵ do⁶?}

^{Example: Vii¹ brauke² gouen³ in⁴ de⁵ morgen⁶. ⇄ We¹ usually² walk³ in⁴ the⁵ morning⁶.}

^{Example: Siien⁴ du² et⁵ nite³? ⇄ Do¹ you (s.)² not³ see⁴ it⁵?}

Noun declenations

Case articles and number

Example	Singular	Plural
Nominative-Definite	de kat	de kates
Nominative-Indefinite	ain kat	(vleere) kates
Possessive-Definite	de katese	de kateses
Possessive-Indefinite	ain katese	(vleere) kateses

Vocabulary

^{ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)}

^{de ⇄ the (definite article)}

^{kat ⇄ cat}

^{vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")}

Noun affixes

-er ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employer)

-iie ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employee)

-ing ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's childhood)

Verb conjugations

Infinitive/Imperative: sainen ⇄ to be	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	sain ⇄ am/is/are	saine ⇄ being	hasainen ⇄ have/has been
Past	saind ⇄ was/were	sainde ⇄ was/were being	hadsainen ⇄ had been
Future	vil sain ⇄ will be	vil saine ⇄ will become	vil hasainen ⇄ will have been
Conditional			skalde hasainen ⇄ would have been	skalde sain ⇄ would be

Infinitive/Imperative: dunen ⇄ to do	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	dun ⇄ do	dune ⇄ doing	hadunen ⇄ have/has done
Past	dund ⇄ did	dunde ⇄ was/were doing	haddunen ⇄ had done
Future	vil dun ⇄ will do	vil dune ⇄ will be doing	vil hadunen ⇄ will have done
Conditional			skalde hadunen ⇄ would have done	skalde dun ⇄ would do

Infinitive/Imperative: haven ⇄ to have	Simple	Progressive	Perfect	Imperfect
Present	hav ⇄ have	have ⇄ having	hahaven ⇄ have/has had
Past	havd ⇄ had	havde ⇄ was/were having	hadhaven ⇄ had had
Future	vil hav ⇄ will have	vil have ⇄ will be having	vil hahaven ⇄ will have had
Conditional			skalde hahaven ⇄ would have had	skalde hav ⇄ would have

Modal auxiliary verbs

berhauce ⇄ need

brauke ⇄ brukar, usually do

burt ⇄ ought

durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, dürf, få

kan ⇄ can, to be able

kaunde ⇄ could

moug ⇄ might

must ⇄ must

skal ⇄ shall

skalde ⇄ would

taure ⇄ dare

vil ⇄ will, going to

wilte ⇄ want

Verb affixes

-en ⇄ (making-verb)

Example	(Making-verb)	Progressive	Example phrase	Example phrase
vit ⇄ white	viten ⇄ whiten	vite ⇄ whitening	viten de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth	de vite faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth

rii- ⇄ (repeat)

un- ⇄ (deprive)

ike-- ⇄ (negate)

Example	(repeat)	(deprive)	(negate)
vit ⇄ white	riiviten ⇄ rewhiten	unviten ⇄ unwhiten	ike-vit ⇄ non-white

Adjective comparison

-er ⇄ (comparative)

-est ⇄ (superlative)

Example	Positive/Negative	Comparative	Superlative
Adjective	groos	grooser	groosest

Example: Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.

Example: Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.

Example: Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.

Example: Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.

Example: Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.

Example: Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.

Example: Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.

Example: Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.

Example: Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.

Example: Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.

Vocabulary

^{dan ⇄ than}

^{dat ⇄ that}

^{de ⇄ the}

^{et ⇄ it}

^{fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot}

^{groos ⇄ big}

^{hav ⇄ have}

^{jaik ⇄ I}

^{klain ⇄ small}

^{klim ⇄ little} ^{meer ⇄ even more, additional}

^{sain ⇄ am/is/are}

^{vleere ⇄ several}

^{wilte ⇄ want}

Adjective affix

-ic ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)

Example	gold ⇄ gold	hund ⇄ dog
-ic	goldic	hundic

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns	Nominative	Possesive	Reflexive
1st person	jaik ⇄ I vii ⇄ we	jaikse ⇄ my/mine viise ⇄ our/ours	jaikself ⇄ myself viiselfs ⇄ ourselves
2nd person	duu ⇄ you (s.) juu ⇄ you (pl.)	duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.) juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.)	duuself ⇄ yourself (s.) juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.)
3rd person	xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./former. standard) diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./post-former.) et ⇄ it dei ⇄ they (pl.)	xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.) diinse ⇄ theirs (s.) etse ⇄ its deise ⇄ theirs (pl.)	xiinself ⇄ themself (s.) diinself ⇄ themself (s.) etself ⇄ itself deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.)
4th person	eim ⇄ one	eimse ⇄ one's	eimself ⇄ oneself

Numerals

1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.

2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.

3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").

4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.

Capitalization

Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.

The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.

Punctuation

Apostrophe

The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.

Brackets

Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.

Colon

The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.

Comma

The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.

The comma is also used as the decimal separator.

Dash and hyphen

The dash ( –, — ) is used:

1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.

2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".

3. to mark someone speaking.

4. to mark the one who said something.

The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:

1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.

2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;

Ellipsis

An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.

Exclamation mark

The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.

Period/full stop/full point

The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".

Question marks

The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.

Quotation marks

Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.

Semicolon

The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.

Slash

The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.

Abbreviations

Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.

Word creation

A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ / in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out.

When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word, then creative liberty can be pursued e.g. compare Germian's "piiron" (pear) with English's "pear", German's "birne", Dutch's "peer" and Swedish's "päron".

Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae".

Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color).

Compound words

When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:

Closed compound words

Example: apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice

Example: hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread

Open compound words

Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.

Example: video speil ⇄ video game

Example: ful moon ⇄ full moon

Hyphenated compound words

Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.

Example: CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc

Example: maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing

Loan words

Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:

Example: déjà vu ⇄ deica vue

Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:

Example: sushi ⇄ suci

Example: motto ⇄ moto

Example: niche ⇄ niic

Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.

Example: Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi

Example: internet ⇄ internet

Countries & languages

The word creation for country/region and language names should be done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically for the country/region or language to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic

Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.

Dictionary

Phrases

Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is...	jaik ⇄ I	heiten ⇄ to be named, heiße, heet, heter
Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name?	name ⇄ name	Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak...
Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak...	Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand.	Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet?
Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it?, How is it going?	Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay?	Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay?
okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok	jaa ⇄ yes	nei ⇄ no
njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well	jee ⇄ yeah	naa ⇄ nah
maince ⇄ maybe	natuuric ⇄ of course	kain problem ⇄ no problem
antswer ⇄ answer	genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right	inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong
tangke ⇄ thanks	tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you	fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much
stop! ⇄ stop!	help ⇄ help	akta! ⇄ look out!
sori ⇄ sorry	sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this	pardon ⇄ excuse me
spliise ⇄ please	ckol ⇄ cheers	grelsing ⇄ greeting
haloo ⇄ hello	hae ⇄ hi	hei ⇄ hey
dae ⇄ good day/bye/dag	guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye	cau ⇄ bye
adjoo ⇄ adieu	ferwel ⇄ farewell	sees vii ⇄ see you/see you later
wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome	moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome	guut morgen ⇄ good morning
guut daag ⇄ good day	guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon	guut aufend ⇄ good evening
guut nact ⇄ good night	jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you	Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this?

Swadesh+

I ⇄ jaik
we ⇄ vii
you (singular) ⇄ duu
you (plural) ⇄ juu
they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
they (plural) ⇄ dei
this ⇄ dit
that ⇄ dat
here ⇄ heir
there ⇄ daar
who ⇄ viim
whose ⇄ viis
what ⇄ vat
why ⇄ vatfuur
which ⇄ velke
where ⇄ veir
when ⇄ van
how ⇄ vur
what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
not ⇄ nite
all ⇄ al
none, no, not any ⇄ kain
many ⇄ fiil
few ⇄ veenig
some ⇄ somige
other ⇄ aader
one ⇄ ein
two ⇄ tvei
three ⇄ drii
four ⇄ fiir
five ⇄ faif
big ⇄ groos
small ⇄ klain
long ⇄ lang
short ⇄ kort
wide ⇄ breid
narrow ⇄ smaal
thick ⇄ dik
thin ⇄ dun
heavy ⇄ cveer
light ⇄ leict
female ⇄ femlin
male ⇄ manske
herm ⇄ hermaphrodite
androgyne ⇄ wenle
gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
diverse/variating/queer ⇄ veirai
human ⇄ huumas
child, youngling ⇄ kind
child, progeny ⇄ cinder
spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
parent ⇄ elter
animal ⇄ diir
fish ⇄ fic
bird ⇄ fogel
dog ⇄ hund
louse ⇄ laus
snake ⇄ clang
worm ⇄ wurm
nature ⇄ natuur
tree ⇄ trai
forest ⇄ skoog
stick ⇄ stape
fruit ⇄ fruut
seed ⇄ saed
leaf ⇄ lauv
root ⇄ wrootcel
bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
flower ⇄ blom
grass ⇄ grais
rope ⇄ roup
body ⇄ bodi
organ ⇄ organ
skin ⇄ skind
leather ⇄ leder
scale ⇄ sqeil
meat ⇄ flec
blood ⇄ blut
bone ⇄ boun
fat (noun) ⇄ feit
grease ⇄ greis
mucle ⇄ muskel
guts ⇄ darm
heart ⇄ hart
brain ⇄ breihin
liver ⇄ leever
egg ⇄ eig
horn ⇄ horn
stinger ⇄ stakel
antenna ⇄ anten
tail ⇄ stvan
feather ⇄ veder
hair ⇄ har
fur ⇄ fel
head ⇄ hovd
face ⇄ sicte
ear ⇄ oor
eye ⇄ ooge
nose ⇄ noose
snout ⇄ snuut
mouth ⇄ mund
beard ⇄ bard
mustasch ⇄ mustac
lip ⇄ lip
tooth ⇄ tand
tongue ⇄ tunge
foot ⇄ fut
leg ⇄ leg
knee ⇄ knii
hand ⇄ hand
finger ⇄ finger
nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
claw ⇄ klau
wing ⇄ ving
belly ⇄ belai
stomach ⇄ maage
neck ⇄ hals
nape ⇄ nek
throat ⇄ keel
back ⇄ rug
breast, boob ⇄ brost
chest ⇄ cest
ass, butt ⇄ bump
anus ⇄ anus
urethra ⇄ uretra
vagina ⇄ vagin
vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
clitoris ⇄ klitoris
womb ⇄ wuum
ovary ⇄ oovery
ovum ⇄ oovum
penis ⇄ peenis
penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
male genitals ⇄ prung
glans ⇄ gleiskel
testicle ⇄ testikel
sperm ⇄ sperm
to drink ⇄ dringken
to eat ⇄ spiitsen
to nibble ⇄ knibelen
to bite ⇄ baiten
to suck ⇄ saugen
to spit ⇄ speiten
to vomit ⇄ sparfen
to blow ⇄ blousen
to breathe ⇄ andemen
to laugh ⇄ lahen
to see ⇄ siien
to hear ⇄ hooren
to know ⇄ visten
to think ⇄ tengken
to smell ⇄ raukten
to taste ⇄ spruufen
to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
to touch ⇄ rooren
to sense ⇄ sensen
to fear ⇄ frangsten
to sleep ⇄ slaapen
to live ⇄ leven
to die ⇄ cdurden
to kill ⇄ douden
to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
to hunt ⇄ jakten
to hit ⇄ slaagen
to cut ⇄ cneiden
to chop ⇄ haken
to stab ⇄ staben
to share ⇄ deelen
to split ⇄ spliten
to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
to dig ⇄ graven
to swim ⇄ swimen
to fly ⇄ fliigen
to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
to come ⇄ komen
to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
to sit ⇄ siten
to stand ⇄ standen
to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
to rise ⇄ staigen
to fall ⇄ falen
to give ⇄ geeven
to take ⇄ neimen
to hold ⇄ halden
to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
to rub ⇄ ruben
to wash ⇄ vasen
to wipe ⇄ drooken
to pull ⇄ pulen
to push ⇄ druken
to throw ⇄ troiven
to catch ⇄ fangen
to tie ⇄ binden
to sew ⇄ snaien
to count ⇄ reekenen
to say ⇄ saagen
to sing ⇄ singen
to play ⇄ spleien
to float ⇄ flouten
to sink ⇄ zingken
to flow ⇄ floisen
to swell ⇄ svelen
to freeze ⇄ friisen
to burn ⇄ brenen
fire ⇄ fiier
sun ⇄ son
star ⇄ ster
earth ⇄ erd
moon ⇄ mon
salt ⇄ salt
stone ⇄ steen
dust ⇄ stov
gravel ⇄ graus
boulder ⇄ boulder
ash ⇄ ask
mountain ⇄ berg
hill ⇄ houvel
sand ⇄ sand
road ⇄ veeg
water ⇄ vaater
drop ⇄ drop
rain ⇄ regen
river ⇄ flusd
lake ⇄ see
sea ⇄ haav
waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
snow ⇄ snee
ice ⇄ ais
fog ⇄ neevel
mist ⇄ mist
tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
air ⇄ luft
cloud ⇄ woln
sky ⇄ himel
wind ⇄ wind
smoke ⇄ rook
disaster ⇄ katastrof
color ⇄ kolur
paint ⇄ farb
red ⇄ roud
orange ⇄ oranc
yellow ⇄ gelu
lime ⇄ laim
green ⇄ grun
turquoise ⇄ turkois
cyan ⇄ cyan
azure ⇄ azor
blue ⇄ blo
purple ⇄ prila
magenta ⇄ magent
cerise ⇄ ceri
white ⇄ vit
gray ⇄ gro
black ⇄ svart
brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
beige ⇄ beic
light ⇄ lict
hazy ⇄ hazi
dark ⇄ dunkel
night ⇄ nact
day ⇄ daag
year ⇄ jaur
warm ⇄ varm
cold ⇄ kald
full ⇄ fol
empty ⇄ lemtom
new ⇄ nue
old ⇄ old
good ⇄ guut
bad ⇄ slect
ripe, mature ⇄ raif
rotten ⇄ rotnen
clean ⇄ crein
dirty ⇄ smotsic
straight ⇄ strak
bent ⇄ bougd
round ⇄ rund
sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
smooth ⇄ glat
ragged ⇄ rugd
wet ⇄ vnot
dry ⇄ drog
near ⇄ neer
far ⇄ faar
right ⇄ rect
left ⇄ lingks
center ⇄ centraal
north ⇄ nord
south ⇄ saud
east ⇄ oust
west ⇄ vest
at ⇄ aton
in ⇄ in
with ⇄ mit
and ⇄ end
if ⇄ ifals
because ⇄ soodat
name ⇄ name
correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc

Wordlists

Texts

Fragments 31

Fragments 31 — Sapfo — Anne Carson

Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske

das oposit duu siten

end hooren duu neer

spraaken soutlyt

en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde

maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;

fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid

et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken

aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput

end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,

Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,

end jaikse oors buze

kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende

graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker

dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt

tsoo hacdurden.

aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...

That man seems to me to be equal to the gods

who is sitting opposite you

and hears you nearby

speaking sweetly

and laughing delightfully, which indeed

makes my heart flutter in my breast;

for when I look at you even for a short time,

it is no longer possible for me to speak

but it is as if my tongue is broken

and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,

I cannot see anything with my eyes,

and my ears are buzzing

a cold sweat comes over me, trembling

seizes me all over, I am paler

than grass, and I seem nearly

to have died.

but everything must be dared/endured, since ...

Germian

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Fragments 31

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Germian

Qualities

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Orthography

Alphabet

Digraphs & Diphthongs

Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds

Phonotactics

Grammar

Syntax

Noun declenations

Case articles and number

Vocabulary

Noun affixes

Verb conjugations

Modal auxiliary verbs

Verb affixes

Adjective comparison

Vocabulary

Adjective affix

Personal pronouns

Numerals

Capitalization

Punctuation

Abbreviations

Word creation

Compound words

Loan words

Countries & languages

Dictionary

Phrases

Swadesh+

Wordlists

Texts

Fragments 31

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