Germian: Difference between revisions

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# they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
# they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
# they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
# they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
# it ⇄ et
# they (plural) ⇄ dei
# they (plural) ⇄ dei
# this ⇄ dit
# this ⇄ dit

Revision as of 19:02, 15 July 2024

Germian
Germic
Germian Flag.png
The Germian flag is inspired by the Dutch, German, British and Swedish flags. The crossing represents the intertwining of languages.
Pronunciation[germiʃ]
Created byJeppesper
Date2022
SettingGermanic languages
Native toAnyone
Indo-European
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.


Germian (Germic IPA: /germiʃ/) is a conlang created by Jeppesper beginning in 2022, germ stands for it being based of off Germanic languages. It could be thought of as a conditioned language since it is constructed to be regular, simple, recognizable and to lack grammatical gender and gender differentiation of nouns/pronouns. The conlang is mainly based on English, German, Dutch and Swedish, but it has to smaller extends also been influenced by Afrikaans, Danish, Norwegian, Yiddish, West-frisian, Luxembourgish and Icelandic.

Qualities

Alignment Neutral alignment
Type Analytical
Tonal No
Genders None
Nouns decline according to Case

Number

Definiteness

Verbs conjugate according to Tense

Aspect

Adjectives decline according to Comparision
100% Phonetic alphabet
100% Consistent noun & adjective declensions
100% Consistent verb conjugations
0% Noun/Pronoun gender differentiation
+ Swadesh inclusive
+ GSRD inclusive

Phonology

Consonants

Bilabial Labio-dental Alveolar Post-alveolar Palatal Velar Labio-velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative f v s z ʃ h
Approximant j w
Trill r
Lateral app. l
Clusters ks kw

Vowels

Front Near-front Central Near-back Back
High
Near-high ɪ ʏ ʊ
High-mid
Mid
Low-mid ɛ ɔ
Near-low
Low a ɑː
Diphthongs ɛ͡ɪ a͡ɪ a͡ʊ ɔ͡ɪ ɔ͡ʊ

Orthography

Alphabet

Letter Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz
Sound /a/ /b/ /ʃ/ /d/ /ɛ/ /f/ /g/ /h/ /ɪ/ /j/ /k/ /l/ /m/ /n/ /ɔ/ /p/ /kw/ /r/ /s/ /t/ /ʊ/ /v/ /w/ /ks/ /ʏ/ /z/
Name /a/ /beː/ /ʃeː/ /deː/ /ɛ/ /ɛf/ /geː/ /hoː/ /ɪ/ /jɛɪ/ /kɛɪ/ /ɛl/ /ɛm/ /ɛn/ /ɔ/ /peː/ /kwuː/ /ɛr/ /ɛs/ /teː/ /ʊ/ /vɛɪ/ /wʏn/ /ɛks/ /ʏ/ /zɛt/

Digraphs & Diphthongs

Digraphs & Diphthongs Aa aa Ee ee Ii ii Oo oo Uu uu Yy yy Ng ng Ai ai Ei ei Oi oi Au au Ou ou
Sound /ɑː/ /eː/ /iː/ /oː/ /uː/ /yː/ /ŋ/ /a͡ɪ/ /ɛ͡ɪ/ /ɔ͡ɪ/ /a͡ʊ/ /ɔ͡ʊ/
Name lang a lang e lang i lang o lang u lang y /ɛŋ/ /a͡ɪ/ /ɛ͡ɪ/ /ɔ͡ɪ/ /a͡ʊ/ /ɔ͡ʊ/

Translitteration of foreign letters/sounds

Foreign letters Ðð Þþ Åå Ææ Ää Öö Øø Üü ẞß
Foreign sounds /ð/ /θ/ /o/ /æ/ /œ/ /ø/ /ɵ/ /ʉ/ /s/
Germian translitteration dh th ao ae oe ue ss

Phonotactics

  • Note: These phonotactics may vary for loan words and words with foreign letter/sound translitterations.

1. There are no silent letters.

2. There is no phonemic reduced vowel sound like English's /ə/.

3. Multiple consonants, vowels and diphthong combinations interact as follows:

Double consonants (that aren't part of a digraph) are pronounced with a syllable break:

Example: bb = /b.b/


Vowels following each other that are not part of a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are not pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: ia = /ɪa/

Example: iea = /ɪɛa/

Example: aioe = /a͡ɪ.ɔɛ/


The first 2 vowels that are viable as a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are the ones that will be pronounced as such:

Example: aii = /a͡ɪ.ɪ/

Example: eei = /eː.ɪ/

Not like: aii = /a.iː/

Not like: eei = /ɛ.ɛ͡ɪ/


Vowel digraph/diphthong pairs and single vowels that directly preceeds/follows a vowel digraph/diphthong pair are pronounced with a syllable break inbetween them:

Example: aaeiou = /ɑː.ɛ͡ɪ.ɔ͡ʊ/

Example: eaa = /ɛ.ɑː/

Example: aio = /a͡ɪ.ɔ/

Example: aaa = /ɑː.a/

Grammar

Syntax

Germian syntax follows a SVO (subject–verb–object) word order.

Descriptive examples:

Example: Jaik1 hav2 ain3 kat4. ⇄ I1 have2 a3 cat4.

Example: Jaik1 siien4 nite3 et5. ⇄ I1 do2 not3 see4 it5.

Example: Ain1 roud2 rous3. ⇄ A1 red2 rose3.

Example: Vat1 wilte4 duu3 dun5 6? ⇄ What1 do2 you3 want4 to5 do6?

Example: Vii1 brauke2 gouen3 in4 de5 morgen6. ⇄ We1 usually2 walk3 in4 the5 morning6.

Example: Siien4 du2 et5 nite3? ⇄ Do1 you (s.)2 not3 see4 it5?

Noun declenations

Case articles and number

Example Singular Plural
Nominative-Definite de kat de kates
Nominative-Indefinite ain kat (vleere) kates
Possessive-Definite de katese de kateses
Possessive-Indefinite ain katese (vleere) kateses
Vocabulary

ain ⇄ a, an (singular indefinite article)

de ⇄ the (definite article)

kat ⇄ cat

vleere ⇄ several (plural indefinite "article")

Noun affixes

-er ⇄ (making-subject e.g. English's employer)

-iie ⇄ (making-object e.g. English's employee)

-ing ⇄ (state/condition e.g. English's childhood)

Verb conjugations

Infinitive/Imperative:

sainen ⇄ to be

Simple Progressive Perfect Imperfect
Present sain ⇄ am/is/are saine ⇄ being hasainen ⇄ have/has been
Past saind ⇄ was/were sainde ⇄ was/were being hadsainen ⇄ had been
Future vil sain ⇄ will be vil saine ⇄ will become vil hasainen ⇄ will have been
Conditional skalde hasainen ⇄ would have been skalde sain ⇄ would be
Infinitive/Imperative:

dunen ⇄ to do

Simple Progressive Perfect Imperfect
Present dun ⇄ do dune ⇄ doing hadunen ⇄ have/has done
Past dund ⇄ did dunde ⇄ was/were doing haddunen ⇄ had done
Future vil dun ⇄ will do vil dune ⇄ will be doing vil hadunen ⇄ will have done
Conditional skalde hadunen ⇄ would have done skalde dun ⇄ would do
Infinitive/Imperative:

haven ⇄ to have

Simple Progressive Perfect Imperfect
Present hav ⇄ have have ⇄ having hahaven ⇄ have/has had
Past havd ⇄ had havde ⇄ was/were having hadhaven ⇄ had had
Future vil hav ⇄ will have vil have ⇄ will be having vil hahaven ⇄ will have had
Conditional skalde hahaven ⇄ would have had skalde hav ⇄ would have
Modal auxiliary verbs
berhauce ⇄ need
brauke ⇄ brukar, usually do
burt ⇄ ought
durfo ⇄ may, to be permitted to, to be allowed to, dürf, 
kan ⇄ can, to be able
kaunde ⇄ could
moug ⇄ might
must ⇄ must
skal ⇄ shall
skalde ⇄ would
taure ⇄ dare
vil ⇄ will, going to
wilte ⇄ want
Verb affixes

-en ⇄ (making-verb)

Example (Making-verb) Progressive Example phrase Example phrase
vit ⇄ white viten ⇄ whiten vite ⇄ whitening viten de tands ⇄ whiten the teeth de vite faun de tands ⇄ the whitening of the teeth

rii- ⇄ (repeat)

un- ⇄ (deprive)

ike-- ⇄ (negate)

Example (repeat) (deprive) (negate)
vit ⇄ white riiviten ⇄ rewhiten unviten ⇄ unwhiten ike-vit ⇄ non-white

Adjective comparison

-er ⇄ (comparative)

-est ⇄ (superlative)

Example Positive/Negative Comparative Superlative
Adjective groos grooser groosest

Example: Et sain groos. ⇄ It is big.

Example: Et sain grooser dan dat. ⇄ It is larger than that.

Example: Et sain (de) groosest. ⇄ It is the largest.

Example: Et sain klain. ⇄ It is small.

Example: Et sain klainer dan dat. ⇄ It is smaller than that.

Example: Et sain (de) klainest. ⇄ It is the smallest.

Example: Et sain fiiler dan dat. ⇄ It is more than that.

Example: Et sain klimer dan dat. ⇄ It is less than that.

Example: Jaik wilte meer. ⇄ I want (even) more.

Example: Jaik wilte haven vleere. ⇄ I want to have several ones.

Vocabulary

dan ⇄ than

dat ⇄ that

de ⇄ the

et ⇄ it

fiil ⇄ many, much, a lot

groos ⇄ big

hav ⇄ have

jaik ⇄ I

klain ⇄ small

klim ⇄ little meer ⇄ even more, additional

sain ⇄ am/is/are

vleere ⇄ several

wilte ⇄ want

Adjective affix

-ic ⇄ (making-adjective)/(having qualities of)

Example gold ⇄ gold hund ⇄ dog
-ic goldic hundic

Personal pronouns

Personal pronouns Nominative Possesive Reflexive
1st person jaik ⇄ I

vii ⇄ we

jaikse ⇄ my/mine

viise ⇄ our/ours

jaikself ⇄ myself

viiselfs ⇄ ourselves

2nd person duu ⇄ you (s.)

juu ⇄ you (pl.)

duuse ⇄ your/yours (s.)

juuse ⇄ you/yours (pl.)

duuself ⇄ yourself (s.)

juuselfs ⇄ yourselves (pl.)

3rd person xiin ⇄ they/this one (s. proximate./former. standard)

diin ⇄ they/that one (s. obviative./post-former.)

et ⇄ it

dei ⇄ they (pl.)

xiinse ⇄ theirs (s.)

diinse ⇄ theirs (s.)

etse ⇄ its

deise ⇄ theirs (pl.)

xiinself ⇄ themself (s.)

diinself ⇄ themself (s.)

etself ⇄ itself

deiselfs ⇄ themselves (pl.)

4th person eim ⇄ one eimse ⇄ one's eimself ⇄ oneself

Numerals

1. Ordinal numbers are marked by adding the suffix "-ce" to a number.

2. Spaces are used to group digits in numerals e.g. 20 000.

3. Fractions are marked by adding the suffix "-deil" (deil ⇄ part, piece) to a number (exeption for "helft ⇄ half").

4. The comma is used as the decimal separator.

Capitalization

Capital letters are used for the first word of a sentence and for proper nouns.

The proper nouns in Germian are exclusively: personal names, place names, marketed titles and organization names.

Punctuation

Apostrophe

The apostrophe ( ’, ' ), is used to mark letters omitted in contractions.


Brackets

Brackets ( [...], (...), {...}, ⟨...⟩ ), are used for parenthesis, explanation or comment.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the brackets when they apply only to the explanation or comment; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing the material, they are placed outside the marks.


Colon

The colon ( : ) is used to start an enumeration and it is used between two clauses when the second clause otherwise clarifies the first.


Comma

The comma ( , ) is used to disambiguate the meaning of sentences, by providing boundaries between clauses and phrases.

The comma is also used as the decimal separator.


Dash and hyphen

The dash ( –, — ) is used:

1. as a replacement for a comma, when the subsequent clause significantly shifts the primary focus of the preceding text.

2. to indicate spans or differentiation, where it may replace "and", "to", or "through" e.g. numbers "1–10", and cross countries "US–Canada".

3. to mark someone speaking.

4. to mark the one who said something.


The hyphen/hyphen-minus ( ‐ ) is used:

1. as a line continuation when a word is broken across two lines.

2. to apply a prefix to a word for which there is no canonical compound word;


Ellipsis

An ellipsis ( ..., …, . . .) is used to mark omitted text or when a sentence trails off.


Exclamation mark

The exclamation mark ( ! ) is used to mark an exclamation.


Period/full stop/full point

The character known as the period/full stop/full point ( . ) serves multiple purposes. It is used to mark the end of a sentence, to indicate abbreviation, including of names as initials, as well as a separation marker when listing things with numbers e.g. "1. 2. 3.".


Question marks

The question mark ( ? ) is used to mark the end of a sentence which is a question.


Quotation marks

Quotation marks ( ‘...’, “...”, '...', "..." ) are used in pairs to set off quotation, with two levels for distinguishing nested quotations: single and double. Germian texts favours double quotation marks for the primary quotation.

Question marks, exclamation points, semicolons, colons, periods and commas are placed inside the quotation marks when they apply only to the quoted material; if they syntactically apply to the sentence containing or introducing the material, they are placed outside the marks.


Semicolon

The semicolon ( ; ) is used to separate two independent but related clauses. The semicolon is also used to separate list items when the list items contain commas.


Slash

The slash ( / ) is often used to indicate alternatives or two equivalent meanings or spellings. The slash can also be used in certain set phrases.

Abbreviations

Acronyms (initials for a phrase) and abbreviations are used in written Germian. They can be written in all caps, lowercase, title form and with periods.

Word creation

A word in Germian is created by looking at the equivalent words for it in English, German, Dutch and Swedish to then find the most prominant phonological features within these equivalent words. Then these features are used to create a word in accordance to germian phonology and orthography. Sometimes it is clear that these languages' equivalent words are very much the same and can be translated very phonologically e.g. through cat /kæt/ in English, Katze /katzɛ / in German, kat /kat/ in Dutch and katt /kat/ in Swedish, it becomes kat /kat/ in Germian. Sometimes there are more significant differences between words of the Germanic languages, but if they work well together they can just be merged together. When there are bigger differences between words of the four Germanic languages that can't be merged, then one can look at the word in other Germanic languages to even it out.

When words in the Germanic languages have differences that don't interact well, or when one just has an idea of an interesting sounding variation of the word that fits, then creative liberty can be pursued.

Sometimes there are many words for the same thing in a language, and for diversity's sake, many of them can have a Germian equivalent e.g. "cau" and "halo" from German's "ciao" and "hallo", "dae" from Dutch's "dag", "hei" from Swedish's "hej", "guutein" from English's "have a good one", and then Germian's exclusive "hae".

Sometimes there are strong similarities for a word within two of the four Germanic languages and between the other two Germanic languages but not between all four. Then both pairs get a Germian equivalent but with slightly different meanings e.g. German's "farb" with Swedish's "färg" made the Germian word "farb" (paint), and English's "color" with Dutch's "kleur" made the Germian word "kolur" (color).

Compound words

When creating a Germian compound word one ought to look at each of the 4 Germanic languages' equivalent words to decide how it will be formed. There are 3 types of compound words in Germian:


Closed compound words

Example: apel + juus = apeljuus ⇄ applejuice

Example: hamburger + brout = hamburgerbrout ⇄ hamburger bun, hamburger bread


Open compound words

Many open compound words function as nouns and are formed by combining a noun with another noun or with an adjective.

Example: video speil ⇄ video game

Example: ful moon ⇄ full moon


Hyphenated compound words

Hyphens are often used when a compound modifies a noun or verb.

Example: CD + - + caifa = CD-caifa ⇄ CD-disc

Example: maind + - + blasperen = maind-blasperen ⇄ mind-blowing

Loan words

Words from any other language that is getting a Germian equivalent will have to adapt the word to Germian phonology and orthography:

Example: déjà vu ⇄ deica vue


Words in the four Germanic languages of which the conlang is based on (English, German, Dutch and Swedish) that are loan words will be treated as any other word:

Example: sushi ⇄ suci

Example: motto ⇄ moto

Example: niche ⇄ niic


Sometimes Germian will loan words directly from one of the four Germanic languages.

Example: Wi-Fi ⇄ Wi-Fi

Example: internet ⇄ internet

Countries & languages

The word creation for country/region and language names should be done through adapting the most standard and prominent endonymic name phonologically for the country/region or language to Germian phonology and orthography e.g. Sverige /svɛrjɛ/ (Sweden) ⇄ Sverje. For languages the suffix "-ic" is added e.g. svenska /svɛnska/ (Swedish) ⇄ svenskaic

Words that are added to indicate specifics like "North" America, "South" America, "West" Frisian and names alike are to be translated to Germian and then added to the country/region or language name accordingly and as a closed compound word e.g. Nordamerika, Saudamerika, Vestfriskic.

Dictionary

Phrases

Jaik heiten... ⇄ My name is... jaik ⇄ I heiten ⇄ to be named, heiße, heet, heter
Vat sain duuse name? ⇄ What is your name? name ⇄ name Spraten duu... ⇄ Do you speak...
Jaik spraten nite... ⇄ I don't speak... Jaik verctond nite. ⇄ I don't understand. Veir sain de toilet? ⇄ Where is the toilet?
Vur sain duu?/Vur sain et? ⇄ How are you?/How is it? How is it going? Sain duu okee/ok? ⇄ Are you okay? Sain et okee/ok? ⇄ Is it going okay?
okee/ok ⇄ okay/ok jaa ⇄ yes nei ⇄ no
njei ⇄ (yes/no)/well jee ⇄ yeah naa ⇄ nah
maince ⇄ maybe natuuric ⇄ of course kain problem ⇄ no problem
antswer ⇄ answer genau, exakt, presiic, korekt, ret ⇄ exactly, precisely, correct, right inkorekt, falc ⇄ incorrect, false/wrong
tangke ⇄ thanks tangke duu/juu (s./pl.) ⇄ thank you fiil tangke ⇄ thank you very much
stop! ⇄ stop! help ⇄ help akta! ⇄ look out!
sori ⇄ sorry sploristop ⇄ sorry, but please lets stop/end this pardon ⇄ excuse me
spliise ⇄ please ckol ⇄ cheers grelsing ⇄ greeting
haloo ⇄ hello hae ⇄ hi hei ⇄ hey
dae ⇄ good day/bye/dag guutein ⇄ have a good one/goodbye cau ⇄ bye
adjoo ⇄ adieu ferwel ⇄ farewell sees vii ⇄ see us: see you/see you later
wilkom ⇄ welcome/you're welcome moost wilkom ⇄ most welcome/you are most welcome guut morgen ⇄ good morning
guut daag ⇄ good day guut naftermiddaag ⇄ good afternoon guut aufend ⇄ good evening
guut nact ⇄ good night jaik eliibe duu ⇄ I love you Vur fiil sain dit? ⇄ How much is this?

Swadesh+

  1. I ⇄ jaik
  2. we ⇄ vii
  3. you (singular) ⇄ duu
  4. you (plural) ⇄ juu
  5. they (singular proximate) ⇄ xiin
  6. they (singular obviative) ⇄ diin
  7. it ⇄ et
  8. they (plural) ⇄ dei
  9. this ⇄ dit
  10. that ⇄ dat
  11. here ⇄ heir
  12. there ⇄ daar
  13. who ⇄ viim
  14. whose ⇄ viis
  15. what ⇄ vat
  16. why ⇄ vatfuur
  17. which ⇄ velke
  18. where ⇄ veir
  19. when ⇄ van
  20. how ⇄ vur
  21. what kind of, what something's like ⇄ vurvat
  22. not ⇄ nite
  23. all ⇄ al
  24. none, no, not any ⇄ kain
  25. many ⇄ fiil
  26. few ⇄ veenig
  27. some ⇄ somige
  28. other ⇄ aader
  29. one ⇄ ein
  30. two ⇄ tvei
  31. three ⇄ drii
  32. four ⇄ fiir
  33. five ⇄ faif
  34. big ⇄ groos
  35. small ⇄ klain
  36. long ⇄ lang
  37. short ⇄ kort
  38. wide ⇄ breid
  39. narrow ⇄ smaal
  40. thick ⇄ dik
  41. thin ⇄ dun
  42. heavy ⇄ cveer
  43. light ⇄ leict
  44. female ⇄ femlin
  45. male ⇄ manske
  46. hermaphrodite ⇄ herm
  47. androgyne ⇄ wenle
  48. gender-neutral ⇄ nukjon (nutrei-kjon)
  49. genderless ⇄ zukjon (zunte-kjon)
  50. cultural gender ⇄ qukjon (qultural-kjon)
  51. inter(-sex/-gender) ⇄ jinen(-sec/-kjon)
  52. endo(-sex/cisgender) ⇄ ine(-sec/-kjon)
  53. trans(-sexual/-gender) ⇄ tverc(-sec/-kjon)
  54. diverse/variating/queer ⇄ veirai
  55. human ⇄ huumas
  56. child, youngling ⇄ kind
  57. child, progeny ⇄ cinder
  58. spouse, martial partner ⇄ jaing
  59. parent ⇄ elter
  60. animal ⇄ diir
  61. fish ⇄ fic
  62. bird ⇄ fogel
  63. dog ⇄ hund
  64. louse ⇄ laus
  65. snake ⇄ clang
  66. worm ⇄ wurm
  67. nature ⇄ natuur
  68. tree ⇄ trai
  69. forest ⇄ skoog
  70. stick ⇄ stape
  71. fruit ⇄ fruut
  72. seed ⇄ saed
  73. leaf ⇄ lauv
  74. root ⇄ wrootcel
  75. bark (of a tree) ⇄ bark
  76. flower ⇄ blom
  77. grass ⇄ grais
  78. rope ⇄ roup
  79. body ⇄ bodi
  80. organ ⇄ organ
  81. skin ⇄ skind
  82. leather ⇄ leder
  83. scale ⇄ sqeil
  84. meat ⇄ flec
  85. blood ⇄ blut
  86. bone ⇄ boun
  87. fat (noun) ⇄ feit
  88. grease ⇄ greis
  89. mucle ⇄ muskel
  90. guts ⇄ darm
  91. heart ⇄ hart
  92. brain ⇄ breihin
  93. liver ⇄ leever
  94. egg ⇄ eig
  95. horn ⇄ horn
  96. stinger ⇄ stakel
  97. antenna ⇄ anten
  98. tail ⇄ stvan
  99. feather ⇄ veder
  100. hair ⇄ har
  101. fur ⇄ fel
  102. head ⇄ hovd
  103. face ⇄ sicte
  104. ear ⇄ oor
  105. eye ⇄ ooge
  106. nose ⇄ noose
  107. snout ⇄ snuut
  108. mouth ⇄ mund
  109. beard ⇄ bard
  110. mustasch ⇄ mustac
  111. lip ⇄ lip
  112. tooth ⇄ tand
  113. tongue ⇄ tunge
  114. foot ⇄ fut
  115. leg ⇄ leg
  116. knee ⇄ knii
  117. hand ⇄ hand
  118. finger ⇄ finger
  119. nail (body part) ⇄ nagel
  120. claw ⇄ klau
  121. wing ⇄ ving
  122. belly ⇄ belai
  123. stomach ⇄ maage
  124. neck ⇄ hals
  125. nape ⇄ nek
  126. throat ⇄ keel
  127. back ⇄ rug
  128. breast, boob ⇄ brost
  129. chest ⇄ cest
  130. ass, butt ⇄ bump
  131. anus ⇄ anus
  132. urethra ⇄ uretra
  133. vagina ⇄ vagin
  134. vagina (juvenile) ⇄ vip
  135. clitoris ⇄ klitoris
  136. womb ⇄ wuum
  137. ovary ⇄ oovery
  138. ovum ⇄ oovum
  139. penis ⇄ peenis
  140. penis (juvenile) ⇄ pik
  141. scrotum, ballsack ⇄ skrung
  142. male genitals ⇄ prung
  143. glans ⇄ gleiskel
  144. testicle ⇄ testikel
  145. sperm ⇄ sperm
  146. to drink ⇄ dringken
  147. to eat ⇄ spiitsen
  148. to nibble ⇄ knibelen
  149. to bite ⇄ baiten
  150. to suck ⇄ saugen
  151. to spit ⇄ speiten
  152. to vomit ⇄ sparfen
  153. to blow ⇄ blousen
  154. to breathe ⇄ andemen
  155. to laugh ⇄ lahen
  156. to see ⇄ siien
  157. to hear ⇄ hooren
  158. to know ⇄ visten
  159. to think ⇄ tengken
  160. to smell ⇄ raukten
  161. to taste ⇄ spruufen
  162. to feel (emotionally) ⇄ kenden
  163. to feel (physicaly) ⇄ fuulen
  164. to touch ⇄ rooren
  165. to sense ⇄ sensen
  166. to fear ⇄ frangsten
  167. to sleep ⇄ slaapen
  168. to live ⇄ leven
  169. to die ⇄ cdurden
  170. to kill ⇄ douden
  171. to fight (combat) ⇄ straiden
  172. to fight (struggle) ⇄ kempen
  173. to hunt ⇄ jakten
  174. to hit ⇄ slaagen
  175. to cut ⇄ cneiden
  176. to chop ⇄ haken
  177. to stab ⇄ staben
  178. to share ⇄ deelen
  179. to split ⇄ spliten
  180. to scratch ⇄ skrapsen
  181. to dig ⇄ graven
  182. to swim ⇄ swimen
  183. to fly ⇄ fliigen
  184. to walk, to go ⇄ gouen
  185. to come ⇄ komen
  186. to lie (lay) ⇄ leegen
  187. to sit ⇄ siten
  188. to stand ⇄ standen
  189. to turn (intransitive) ⇄ dreiden
  190. to rise ⇄ staigen
  191. to fall ⇄ falen
  192. to give ⇄ geeven
  193. to take ⇄ neimen
  194. to hold ⇄ halden
  195. to squeeze ⇄ sqeesen
  196. to rub ⇄ ruben
  197. to wash ⇄ vasen
  198. to wipe ⇄ drooken
  199. to pull ⇄ pulen
  200. to push ⇄ druken
  201. to throw ⇄ troiven
  202. to catch ⇄ fangen
  203. to tie ⇄ binden
  204. to sew ⇄ snaien
  205. to count ⇄ reekenen
  206. to say ⇄ saagen
  207. to sing ⇄ singen
  208. to play ⇄ spleien
  209. to float ⇄ flouten
  210. to sink ⇄ zingken
  211. to flow ⇄ floisen
  212. to swell ⇄ svelen
  213. to freeze ⇄ friisen
  214. to burn ⇄ brenen
  215. fire ⇄ fiier
  216. sun ⇄ son
  217. star ⇄ ster
  218. earth ⇄ erd
  219. moon ⇄ mon
  220. salt ⇄ salt
  221. stone ⇄ steen
  222. dust ⇄ stov
  223. gravel ⇄ graus
  224. boulder ⇄ boulder
  225. ash ⇄ ask
  226. mountain ⇄ berg
  227. hill ⇄ houvel
  228. sand ⇄ sand
  229. road ⇄ veeg
  230. water ⇄ vaater
  231. drop ⇄ drop
  232. rain ⇄ regen
  233. river ⇄ flusd
  234. lake ⇄ see
  235. sea ⇄ haav
  236. waterstream ⇄ vaaterstroum
  237. waterfall ⇄ vaaterfal
  238. snow ⇄ snee
  239. ice ⇄ ais
  240. fog ⇄ neevel
  241. mist ⇄ mist
  242. tsunami ⇄ tsunaami
  243. air ⇄ luft
  244. cloud ⇄ woln
  245. sky ⇄ himel
  246. wind ⇄ wind
  247. smoke ⇄ rook
  248. disaster ⇄ katastrof
  249. color ⇄ kolur
  250. paint ⇄ farb
  251. red ⇄ roud
  252. orange ⇄ oranc
  253. yellow ⇄ gelu
  254. lime ⇄ laim
  255. green ⇄ grun
  256. turquoise ⇄ turkois
  257. cyan ⇄ cyan
  258. azure ⇄ azor
  259. blue ⇄ blo
  260. purple ⇄ prila
  261. magenta ⇄ magent
  262. cerise ⇄ ceri
  263. white ⇄ vit
  264. gray ⇄ gro
  265. black ⇄ svart
  266. brown (dark orange colors) ⇄ brun
  267. pink (pale red, magenta, cerise) ⇄ rooz
  268. beige ⇄ beic
  269. light ⇄ lict
  270. hazy ⇄ hazi
  271. dark ⇄ dunkel
  272. night ⇄ nact
  273. day ⇄ daag
  274. year ⇄ jaur
  275. warm ⇄ varm
  276. cold ⇄ kald
  277. full ⇄ fol
  278. empty ⇄ lemtom
  279. new ⇄ nue
  280. old ⇄ old
  281. good ⇄ guut
  282. bad ⇄ slect
  283. ripe, mature ⇄ raif
  284. rotten ⇄ rotnen
  285. clean ⇄ crein
  286. dirty ⇄ smotsic
  287. straight ⇄ strak
  288. bent ⇄ bougd
  289. round ⇄ rund
  290. sharp (as a knife) ⇄ cerp
  291. dull (as a knife) ⇄ dulp
  292. smooth ⇄ glat
  293. ragged ⇄ rugd
  294. wet ⇄ vnot
  295. dry ⇄ drog
  296. near ⇄ neer
  297. far ⇄ faar
  298. right ⇄ rect
  299. left ⇄ lingks
  300. center ⇄ centraal
  301. north ⇄ nord
  302. south ⇄ saud
  303. east ⇄ oust
  304. west ⇄ vest
  305. at ⇄ aton
  306. in ⇄ in
  307. with ⇄ mit
  308. and ⇄ end
  309. if ⇄ ifals
  310. because ⇄ soodat
  311. name ⇄ name
  312. correct, right ⇄ korekt, ret
  313. incorrect, false/wrong ⇄ inkorekt, falc

Wordlists

Texts

Fragments 31

Fragments 31 — Sapfo — Anne Carson

Xiin, fuur jaik, saims eqalaik tsoo de gauds dat manske

das oposit duu siten

end hooren duu neer

spraaken soutlyt


en lahen fryktlyt, das inderde

maaken jaikse hart fladeren in jaikse brost;

fuur van jaik caiken aton duu naur ain kort taid

et sain kain meer moigelic fuur jaik tsoo spraaken


aber et sain als if jaikse tunge sain kaput

end unmidelyt renen ain subtiil fiier over jaikse skind,

Jaik kan nict siien mit jaikse ooges,

end jaikse oors buze


kaudsveit komen over jaik, drerende

graipen jaik overal, jaik sain bleeker

dan greis, end jaik saims neerlyt

tsoo hacdurden.


aber alding must hatauren, sinds ...




That man seems to me to be equal to the gods

who is sitting opposite you

and hears you nearby

speaking sweetly


and laughing delightfully, which indeed

makes my heart flutter in my breast;

for when I look at you even for a short time,

it is no longer possible for me to speak


but it is as if my tongue is broken

and immediately a subtle fire has run over my skin,

I cannot see anything with my eyes,

and my ears are buzzing


a cold sweat comes over me, trembling

seizes me all over, I am paler

than grass, and I seem nearly

to have died.


but everything must be dared/endured, since ...