Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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== Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic ==
'''Noun (n.):''' Person/Thing
 
'''Adjective (adj.):''' Property
 
'''Verb (v.):''' Action/Process
 
== Pronouns and demonstratives ==
=== "deictic stem" ===
* *ʢa : deictic stem


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Notes
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʢa
|
|deictic stem
|*ŋV 1st p. pron.
|deictic stem
|}
 
=== "demonstrative pronoun" ===
* *sə : demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun
* *ʃə : demonstrative pronoun, he, that
* *s°w° : demonstrative pronoun, he, him
* *ʔisə : demonstrative pronoun, self, oneself
* *ʑə : demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative stem
* *si : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
* *si-ʔiʔa : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*mV 1st person pronoun
|-
|
|
|
|
|*ŋV 1st person pronoun (exclusive?)
|}
 
== Vegetation ==
=== LEAF (n.) ===
* *g°tʼ°ʔa : leaf
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*gətʼəʔa
|
|leaf
|*χwV 2nd person pronoun
|noun
|}
 
== Animals ==
=== LIZARD (n.) ===
* *tɬaɴə : lizard
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬaɴə
|
|lizard
|*nV 2nd person pronoun, thou
|noun
|}
 
=== LIZARD, WORM (n.) ===
* *məːl° : lizard, worm, larva
* *məl° : lizard, worm, larva, bug
* *mələʢə : lizard, worm
* *məl°xə : lizard, worm, slug
* *məx°lə : lizard, worm, slug
* *muluʕə : lizard, worm
* *m°ʢiʟax°ɢ°wə : lizard, worm, maggot
* *qatimela : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
* *timel° : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
* *χəmələ : lizard, worm
* *χul°matʼə : lizard, worm
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*si 2nd person pronoun, thou
|-
|
|
|
|*ṭ[u] 2nd person pronoun, thou
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*sV 3rd person pronoun
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*KVrdV a bird of prey
 
=== TORTOISE (n.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°ɢoʔ° : tortoise
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|
|tortoise
|*CVnCV a biting insect
|noun
|}
 
== Kinship ==
=== MOTHER (n.) ===
* *ja : mother, grandmother
* *jaːjə : mother, grandmother
* *ma : mother
* *maj° : mother
* *maʔ° : mother
* *me : mother, woman, female
* *meʔ° : mother
* *məʔ° : mother
* *ʔ°jə : mother
* *ʢajə : mother
* *ʔəjə : mother
* *ʔəma : mother
* *ʔəmə : mother, woman
* *ʢəməː : mother
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʢajə
|
|mother
|*nV a deictic element
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*nV a demonstrative element
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) a horned animal
 
=== FATHER (n.) ===
* *b°ʔa : father
* *ba : father
* *bo : father
* *bʱuɦ° : father
* *ʔ°ba : father
* *ʔaba : father
* *ʔabə : father
* *ʔapʼə : father
* *ʔupʼəː : father
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|*bʱuɦə
|father
|
|
|
|*mVrV a k. of berry
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*[č`w]VHḳV a k. of bird
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*CVmV a k. of bird
 
=== FATHER, "elder male relative" (n.) ===
* *daːjə : father, elder male relative
* *daʔə : father, elder male relative
* *ta : father, elder male relative
* *tajə : father, elder male relative
* *təjə : father, elder male relative, chief
* *ʔadə : father, elder male relative
* *ʔətʼə : father, elder male relative, elder relative
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*CVmV a k. of bird
|-
|
|
|
|
|*HalVḳV a k. of bird
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*HalVḳV a k. of bird
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*kaNV a k. of bird
 
== Body ==
=== FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE) (n.) ===
* *tsʰa : fat
* *tsʰaɴ° : fat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʰaɴə
|
|fat
|*kaNV a k. of bird
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*ḳUĺV a k. of bird
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*ḳUĺV a k. of bird
 
=== FAECES (EXCREMENT) (n.) ===
* *tsʰuɦ° : excrement
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʰuɦə
|
|excrement
|*kVṗV a k. of bird
|noun
|}
 
=== KIDNEY (n.) ===
* *ɳ°tsʼ°ʔuʔ° : kidney
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|
|kidney
|*kVṗV a k. of bird
|noun
|}
 
=== HAND (n.) ===
* *tɬaʔu : hand
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬaʔu
|
|hand
|*kwVtV a k. of bird
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*kwVtV a k. of bird
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*ĺVkĺVkV ? a k. of bird
 
=== HAIR (n.) ===
* *tʼ°ʔ°ʁə : hair
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tʼə-ʁə
|
|hair
|*sVgV (?) a k. of bird
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*SVlwV a k. of bird
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*SVlwV a k. of bird
 
== Emotions and values ==
=== CRY, SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.), SOUND OR NOISE (n.) ===
* *k°xe : to cry, to sound, sound
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*kəxe
|
|sound
|*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV a k. of bird
|noun
|-
|-
|
|*kəxe
|
|to cry, to sound
|*k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird' a k. of bird
|verb
|}
 
== Food and drink ==
=== EAT (v.) ===
* *dzeɢə : to eat
* *ʃeːʔu : to eat, polstern
* *s°ʀ°j° : to eat, satt werden/machen
* *ʔ=ətsʼ°tsʼə : to eat, to drink
* *tsa : to eat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*KVwrV a k. of bird (gallinacean)
|-
|
|
|
|*c`iŋu a k. of bone
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*lVnṭV a k. of cereal
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*lVnṭV a k. of cereal
 
=== MEAT (n.) ===
* *pʼ°ʔ°ha : meat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*pʼə-ha
|
|meat
|*ṭVḳV a k. of duck
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*ṭVḳV a k. of duck or hen
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*č`VHmV a k. of fish
 
=== ANIMAL OR MEAT (n.) ===
* *tsətʃətʃə : animal, meat
* *tsətʃə : animal, meat
* *tsʼətʃʼə : animal, meat, herd
* *ʔatʃə : animal, meat
* *ʔitʃə : animal, meat
* *tɬaj°wə : animal, meat
* *tɬaj°ʔə : animal, meat
* *ɬaʕə : animal, meat, cow, bull
* *ɕa : animal, meat, flesh
* *sats° : animal, meat
* *ʔasi : animal, meat, flesh
* *tɕʰesi : animal, meat, flesh
* *ʔ°saʔ°tsi : animal, meat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*kVrV a k. of fish
|-
|
|
|
|
|*kVrV a k. of fish
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*kećä 'k. of fish' a k. of fish
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*ńowŋa salmon a k. of fish
 
== Physical world ==
=== SMOKE (EXHAUST) (n.) ===
* *tsʼəkʼə : smoke
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʼəkʼə
|
|smoke
|*mVsV a k. of fruit
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*mVsV a k. of fruit
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*KVwrV a k. of gallinacean bird
 
=== ASH (n.) ===
* *dʑoʔa : ash
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*dʑoʔa
|
|ash
|*wVĺV a k. of grass
|noun
|}
 
=== ASH (n.), BURN (SOMETHING) (v.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*wVĺV a k. of grass
|-
|
|
|
|
|*cVmV a k. of grass
|-
|-
|
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|*mula a k. of horned animal
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*mula a k. of horned animal
 
=== DEW (n.) ===
* *tʼ°ʔu : dew
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tʼəʔu
|
|dew
|*KUmV a k. of insect
|noun
|}
 
== Sense perception ==
=== COLD (adj.) ===
* *ts°haʔ° : cold
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsəha
|
|cold
|*KUmV a k. of insect
|adjective
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*ḳUṭḳV a k. of insect
 
=== DRY (adj.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°gʱuɦ° : dry
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬʼə-gʱuɦə
|
|dry
|*lVŋV a k. of insect
|adjective
|}
 
=== SOUND OR NOISE (n.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*mVḳV a k. of insect
|-
|
|
|
|
|*mVḳV a k. of insect
|-
|-
|
|
|
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|*pUḳV a k. of insect
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*pVN(T)V ? a k. of insect
 
== Law ==
=== STEAL (v.) ===
* *ʔitsʰaʔ° : steal
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʔitsʰa
|
|steal
|*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect
|verb
|}
 
== Cognition ==
=== KNOW (SOMETHING) (v.) ===
* *kəʔəŋ° : know
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*kə-ŋə
|
|know
|*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u) a k. of insect
|verb
|-
|-
|
|
|
|
|*m[a]ŋi a k. of insect
|-
|
|
|
|}
|*ṗVnǯV a k. of insect, louse
 
|-
== Basic actions and technology ==
|
=== SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.) ===
|
 
|*c`UtV a k. of liquid
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
|
!Meaning
|
!Category
|*sUŋV a k. of onion
|-
|
|
|*bVrV a k. of predator
|-
|
|
|*KVrdV a k. of predator
|-
|
|
|*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́ a k. of rodent
|-
|
|
|*lVmV a k. of sack
|-
|
|
|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree
|-
|
|
|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV) a k. of tree
|-
|
|
|*kojw[a] a k. of tree
|-
|
|
|*NEḳrV a k. of tree
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*ʔilVmV a k. of tree
|-
|
|
|
|
|*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-) a k. of ungulate
|-
|-
|
|
|
|*CVxnV a k. of ungulate
|-
|
|
|
|
|*mVnV a k. of ungulate
|-
|
|
|*ḳVwKV a k. of vessel
|-
|
|
|*pVNV a k. of vessel
|-
|
|
|*sVgV (?) a k. of water bird (gull)
|-
|
|
|*lVlV a part of leg, foot
|-
|
|
|*cwVkV ( ~ čw-) a small animal
|-
|
|
|*mVwć`wV a stinging insect
|-
|
|
|*pUḳV a stinging insect
|-
|
|
|*eli all
|-
|
|
|*kalV ? all, join
|-
|
|
|*mVwcwV an insect
|-
|
|
|*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect' an insect
|-
|
|
|*CV(n)CV ? an internal organ
|-
|
|
|*morV an ungulate
|-
|
|
|*jVrV angry
|-
|
|
|*mVńCV animal hair
|-
|
|
|*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-) animal hair
|-
|
|
|*gujrV antelope
|-
|
|
|*gujrV antelope
|-
|
|
|*gara arm
|-
|
|
|*küjnV arm
|-
|
|
|*lVlV arm
|-
|
|
|*ćVḳV arm, leg
|-
|
|
|*ḳVwVŋV armpit
|-
|
|
|*čVbV army, people
|-
|
|
|*ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light' ashes, burn
|-
|
|
|*ṗVlV ashes, dirt
|-
|
|
|*dVgV back
*gedV back
*gedV back
*sVrV back
*tVbV back
*tVbV back
*ʔarV back
*ʔarV back
*kuNṭV back, rear
*ṗVŋV back, side
*bVHCV bad
*ʔVkV bad
*ʔVkV bad
*darV bad, dirty
*darV bad, dirty
*bVHCV bad, evil
*sogwV ( ~ š-) bad, harm
*ḳerV bark
*ḳerV bark
*ḲopV bark
*ḲopV bark
*ḳuLV bark
*ḳVrṗV bark
*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) bark, cover
*ḳuLV bark, peel
*ḳVrṗV bark, skin
*ḳocV basket
*ḳoćV basket
*kwVrV (~ gw) be angry
*kwVrV (~ gw) be angry
*HVŕV be destroyed, fall apart
*ḳOṗV be full
*ḳOṗV be full, complete
*lVχV be ill
*lVχV be ill
*HVwV be satiated (?)
*gVlV be smooth
*nVkV be visible, see
*biχV beat
*biχV beat
*ṭoḳV beat
*ṭoḳV beat
*buṭV beat, break
*SUTV (?) beat, hit
*SUTV (?) beat, hit
*ṭapħa beat, hit
*ṭapħa beat, hit
*ṗVrV bee
*ṗVrV bee, insect
*[šw]VtV behind, buttock
*SVtV behind, buttock
*wa[n]čV belly
*wa[n]ʒ́wV belly
*gwVlV belly, entrails
*kuŋV belly, heart
*kuŋV belly, heart
*gUtV / *kUtV belly, intestines
*gUtV / *kUtV belly, intestines
*gwVlV belly, liver
*Ḳarbi belly, stomach
*Ḳarbi belly, stomach
*HalV below
*HalV below
*ḳVlV ? bend
*ḳVŋV bend
*ṭoŋV bend
*mVrV berry
*mVkV big
*t`VwjV ? big
*wol[a] big
*wol[a] big
*ḳUlV big fish
*ḳUlV big fish
*dVnwV big tree
*dVnwV big tree
*tVdV big, full
*pVKV big, heavy
*mVkV big, large
*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) big, thick
*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-) big, thick
*tVdV big, thick
*ʔVnV big, very
*ʔVnV big, very
*bišV ( ~ -č`-) bile
*KuTV bind
*KVrV bind
*kojw[a] birch
*[č`w]VHḳV bird
*HVwjV bird
*HVwjV bird
*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-) bird's tail
*käjwV (?-b-) bite, chew ?
*ḳVCV bite, tear
*CVnCV biting insect
*gVcwV(~-čw- ) bitter
*sVbV bitter
*bišV ( ~ -č`-) bitter, gall ?
*gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- ) bitter, sour
*ḳarV black
*ḳarV black
*ʔVbV ? black
*ʔVbV ? black
*ḳUmV black, dark
*ḳUmV black, dark
*mVCHV black, dark
Drav. *nal- 'black' black, dark
*sVrV black, night
*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV black-cock
*ʔVlV blade, awl
*ʔVlV blade, whetstone
*HVlVḳV blister, abscess
*HVlVḳV blister, wound
*bUjlV ? blood
*bUjlV blood? blood
*ḳVnV blood blood
*wirV blood
*ʔVsxV blood
*ḳVnV blood, blood vessel
*HwinV blood, breath
*ʔVsxV blood, breath
*ḳurV blood, red
*ḳurV blood, red blood, red
*cwVnV spirit; blood blood, spirit
*mVLV blood; marrow
*wirV blood; red
*swVNV blue
*swVNV blue
*ṭVlV board, stick
*bVdV body
*bVdV body, belly
*borV, *buŕa boil
*borV, *buŕa boil
*ḳVju boil, burn
*girV bone
*girV bone
*HV(w)[č`]V bone
*HV(w)čV bone
*ḳač`V bone
*ḳaCV bone
*ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu) bone
*ṗVjNV bone, tooth
*ṗVjNV bone, tooth
*ʔVṗV bosom
*ʔVṗV bosom
? FU *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse' bovine ?
*büḲa bow
*ṭoŋV bow, arc
*tajV bow, lean
*mVŋV brain
*mVŋV brain
*wVṭV(mV) brain, head
*wVṭV(mV) brain, marrow; head
*rVṭV branch
*rVṭV branch, rod
*HelV branch, stick
*šVṭV ? branch, twig, rod
*cVṗV break, chop
*buṭV break, split
*[c]V(n)ʒwV breast
*ḳerdV breast
*ṗome breast
*ʔudV breast, belly
*mälgi breast, udder
*mälgi breast, udder
*sVwHV breath, smell
*bVrḳV bright
*ʔVǯV bright
*ʔVǯV bright
*boŕa brown
*boŕa brown
*KVŋV brown, dark
*KVŋV ? brown, yellow
*ŋalmV bug, flea
*dwVmV build, house
"Alt. "*mūga 'bonfire' burn
*ṗaĺV burn
*ṗaĺV burn
*ṗVrV burn
*wVrV burn
*wVrV burn
*buKV burn, bake
Alt. *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle burn, boil
*qoṭi burn, fire
*qoṭi burn, fire
*t`ülV burn, fire
*gUrV burn, hot coals
*gUrV burn, hot coals
*buKV burn, roast
*ḳVńV burn, roast, dry
*Cajŋa ? burn, shine
*ʒajŋa ? burn, shine
*paḳV burst
*ṗVrṗVlV butterfly
*ṗVrṗVlV butterfly
*ṗVrV buy, sell
*ṗVrV ( ~ p-) calf
*ṗVrV ( ~ p-) calf, bull
*morV cattle; horse
*ḳVjwV cave, hole
*ḳVjwV cave, hole
*ṗVlV cheek ?
*bUrV chest, belly
*bUrV chest, belly
*mVḳV child
*berV child, to bear
*berV child, to bear
*kenV chin
*kenV (cf. also *kVngV) chin
Alt. *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone' chin, beard
*kVṗV chin, jaw
*cVṗV chop
*ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV) chopped piece, to cut
*ʔarV clan member
*pVnV clay, mud
*pVnV clay, mud
*ḳa(j)dV clothing
*bVl(w)V cloud
*bVl(w)V cloud
*CuxLV coals, burn
*CuxLV coals, soot, burn
*[z]VrV cold
*KurV cold
*KurV cold
*SVŋV cold
*ʒ́VrV cold
*SVŋV cold, frost
*Horä come, go; rise
*pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree
*pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree, resin
*ḳVnVṭV corner, enclosure ?
*ḳVnVṭV corner, wall
*dwVrV court, enclosure
*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) cover
*ḳaṗV cover, close
*ḳaṗV cover, close
*kar-/*ker- crane
*kar-/*ker- crane
*c`VrV crust
*ḳUrV curved, bent
*čVḳV ( ~ *č`-) cut
*ḳUṭV cut
*ḳVc`V cut
*kVlV ? cut
*CarV cut, sharp
*HamV dark
*rVmV dark
*rVmV dark
*sVmV dark
*ṭVmV dark
*ṭVmV dark
*muṭV dark dark, black
*mVCHV dark, black
*sVmV dark dark, black
*muṭV dark, cloudy
*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) darkness, night
*gojńV dawn
*gojńV dawn, light
*lVwŋV dawn, light
*lVwŋV dawn, noon
*dʷVjɣV day, shine
*dʷVjɣV day, shine
*ŋera day, sun, light
*ŋVwV decease
*mVnV deer
*ʔelV deer
*ʔelV deer
*ʔoru deer, antilope
*pOgV deer, he-goat
*mV demonstr. pronoun
*mV demonstr. pronoun
*ṭV demonstr. pronoun
*ṭV demonstr. pronoun
*ḳV demonstrative pronoun
*sV demonstrative pronoun
*rVCV dew, liquid
*muṭV die, finish
*HwelV die, starve
PIE *nek'- die; kill
*ḳVṗV dig, hack
*gwVCV direction, road
*gwVCV direction, road, pass
*böḳa dirt
*c`VrV dirt
*c`VrV dirt
*kodV dirt
*kodV ? dirt
*lVḳwV dirt
*magV dirt, earth ?
*[ʒ]VḳV dirt, faeces
*SVḳV dirt, faeces
*KUCV ? dog
*ḳVpV ? dog
*ḳVpV ? dog
*ŋindV dog
*ŋindV dog
*ŋVḳV dog
*bVrV dog, wolf
*KUCV [?] dog, wolf
*ŋVḳV dog, wolf
*CVm(ŋ)V dream
*jVgU drink
*CUtV drink, liquid
*ʔEmV drink, swallow
*HVṗV drink, water
*gwVlV dry
*ḳVjwV(rV) dry
*ḳVjwV(rV) dry
*kVkV dry
*kVk𝑉𝑘V dry
*KVmV dry
*ḳVs(w)V dry
*sušV dry
*śušV dry dry
*gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV) dry, burn
*ḳorV dung, mud
*bur(H)V dust
*bur(H)V dust
*ṭVṭV dust, ashes
*ṭVṭV dust, ashes, smoke
*böḳa dust, dirt
*gülV dwelling
*gülV dwelling
*KVrWV ear
*KVrWV ear
*ʔVCV early
*ʔVrV early
*ʔVrV early
*ʔVcwV early, dawn
*DVG- earth
*DVG- earth
*magV earth
*ṭVŕV earth, dust
*ṭVŕV earth, dust
*UNV eat
Drav. tin- 'eat' eat
*UNV eat, drink
*cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit edge
*Hońća edge
*HońcV edge
*mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge
*ṗerV edge
*PVlV edge
*PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV) edge
*mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge, side
*ṗerV edge, side
*ṭUĺV egg
*ṭUĺV egg
*c`VjḳV elbow, forearm
*küjnV elbow, knee
*ʔaḳV elder brother or sister
*eńV elder brother/sister
*ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV) elder male relative, father
*ʔaḳV elder relative
*ʔVṭV elder relative
*ʔilVmV elm
*gErV enclosure
*gVrdV enclosure
*gVrdV enclosure
*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) enclosure
*dwVrV enclosure, yard
*gErV enclosure, yard
*[s]UwV end; mouth
*ḳarV enemy
*ḳarV enemy
*SVKV evening
*sVrV evening
*ʒwVṗV evening
*ʒwVṗV evening, sleep
*sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish extinguish
*HuḲa eye, see
*HuḲa eye, see
*HwVlV eye, see
*SVmrV eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head
*mVŋV face
*kVṗV face, chin
*pVNV face, forehead
*mVĺV face, head
*mVṭV face, head
*pVNV ? face, head
*mVŋV face, nose, mouth
*mVṭV face, skin on head
*ḳVtV fall
*HewV fall, descend
*HewV(jV) fall, descend, disappear
*ḳUlV far; next
*PV[s]V fart
*PVSV fart
*gwVjV fat
*gwVjV fat
*sebV ( ~ ś-, š-) fat, intestines
*aṗV father
*aṗV father
*ṗVĺV feather
*ṗVĺV feather, tail
*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) female
*ṗenV female
*mVṭV female genitalia
*mVṭV female genitalia
*kälU female in-law
*kälU female in-law
*eńV female relative
*mVjNV female relative
*mVjNV female relative
*natV female relative
*natV female relative
*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) fence, enclosure
*HwelV fight, kill
*pVrV finger
*č`wVṗV finger, claw
*č`wVṗV finger, claw
*pVrV finger, fingernail
*ḳVrV finger, toe
*CVCxV fire
*dʷVɣV fire
*dʷVɣV fire
*ṗVxwV fire
*ṗVxwV fire
*zVcwxV fire
*HenkV fire, burn
*HenkV fire, burn
*nVjV fire, burn
*ŋera fire, burn
*ṗVrV fire, burn
*ʔumV ? fire, burn
*ʔumV ? fire, burn
*cVḳV ( ~ *č-) fire, to strike fire
*lVmV fire, warmth
*č`VHmV fish
*dVgV fish
*dVgV fish
*mVǯHV fist
*ṗVnḳV fist, handle
*kompV fist, wrist
*mVǯHV fist; ? squeeze with a fist, crumple
*lVṗV flat
*lVṗV flat
*ṭaPV flat
*ṭaPV flat
*ṗVlHV flat, level
*ṗVlHV flat, level
*ṭalV flat, plain
*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea
*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea
*SVĺV flesh, fat flesh, blood
*c`ebV flesh, fat
*swVĺV flesh, fat
*ńVjrV flow
*ńVjrV flow
*bVlV flow, gush
*bVlV flow, gush
*ṗarV fly
*ṗarV fly
*ṗVlV fly, flea
*ṗVlV fly, midge
*musV fog
*HVlV food
*HVlV food, eat
*tVlV foolish, deceive
*bVl(m)V foot, knee
*ṗVHdV foot, sole
*ḳVrV foot, toe
*ni̯VnV forest, wilderness
*NVlV four
*[čw]VlɣV fox
*[čw]VlɣV fox, weasel
*lVmV fragile
*sVŋV fringe, thread
*śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-) fringe, thread
*gwVrV frog
*gwVrV frog
*HalV front
*HanṭV front
*HanṭV front
*ʔedV front, breast front
*mVńV front, breast
*mVńV front, breast
*ʔedV front, breast
*newRV front, nose
*HalV front, outside
*pič`V frost, cold
*čVgV frozen snow
*čVgV frozen snow
*bVrq̇wV fruit
*bVrq̇wV fruit
*HVp`V ? full
*HVPVTV full
*malV full
*ṭVngV full
*ṭVngV full
*tVrV full
*wV(n)CV full, all
*wV(n)CV full, all
*ṭVmV full, fill
*HarV furrow
*HarV furrow, hoe
*ṗVrV buy, assemble gather, assemble
*ḳUṭV genitalia
*ḳUṭV genitalia
*malV get in pairs, pair > two
*ga get, obtain
*ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment
*ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment
*ćwVHV give
*gi[ɫ]ħu glittering
*gi[ɫ]ħu glittering
*[c]VbV glue
*ćabV glue, join
*HVŕV go astray, fall apart
*HVjV go, come
*HVjV go, follow
*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) goat
*ʔoru goat, deer
*pOgV goat, ram, deer
*mVlV good
*näḳi good
*näḳi good (of soul)
*bVtV ? good, big
*dUgV good, fit
*wVlV good, new
*ʔVjV good, proper
*ʔVjsV good, take care ?
*ĺVkĺVkV goose
*SVrV grain
*SVrV grain
*kamV grasp
*kamV grasp
*HamV grasp, seize, press
*kuCu grass
*ćVmV grass, reed
*c`UlV grass, twigs
*kuč`u grass, vegetables
*c'VjrV grey
*c'VjrV grey
*ṗoŋV gum, resin, mud
*ńVjlV part of face, gums gums
*oŕV guts, inside
*ṭanV hack
*cVḳV hair
*k`VSV hair
*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair
*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair
*nVwrV hair
*nVwrV hair
*ŋVjV hair
*p`un(́)V hair
*p`un(́)V hair
*pUdV hair
*sVHrV hair
*sVHrV hair
*ṭVrV hair
*ṭVrV hair
*k`VSV hair ?
*Ḳila hair, beard
*burV hair, eyebrow
*pUdV (? *HapUdV) hair, feather
*burV hair, hair of head
*q̇irV hair, head
*ŋVjV hair, rope
*Ḳila hair, stalk
*sVPV hair, tail
*palV half, part
*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand
*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand
*kompV hand(ful)
*bVgu hand, arm
*udV hand, arm
*ŋVlV ? hand, bone
*ŋVlV ? hand, elbow
*ṗVnḳV hand, fist
*udV hand, limb
*ḳVmV ? hard
*ḳVmV ? hard, bone
*pVKV hard, firm
*sogwV ( ~ š-) harm, deceive
*c`VrV harsh, ragged
*q̇irV head
*ḳapV head, back of head
*sVmV hear
*SVmV hear
*ḳiwlV hear, ear
NY *me- 'hear; ear' hear, ear
*sVʎV(mV) heart
*śVʎV(mV) heart
*ḳerdV heart, breast
*[H]indV heat
*mVnḳV heavy, labour
*cVčV herd
*berg[i] high
*berg[i] high
*TVGV high
*tujpV hill
*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) hill, rock
*tujpV hill, top
*wVdV hit
*wVdV hit
*HangV (cf. also *wonkV) hole
*k`VCV hole
*ḳUrV hole
*wonkV hole
*ḳVwVŋV hole, cavity
*gop`a hole, empty
*gop`a hole, empty
*k`VCV hole, mouth
*p`u[ṭ]V hole, vulva
*HVlwV hollow
*HVlwV hollow, cavity
*ḳäṗV hoof
*ḳäṗV hoof
*sUdV hoof
*ṭUṗV hoof
*ṭUṗV hoof hoof, finger(nail)
*c`UdV hoof, hoof deformation
*ḳirV horn
*mVrgV horn
*mVrgV horn; root
*bVrV horned animal
*bVrV horned animal
*ṗäḳV hot, warm
*pVrV house
*ʔU[ṭ]V house
*ḳojmV village, hut house, village
*mVk`V humid, wet
*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself
*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself; we [1st p. pronoun]
*mV I, we [1st p. pronoun]
*jVkV ice, cold
*jVkV ice, cold
*m[ä]rV ill, die
*m[ä]rV ill, die
*tVkV insect, vermine
*tVkV insect, vermine
*ḳwVŋV insect, worm
*lVŋV insect, worm
*ʔudV inside, stomach
*ŋiV interrog. or relat. pronoun
*ŋiV interrog. or relative pronoun
*ḳV interrogative pronoun
*mV interrogative pronoun
*[c']VlV intestine
*ć'VlV intestine
*ḳUʒwV intestine
*ḳUʒ́wV intestines
*ḳVmV stomach, intestines ? intestines
*lVŋ(d)V intestines
*oŕV intestines
*ʔVŋV jaw, palate
*ʔVŋV jaw, palate
*bVgu joint, limb
*bVjV joy
*bVjV joy, desire
*sVḳV ( ~ š-) juice, ferment
*lVKV jump, run
*lVŋ(d)V kidney, heart
*KolV kill
*ḳVwχV kill
*bVl(m)V knee
*sVnV knee, ankle
*kUŋ[d]V knife, cut, break
*ṭanV know
*ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know know, hear
*nerV know, name
*lVmbV large fish
*zīwe(ŋkV) large predator
*zīwe(ŋkV) large predator
*sUrV large, heavy
*sUrV large, heavy
*gUlV laugh
*gUlV laugh, merry
*bolV leaf
*bolV leaf
*lVṗV leaf
*ṗVlV leaf tree
*ṗVlV leaf tree
*lVṗV leaf, bark
*HelV leaf, branch
Alt. *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud' leaf, flower
*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) leaf; reed?
*ɫaḳV leg
*ɫaḳV leg
*ḳVwlV leg, arm
*ḳVwlV leg, limb
*ṭalV level ground
*laḳV lick
*laḳV lick
*lašV ? lick
*lašV ? lick
*talV lick, drink
*ḳVwjV lie
*Howri light, burn
*Howri light, burn
*SulV light, loose
*HVlV light, shine
*HVlV light, shine
*jVḳV light, shine
*jVḳV light, shine
*mVlV light, shine
*ṗVHdV limb
*kanpV lip, soft excrescence
*kanpV lip, soft excrescence
*GurV liquid
*GurV liquid
*lVṭV liquid
*lVṭV liquid
*sVwV liquid
*śVwV liquid
*lVḳwV liquid, dirt
*L[ä]jV liquid, flow
Alt. *pi̯ā̀ki liver liver
CK *ponta " liver
*tVrV(ŋV) liver, belly
*mVLV blood, marrow? liver, intestines
*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, slug
*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, worm
*zVmV loins, groin
*tel(ḥ)V long
*tel(ḥ)V long
*śVnV long bone
*[s]VPV long hair, tail
*ḳUlV long, far
*HVgU long, high
*wVŕV long, wide
*wVŕV long, wide
*SulV loose
*lVCV loose(n)
*pVN(T)V ? louse
*ṭäjV louse
*ṭäjV louse
*ñejV louse, nit
*ʔVjV love, good
*mVnzV luminary
*mVnʒ́V luminary
*pVjLV lung, liver
*pVjLV lung, spleen
*gVntV male
*gVntV male
*mVḳV male, male child
*ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-) man
*mänV man
*mänV man
*m[o]nV many
*m[o]nV many
*ṗalV many
*ṗV(H)- ? many
*bVtV ? many, big
*ṗalV many, full
*[sw]VjmV marsh
*[sw]VjmV marsh, uncultivated land
*ḳ[u]nV marten
*ḳ[u]nV marten
*ńVḳV(rV) meat
*sUḳV meat
*ʔomsV meat
*ʔomśV meat
*cVč𝑉čV meat, animal
*sUḳV meat, deer
*mVḳV meat, liver
*mVḳV meat, liver
*ńVḳV(rV) meat, roe, intestines
*ʔarV member of the clan
*mVtV moisture
*mVtV moisture
*ṭVlgV(nV) moon, heavenly body
*ṭVlgV(nV) moon, luminary
*ṗuKdV (?) morning
*HamV morning / evening
*SVKV morning ~ evening
*ŋańV morning, clear sky
*kuńV ? moth
*ʔVjV ? mother
*ʔVjV ? mother
*ʔVmV mother
*ʔVmV mother, woman
*balV mountain
*malV mountain
*malV mountain
*wVrV mountain
*wVrV mountain
*TVGV mountain, high
*balV mountain, hill
*gʷVrV mountain, hill
*gʷVrV mountain, hill
*ṗVrV mountain, top
*ṗVrV mountain, top
*cVḳV ( ~ *c`-) mouse
*CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)) mouse, squirrel
*gʷVĺV mouse, squirrel
*[s]UwV mouth
*HVwV mouth, hole
*HVwV mouth, hole
*č`VmV ? mouth; eat
*ʔVpV mouth; speak
*ʔVpV mouth; to speak
*ḳorV mud, dung
*ṗoŋV mud; gum, resin
*HVwV multitude; be satiated
*pUtV mushroom, fungus
*pUtV mushroom, sponge
*luku naked, take off clothes
*ĺVm(ŋ)V name
*ĺVm(ŋ)V name
*ṗVtV name
*ṗVtV name, call
*šamV name, shape
*[s]VKV nape, back
*śVKV nape, back
*dVgV nape; back
*č`VnV narrow
*ṭijV narrow
*č`VnV narrow, thin
*ʔVbV near
*ḳVlV neck
*kVŋkV neck, collar
*HVŋV neck, throat
*ḳVlV neck, throat
*nVKV neck, vertebra
*ʔVlV negative particle
*ʔVlV negative particle
*ʔe negative verb
*žVjŋV new
*CVrV new, fresh
*žVjŋV new, good
*CVrV new, young
*wVlV new, young
*HUdV night
*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) night
*lVlV night
*lVlV night
? *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky' night, dawn
*HUdV night, sleep
*zVNV night, sleep
*ʒ́iNV night, sleep
*ʔamV night, sleep
*ñejV nit
*sajrV nit, louse
*sajrV ( ~ *ś-) nit, louse
*ḳVŋV nose
*ḳVŋV nose
*ne(H)wRV nose
*ŋVkCV nose
*wiKV (?*ujKV) nose
*wiKV (?*ujKV) nose
*CVxrV nose, nostril
*cwVxrV nose, nostril
*ʔVnV not
*ʔVnV not, negative particle
*ʔe not, negative verb
*gVrVbV notch, sign
*nVwV now; new
*nVwV now; new
*tVrV numerous, full
(cf. PIE *ar- 'nut') nut, fruit
*gwVrV old
*gwVrV old
*zVr(d)V old
*ʔUdV one
*ʔUdV one
*ʔVrV one
*ʔVrV one
PIE *sem- one
*dwV(j)ḳV one, finger
*dwV(j)ḳV one, finger (?)
*ʔo(ŋ)nV one, self
*sUŋV onion, odorous grass
*ṗan[c]V open
*ʔVrHV open space
*ʔVrHV open space
*HangV open, hole
*ʔaḳa open; hole
*nerV order, custom
*ni̯VnV original place
*aĺV other side other
*gUjV other
*gwVjV other
*mVnḳV pain, wound
*gilV painful state, grief
*gilV painful state, grief
*gagtV pair, one of a pair
*ŋVnV palate, tongue
*ŋVnV palate, tongue
Yuk. *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm palm
*ṗVlŋV palm (of hand)
*ṗVlŋV palm of hand, handful
*ńVjlV part of face
*ŋVk[čw]V part of nose
Alt. *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose part of nose
*čVKV part of shoulder
*čVKV part of shoulder, joint
*gEpSV paw, grasp
*gEpčwV paw, hand
*ɣoŋɣV peg, nail
*ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck') peg, nail
*ḳUjḳV peg, root
*bVĺV penis
*bVĺV penis
*ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-) penis
*ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)) penis
*čVbV people, army
*baja place
*baja place
*ṭVrṗV pleasure, satisfaction
*malV plenty, abundant
*küɫä pond
*küɫä pond
*laḳwV pool, low ground
*laḳwV pool, low ground
*ṗVdV pot
*ṗVdV pot
*pVNV pot
*mVlV pray
*ma prohibitive / negative particle
*ma prohibitive particle, not
*[č]iru pus, rot
*Ciru pus, rot
*ńukV push, move
*ṭurV quick
*ṭurV quick
*pV[ṭ]V quick, swift
*musV ? rain, fog, steam
*HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV) rain, pour
*HVrV rare
*HVrV rare rare, new
*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) reed
*tajV relative-in-law
*ḳVCV (also *kVCV) ring, hook
*ḳVč`V ring, spool
*ŋwVkV rise
*HVgU rise, stand up
*ʔVpV rise, up
*ʔVpV rise, up
*ʔur(H)V road
*ʔur(H)V road
*mVrV road, walk
*lVgV ? rod, strap
*lVgV ? rod, strap
*t`VrV(ŋV) roe; inside
*tV(H)mV root, bone (?)
*tV(H)mV root, bone (?) root, bone (??)
*wVr[t]V root, herb
*wVr[t]V root, herb
*ḲurV root, sprout
*ḲurV root, stalk
*wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) rope, thread
*ḳoĺV round
*ḳoĺV round
*ṭompV round
*ṭompV ? round, convex
*kuNṭV rump, buttocks
*nVKV rump, neck
*bok[a] run
*bok[a] run
*ʔurKV run, drive
*lVmV sack, bag
*CalV salt
*sVbV salt, bitter
*čwalV salt, sea
*č`VmV salty, sour
*cwVwVrV salty, sour
*ki[ǯ]V sand
*kiCV sand
*ṭVrṗV satisfaction
*tVHV say
*wVḳV say, call
*čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound
*čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound
*pVkV scab
*ś(w)VcwV scatter, sift
*ḳwVnCV scrape, scraper
*ḳwVncwV scrape, scraper
*wVrcwV scratch
*ḳVSV scratch, scrape
*wVrcwV scratch, scrape
*jamV sea
*sVjɣwV sea, shallow
*jamV sea, water
*sVjɣwV sea, water
*ʔVnjV see, eye
*ṗVrV seed, kin
*ṗVrV seed, kin
*sVjHV seed; to sift
*HamV seize
*ʔo(ŋ)nV self
*bedV separate, split
*aHulV settlement
*palVHV settlement
*palVHV settlement
*aHulV settlement ( < *root, seed?)
*šamV shape
*Hoḳi sharp
*CVNV sharp object
*Hoḳi sharp point, tooth
*c`iĺV sharp stick
*c`iĺV sharp stick
*pVxwV sharp, to whet
*pVxwV sharp, to whet
*kV(n)ḳV shell
*kV(n)ḳV shell, bark
*ḳVnčV shin, shank
*ḳVnčV shin, thigh
*bVrḳV shine, bright
*mVlV shine, burn
*belV shine, burn (several roots?)
*belV shine, glitter
*laṗV shine, glitter
*bVɣV shine, light
*bVɣV shine, light
IE *leuk- ? shine; burn
*tVlV shoulder
*tVlV shoulder, arm
*ṗVŋV shoulder, shoulder-blade
IE *rewǝ- shout, roar shout
*tVjḳV show, point at
*ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-) sick, ill
*bVḳV side
*bVḳV side (of body)
*SirV sinew; root
*SirV sinew; root
*sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) single, first
*sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-) single; apart, asunder
*SäwCV sister, woman?
*SäwCV sister, woman?
*ḲaĺV skin
*ḲaĺV skin
*perV skin
*perV skin
*ṗVtV skin
*ṗVtV skin
*ṭVlV skin
*ṭVlV skin
*pVkV skin, bark
*kamV skin, crust, peel
*ṭVwq̇V skin, hair
*ṭVwq̇V skin, hair on body
*kamV skin, husk
*ḳapV skull
*HaḳumV sky, cloud
*HaḳumV sky, cloud
*kVCV slanting
*ʔamV sleep
*[ʒ]VlV slide, creep
*SVlV slime
*SVlV slime, dirt
*cVḳV small
*CVḳV small
*ḳVṭV small
*ṭijV small
*ciṗV small bird
*ciṗV small bird
*ṗenV small female animal
*ṭVnV small, thin, short
*ḳVṭV small, young
*pVwjV small. child
*pVwjV small. child
*cwVHmV smear
*mVjrV smear, fat
*mVjrV smear, fat
*ć`ämV smear; fat
*[s]VwHV smell
*ṗunV smell
*sun(g)V smell
*śun(g)V smell
*ṗunV smell, breathe, smoke
*mUc`V ( ~ -s-) smile
*ǯun[k]V smoke
*ǯun[k]V smoke
*nVbV smoke, cloud
*nVbV smoke, cloud
*gVlV smooth
*CVNV smth. sharp
*ṗVjmV snake
*ʔanKV snake
*ʔanKV snake
IE *nētr- 'snake' snake
*lVmbV snake, eel
*lVmV soft, fragile
*mVlV soft, mild
*lVjńV soft, weak
*LVṗV soft, wet
*LVṗV soft, wet
Alt. *mùsi 'steam, spirit' soul, breath
*CVwVrV sour
*č`VmV sour, bitter
*sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) sour, ferment
*ṭVgV span
*ṭVgV span
*jVnV speak, say, sound
*jVnV speak, sound
*ṗuNV spin, twist
*ṗuNV spin, twist
*cwVnV spirit
*ṭupV spit
*ṭupV spit
*ḳiwHV spit, fang
*ḳiwHV spit, fang
*lVṗV ? spleen
*lVṗV ? spleen
*tV(H)ʎV spleen
*tV(H)ʎV spleen, liver
*cVlV split
*CVlV split, tear off
*ṗVrjV spread
*CVχrV spread, extend
*pVdV spread, long
*PVnV spring
*bira (*bujra) spring, flow
*bira (*bujra) spring, flow
*p`iSV sprinkle
*p`isV sprinkle
*kanVbV stalk
*kanVbV stalk, peg
*čwVrV stand
*dVštV star
*HVzwVrV star, luminary
*dV[š]tV ? star, moon
*HVźVrV star, shine
*ṭVlV stem, board
*ColV steppe, valley, meadow
*ColV steppe, valley, meadow
*bVč`V stick
*ḳVlV stick
*ḳVlV stick
*bedV stick into, pierce
*bVč`V stick, pole
*ḳUrV stick, tree
*ḳUrV stick, tree
*ḳVmV ? stomach, intestines
*ḳElV stone
*kiwV stone
*ṭ/aj/lV stone
*ṭ/aj/lV stone
*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) stone, hill
*kiwV stone, mountain
*ḳElV stone, rock
*burV ( >> *p-) storm
*burV ( >> *p-) storm
*Huwa stream, flow of water
*Huwa stream, flow of water
*ṭumgV stump
*ṭumgV stump, trunk
*SUṗV suck
*zUkV suck
*muḳV swallow, gobble suck, swallow
*eli sufficient, complete
*si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun
*si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun
? PT *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun' sun, day
*laHm[u] swamp
*laHm[u] swamp
*šwxVjṗV sweep
*cwVtu sweet
*cwVtu sweet, tasty
*ḳudV tail
*ḳudV tail
*toḳE tail
*toḳE tail
*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-) tail, (long) hair
*śVrV back tail, back
*ga take
*ʔanV take
*gerV take, bring
*tVKV take, bring
*ʔVpV take, carry
*gVṭV take, get
*kantV take, grasp
*ʔVpV take, seize
*ṭVHmV taste
*xamV, *xamŋV taste (*xamŋV 'mouth')
*cVḳV temple, hair on temple
*ṗV(H)- ? ten, many
*ʔU[ṭ]V tent
*ḳoĺV testicle
*ḳoĺV testiculus
*ʔVbV that, that near
*ʔa (*ʔe) that, this
*ʔu that, this
*ʔu that, this
*ʔa (*ʔe) that, this (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
*ṭujV (*ṭVwjV) thick
*ṭVkV thick
*ṭVkV thick, full
*bongä thick, swell
*bongä thick, swell
*bVgtV thigh
*bVgtV thigh
*ṗVǯkV thigh, leg (?)
*ṗVǯkV thigh, rump
*cUṗV thin
*ṭVnV thin
*ćUṗV thin, narrow
*HVdV thing
*HVdV thing; interrog. stem
*cV ( ~ č-) this
*cV ( ~ č-, ć-) this
*ḳV this
*ʔi (*hi) this
*ʔi (*hi) this
*ʒwVgV thorn
*ʒ́wVgV thorn
*NEḳrV thorny bush
*χwV thou (obl. forms?) [2nd p. pronoun]
*nV thou thou [2nd p. pronoun]
*ṭ[u] thou [2nd p. pronoun]
HVŋV throat
*kUṭV throat, intestines
*kUlV throat, swallow
*kUlV throat, to swallow
*cVḳV tickle
*tVḳV tie, weave
*CVCV tip, spout
*čVčV tip, spout
*ŋāńi to approach, follow
*ṗVrXV to ask, pray
*ṗVrXV to ask, pray
*mUCV to bare teeth
*buHi to be
*woɣlV to be
*woɣlV to be
*ʔa ? to be
*ʔa ? to be
*ʔesA to be
*ʔesA to be
*kVCV to be angry
*kVCV to be angry, hostile
*ṭVkV to be completed, exhausted
*ṭVkV to be lost, exhausted
*buḳV to be mad, stupid
*HwVlV to be visible
*c`olHV to be well
*ColHV to be well
*ʔelA to be, live
*ʔelA to be, live
*š[e]wV to bear
*š[e]wV to bear
*ṭVlV to bear
*ṭVlV to bear, lift
*ṗVṭV to beat
*ṗVṭV to beat
*ḳVwχV to beat, hit
*büḲa to bend
*cVḳV to bend
*Garḳu to bend
*Garḳu to bend
*guḳa to bend
*guḳa to bend
*güpA to bend
*ḳVlV ? to bend
*ḳVŋV to bend
*ɫoŋḳa to bend
*ɫoŋḳa to bend, bow
*KUrV to bend, turn
*güpA to bend; hump, heap
*KuTV to bind, girdle
*taxlwV to bind, harness
*kikV to bite
*ṭVHmV to bite, taste
*c`ajV to blink, shine, shade
*CajV to blink, shine, shade
*dVwɣV to blow
*p`uSV to blow
*p`uSV to blow
*ṗuɣV to blow
*ṗuɣV to blow
*dVwɣV to blow, shake
*Hewa to blow, winnow
*Hewa to blow, winnow
*ḳüpä to boil, foam
*ḳüpä to boil, foam
*gVbV to boil, roast
*lUŋ(k)V to bore, dig
*cVḳV to bow, bend
*ṗVSV to break, crumble
*ʔVrHwV to break, cut, wound
*ʔVrHwV to break, scatter, tear
*HwinV to breathe
*ʔanqV to breathe
*ʔanqV to breathe
*/ḳ/alV to burn
*ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV) to burn
*cwVwV (?*HVwcwV) to burn
*dekO to burn
*dekO to burn
*Hase to burn
*HaSe to burn
*ḳVńV to burn
*ṗVdwV to burn
*ṭülV to burn
*kVwrV to burn, bake
*kVwrV to burn, bake
*ḳVju to burn, boil
*CVlV to burn, flash
*gVbV to burn, heat
*nVjV to burn, sun
*paḳV to burst, split (many roots)
*CVḥV (?) to call
*gVjwV to call
*gVjwV to call
*ḳErV to call
*ḳErV to call
*č`VrV to care
*čVrV to care
*HVrV to change, borrow
*HVrV to change, distribute
*käjwV (?-b-) to chew
*lVkV to collect, count
*lVkV to collect, count
*ṗanV to collect, put
*muṭV to complete
*ḳa(j)dV to cover
*ḳVrV to cover, protect
*gʷVnV to covet sexually
*gʷVnV to covet sexually
*aĺV to cross, other side
*pi(u)čV to crush
*ṗVjńV to crush, press
*pi(u)CV to crush, squeeze
*muɣrV to cry
*ḳVwV to cry, shout
*jVrV to curse, be angry
*ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-) to cut
*ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-) to cut
*ḳVć`V to cut
*mVc`V to cut
*ṭanV ? to cut
*ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw
*ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw
*kVlV ? to cut, knife
*CarV to cut, sharp
*sVḳV to cut, split
*śVḳV to cut, split
*mVCV to cut, tear
*tVlV to deceive
*KolV to die, kill
*ḳVṗV to dig, hack
*palV to divide, cut in half
*jVgU to drink
*tVrV to drink, flow
*KVmV to dry
*šwVrV to dry
*šwVrV to dry
*sun(d)V ( ~ š-) to dry up, extinguish
*ʒeGV to eat
*ʒeGV to eat
*ʔitV to eat
*ʔitV to eat
*ḳVmV to eat, gulp
*ḳVmV to eat, gulp
*ŋēni to enter, go
*ḳVtV to fall
*ṗeṭV to fall
*ṗeṭV to fall, (down)
*ṗVjlV to fall, fly
*ṗVjlV to fall, soar
*belHi to fear, be angry
*belHi to fear, be scared
*zUkV to ferment, squeeze juice
*ṭVmV to fill, stuff
*ḳUdV to finish
*ḳUdV to finish
*dUgV to fit, be good
*ḳVnV to fit, be good
*CVlV to flash, shine
*CurV / *CorV to flow, drip
*CurV / *CorV to flow, drip
*tUKV to flow, pour
*lVjḳV to follow, send, leave
*lVjḳV to follow, send, leave
*gVṭV to get
*be[rH]u to give
*be[rH]u to give
*cwVHV to give
*dwV[H]V to give
*dwV[H]V to give
*KVmV ? to give birth, family
*kVngV to gnaw
*gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go
*meŋV to go
*ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi) to go, come
*ʒ́wVHV to go, come
*ʒwVHV to go, come, drive
*gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go, follow
*mVrV to go, walk
*HaṗV to grasp
*HaṗV to grasp
*ḳaṗV to grasp
*ḳaṗV to grasp
*[p]itV to grasp, seize
*zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-) to grow
*buHi to grow, become
*tajV to hang
*[s]VŋʒwV ? to hang down; stand (?)
*kUŋ[d]V to harm, break
*CVrV to hate, be annoyed
*ǯVrV to hate, be annoyed
*ḳiwlV to hear
*ḳVrV to hide, protect
*KuĺV to hide, secret
*ḳVkV to hit, break
*mVqwV to hit, push
*gerV to hold
*ʔanV to hold, seize
*wVlV to howl, cry
*wVlV to howl, cry
*anTV to join, together
*anTV to join, together
*lVKV to jump, run
*ḳVs(w)V to kindle, dry
*cwVnV to know
*g(w)enV to know
*g(w)enV to know
*CVḥV (?) to know, consider
*ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV) to know, think
*sVnV to know, think
*wetV to lead
*wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run') to lead, to go
*šVwV to let, agree
*l[a]pV to lick
*talV to lick
*lVm(ŋ)V to lick, swallow
*l[a]pV to lick; lip
*ḳVwjV to lie
*kVlV to lie, fall down
*kVlV to lie, sleep (also 'fall', cf. 412?)
*alV to listen, hear
*alV to listen, hear
*ḥujV to live
*ḥujV to live
*tVjḳV to look, show
*KuĺV to lose, hide
*wärV to make
*wärV to make
*KVmV ? to marry
*ḳVnV to match, fit
*dVnV to melt, flow
*dVnV to melt, flow
*kalV ? to mix, join
*SVlV to move
*SVlV to move
*ńowda to move quickly
*ńowda to move quickly, pursue
*mVqwV to move, push
*ćeKV to move, step
*ṗanCV to open, spread
*ʔaḳa to open, spread
*luku to peel, naked
*CoḳV to pierce
*CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV) to pierce
*źVḳV to plait
*zVḳV to plait, smth. plaited
*HUbV to plait, weave
*HUbV to plait, weave
*rVCV to plait, weave, rope (?)
*tIgwV to plant vertically
*ṗIḳV to polish, rub
*L[ä]jV to pour
*lVHwV to pour
*ṗVHV to pour, drink to pour
*ṗVHV to pour, drink
*tUKV to pour, drop
*ʒwVHlV to pour, stream
*piCV ? to prepare food
*piCV ? to prepare food
*ńamV to press, seize
*ńamV to press, seize
*ṭVnV to pull
*ṭVnV to pull, stretch
*nVq̇V to push, beat; grind (2 roots?)
*nVq̇V to push, beat; grind (2 roots?)
*ńukV to push, pull
*dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put
*dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put
*ṗanV to put
*HVlV to receive (+ bestow)
*kVdwV ? to rise
*kVdwV to rise to rise
*ḲaLi to rise, raise
*ḲaLi to rise, raise
*Horä to rise; move, go
*HUlV to roll
*HUlV to roll
*murV to roll, twist
*ṗVšV to rub, crumble
*ṗIḳV to rub, scratch
*dwVwV to run
*ḳacwV to run
*ṭoKV to run
*ṭoKV to run
*ʔurKV to run
*ṭVŕgV to run, road
*tVHV to say
*wVḳV to say, call
*mVlV to say, pray
*s(w)VcwV to scatter
*ḳirV to scrape
*ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign to scrape
*ḳV[sw]V to scrape
*gVrV to scratch
*xVḳV to scratch
*xVḳV to scratch
*ʔVwʒwV(HV) to see
*silV to see, eye
*wEdwV to see, eye
*ʔVnjV to see, eye
*HwVjV to see, guard
*HwVjV to see, guard
*silV to see, inspect
*šVḳV to see, know
*šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-) to see, know
*wEdwV to see, know, search
*ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV) to see, perceive
*[p]itV to seize, press
*dVrV to shake
*nVkV to shine, be visible
*laṗV to shine, glitter, flash
*ḳVwV to shout, sound
*sVjHV to sift
*č`VṗV to sink
*č`VṗV to sink
*ʒVlV to slide, creep
*ḥVwV (?) to speak
*ḥVwV (?) to speak
*watV to speak
*watV to speak
*sVjwV to speak, shout
*sVjwV ( ~ *ś-) to speak, shout
*muɣrV to speak, sound
*wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) to spin, plait
*KVrV to spin, wind
*lUŋ(k)V to split, bore
*ṗVrjV to spread
*pVdV to spread, long
*CVχrV ? to spread, strew
*čwVrV to stand
*sVlV to stand (?)
*sVŋʒ́V to stand, hang down (?)
*tIgwV to stand, plant vertically
*ŋwVkV to stand, rise
*menV to stay
*nV(w)HV to stay, be, stand
*menV to stay, reside
*NEgV to stick in, pierce
*NEgV to stick in, pierce
*bulV to stir, mix
*bulV to stir, puddle
*nV(w)HV to stretch, stand
*cVḳV ( ~ *č-) to strike fire
*kUdV to submerge
*[c`w]VṗV to suck
*ʔEmV to suck
*CVrbV to suck (?)
*[c]VrbV to suck, leech
*C(w)VHrV to suffer
*c`VHrV to suffer
*dVwV to suffer
*dVwV to suffer, die
*enV to suffer, die
*enV to suffer; pain
*cwalV to suffice, be full
*HVṗV to swallow
*L[ü]ḳa to swallow
*L[ü]ḳa to swallow
*lVm(ŋ)V to swallow
*Sem[H]V to swallow
*Sem[H]V to swallow
*tVrV to swallow, drink
*muḳV to swallow, gobble
*balʕ[u] to swallow, throat
*gwVrV to swallow, throat
*gwVrV to swallow, throat
*balʕ[u] to swallow, throat; pipe
*swxVjṗV to sweep
*bari to take
*bari to take
*kantV to take
*ʔVjsV to take care of, honour
*HVlV to take, receive
*č`VmV ? to taste, eat
*xamV to taste, sour
*p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split
*p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split
*ḳV[ǯ]V to tear, rip
*manu to think
*manu to think
*ʒVm(ŋ)V to think, dream
*ḳVńV to tie, bind
*ḳVńV to tie, bind
*taxlwV to tie, net
*tVKV to touch
*Koki to trace
*Koki to trace
*dVrV to tremble
*ṭurV to turn round
*ṭurV to turn round
*ʔVŋV to understand, brain (?)
*gUrV to understand, see
*gUrV to understand, see
*swiḳV ( ~ šw-) to urinate
*[š]ehŕa to wake
*źwehŕa to wake
*ṭVlV to wake, become clear
*ṭVlV to wake; see > eye (?)
*gVrV to walk, go
*gVrV to walk, run
*meŋV to walk, run
*lVHwV to wash, soak
*mVjV to weaken, disappear
*mVjV to weaken, disappear
*lVCV to wear out; weak, exhausted
*wVc`V to wear, put on
*rVcV ( ~ -c`-) to weave (a lattice?)
*c`VmrV to wink, eyelid
*h/a/wV to wish
*wiʎ/g/V to wish
*wiʎ/g/V to wish
*h/a/wV to wish (cf. 173)
*ʔVnV(jV) to wish, help
*šVwV to wish, let
*buḳV to worry, be stupid
*ʔewV to wound, kill
*ʔewV to wound, kill
*tilV(ŋV) tongue
*tilV(ŋV) tongue
*Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak
*Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak
*palV tooth
*palV tooth
*ɣoŋɣV tooth, peg
*ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge
*ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge
*ḳVḳV top
*ḳVḳV top
*mVĺV top
*KVmPV top of head
*KVmPV top of head
*TUmV top of head, hair
*TUmV top of head, hair of head
*ḳirV top of head, horn
*cimu ( ~ č-, č`-) top, summit
*ṭaṗV touch, plaster
*ṭaṗV touch, plaster, attach ?
*ceKV tramp, step
*ṗUjV tree
*ṗUjV tree
*widV tree
*dʷirV tree, wood
*dʷirV tree, wood
*c`UlV twig, branch
*šVṭV ? twig, rod
*murV twist
*tVḳV twist, weave
*malV two
*tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two
*tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two
*NVlV two / four / eight
*gagtV two, pair
*jVŕV two, pair
*jVŕV two, pair
*ʔVŋV understand, brain
*ʔirV ungulate
*ʔirV ungulate
*kVŋkV upper part of chest, collarbone
*swiḳV ( ~ šw-) urine, urinate
*gowlV valley
*gowlV valley, deep
*kala vessel
*kala vessel
*ḳaṗV vessel
*ḳaṗV vessel
*ḳVwKV vessel
*koṭV village
*koṭV village, house
*ḳojmV village, hut
*p`u[ṭ]V vulva
*pVjcV ( ~ -č-) vulva
*ṗuKdV wake
*kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford
*kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford
*ṭVŕgV walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?)
*lVmV warm
*ṭ[ä]pV warm
*ṭ[ä]pV warm
Ur. *kačV 'warm' warm
*bVnV ? wash
*mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-) wash
*mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-) wash
*HVrcV ( ~ -c`-) wash, flow
*bVnV ? water
*wetV water
*wetV water
*ʕEḳu water
*ʕEḳu water
*ʒwVHlV water, pour
*kUdV water, to submerge
*mEwV water, wet
*mEwV water, wet
*wV we (pronoun)
*wV we we, I [1st p. pronoun]
*HalV (cf. also *lVjV ) weak
*lVjV weak
*ṭVrV weak
*lVjńV weak, lax
*HalV weak, tired
*ŋVwV weak, tired, dead
*ṭVrV weak, young
*wVCV wear, dress
*ēco ( ~ -č-) weary, tired
*(H)wiɫV wet
*(H)wiɫV wet wet
*mäŕä wet
*mäŕä wet
*mVk`V wet
*mV what, interrogative pronoun
*swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-) white
*swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-) white, clean
*CV who
*ḳV who, what
*ḳVĺwV whole
*ḳVĺwV whole, all, combine
*ćwalV whole, full
*ṗaṭV wide
*ṗaṭV wide, open
*čwalV willow
*čwalV willow
*CalV ? wind, to blow
*gara wing; arm
*PVnV winter ~ spring
*gImV winter, cold
*gImV winter, cold
*ʔVnV(jV) wish
*ḲüjnA wolf, dog
*ḲüjnA wolf, dog
*k/u/nV woman
*k/u/nV woman
*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) woman, female
*widV wood
*ḲorV worm
*ḲorV worm
*kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?) worm
*mVṭV worm
*mVṭV worm
*ṗäri worm
*ṗäri worm
*ḳwVŋV worm, insect
*ŋalmV worm, insect
*w[e]ṭV year
*w[e]ṭV year
*CVnV year, old
*zVnV year, old
*si you
"Alt. "*bāla 'child, young' young
*ṭVlV young animal, plant
*ṭVlV young animal, plant
*majrV young male
*majrV young male
*ḳacV ( ~ -c`-) young man
*ḳʷVŕV young of animals
*ḳʷVŕV young of animals
*ḲanV young, child
*ḲanV young, child
|}
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic ==
=== CHOP (v.) ===
*tɬəkʰə : chop


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*tɬəkʰə
|chop
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian ==
=== WASH (v.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°k°xa : wash


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|wash
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Austric ==
=== BLOW (WITH NOSE) (v.), NASAL MUCUS (SNOT) (n.) ===
* *ɬiʔ° : to blow the nose, snot


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*ɬi
|snot
|noun
|-
|*ɬi
|blow the nose
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan ==
== Clothing and grooming ==
=== SHOE (n.) ===
* *tɬʼakʼəɴə : shoe


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Notes
!Category
|-
|*dʑoʔa
|ashes
|*ʒ́o[a]
|-
|*tsəha
|cold
|*cha-
|-
|*ʢa
|deictic stem
|*Ha
|-
|*tʼəʔu
|dew
|*ǀu
|-
|*tɬʼə-χuɦə
|dry
|*ǀǀXU
|-
|*ts3uɦə
|excrement
|*CU
|-
|*ts3a(ɴə)
|fat
|*Ca(N)
|-
|*vuɦə
|father
|*BU
|-
|*tʼə-ʁə
|hair
|*ǀʁV
|-
|*tɬaʔu
|hand
|*ƛ[a]u
|-
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|kidney
|*ɳ!u-
|-
|*gətʼəʔa
|leaf
|*ɡǀa
|-
|*tɬaɴə
|lizard
|*ƛaNV
|-
|*pʼə-ha
|meat
|*ʘha
|-
|*ʢajə
|mother
|*[H]aj-
|-
|-
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|shoe
|shoe
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|noun
|-
|*tsʼəkʼə
|smoke
|*c̣VḳV
|-
|*ʎi
|to blow the nose; snot
|*ʎi-
|-
|*tɬək3ə
|to chop
|*ƛVKV
|-
|*kəxe
|to cry, sound
|*kxe
|-
|*kə-ŋə
|to know
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|-
|*ʔits3a
|to steal
|*[i]Ca-
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|to wash
|*ǀǀkxa
|-
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|tortoise
|*ǀǀGo-
|}
|}
== Notes ==


[[Category:Atlanto-Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Atlanto-Mediterranean]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 24 July 2024

Noun (n.): Person/Thing

Adjective (adj.): Property

Verb (v.): Action/Process

Pronouns and demonstratives

"deictic stem"

  • *ʢa : deictic stem
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʢa deictic stem deictic stem

"demonstrative pronoun"

  • *sə : demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun
  • *ʃə : demonstrative pronoun, he, that
  • *s°w° : demonstrative pronoun, he, him
  • *ʔisə : demonstrative pronoun, self, oneself
  • *ʑə : demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative stem
  • *si : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
  • *si-ʔiʔa : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Vegetation

LEAF (n.)

  • *g°tʼ°ʔa : leaf
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*gətʼəʔa leaf noun

Animals

LIZARD (n.)

  • *tɬaɴə : lizard
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬaɴə lizard noun

LIZARD, WORM (n.)

  • *məːl° : lizard, worm, larva
  • *məl° : lizard, worm, larva, bug
  • *mələʢə : lizard, worm
  • *məl°xə : lizard, worm, slug
  • *məx°lə : lizard, worm, slug
  • *muluʕə : lizard, worm
  • *m°ʢiʟax°ɢ°wə : lizard, worm, maggot
  • *qatimela : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
  • *timel° : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
  • *χəmələ : lizard, worm
  • *χul°matʼə : lizard, worm
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

TORTOISE (n.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°ɢoʔ° : tortoise
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-ɢo tortoise noun

Kinship

MOTHER (n.)

  • *ja : mother, grandmother
  • *jaːjə : mother, grandmother
  • *ma : mother
  • *maj° : mother
  • *maʔ° : mother
  • *me : mother, woman, female
  • *meʔ° : mother
  • *məʔ° : mother
  • *ʔ°jə : mother
  • *ʢajə : mother
  • *ʔəjə : mother
  • *ʔəma : mother
  • *ʔəmə : mother, woman
  • *ʢəməː : mother
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʢajə mother noun

FATHER (n.)

  • *b°ʔa : father
  • *ba : father
  • *bo : father
  • *bʱuɦ° : father
  • *ʔ°ba : father
  • *ʔaba : father
  • *ʔabə : father
  • *ʔapʼə : father
  • *ʔupʼəː : father
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*bʱuɦə father

FATHER, "elder male relative" (n.)

  • *daːjə : father, elder male relative
  • *daʔə : father, elder male relative
  • *ta : father, elder male relative
  • *tajə : father, elder male relative
  • *təjə : father, elder male relative, chief
  • *ʔadə : father, elder male relative
  • *ʔətʼə : father, elder male relative, elder relative
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Body

FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE) (n.)

  • *tsʰa : fat
  • *tsʰaɴ° : fat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʰaɴə fat noun

FAECES (EXCREMENT) (n.)

  • *tsʰuɦ° : excrement
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʰuɦə excrement noun

KIDNEY (n.)

  • *ɳ°tsʼ°ʔuʔ° : kidney
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ɳətsʼəʔu kidney noun

HAND (n.)

  • *tɬaʔu : hand
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬaʔu hand noun

HAIR (n.)

  • *tʼ°ʔ°ʁə : hair
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tʼə-ʁə hair noun

Emotions and values

CRY, SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.), SOUND OR NOISE (n.)

  • *k°xe : to cry, to sound, sound
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*kəxe sound noun
*kəxe to cry, to sound verb

Food and drink

EAT (v.)

  • *dzeɢə : to eat
  • *ʃeːʔu : to eat, polstern
  • *s°ʀ°j° : to eat, satt werden/machen
  • *ʔ=ətsʼ°tsʼə : to eat, to drink
  • *tsa : to eat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

MEAT (n.)

  • *pʼ°ʔ°ha : meat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*pʼə-ha meat noun

ANIMAL OR MEAT (n.)

  • *tsətʃətʃə : animal, meat
  • *tsətʃə : animal, meat
  • *tsʼətʃʼə : animal, meat, herd
  • *ʔatʃə : animal, meat
  • *ʔitʃə : animal, meat
  • *tɬaj°wə : animal, meat
  • *tɬaj°ʔə : animal, meat
  • *ɬaʕə : animal, meat, cow, bull
  • *ɕa : animal, meat, flesh
  • *sats° : animal, meat
  • *ʔasi : animal, meat, flesh
  • *tɕʰesi : animal, meat, flesh
  • *ʔ°saʔ°tsi : animal, meat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Physical world

SMOKE (EXHAUST) (n.)

  • *tsʼəkʼə : smoke
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʼəkʼə smoke noun

ASH (n.)

  • *dʑoʔa : ash
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*dʑoʔa ash noun

ASH (n.), BURN (SOMETHING) (v.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

DEW (n.)

  • *tʼ°ʔu : dew
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tʼəʔu dew noun

Sense perception

COLD (adj.)

  • *ts°haʔ° : cold
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsəha cold adjective

DRY (adj.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°gʱuɦ° : dry
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-gʱuɦə dry adjective

SOUND OR NOISE (n.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Law

STEAL (v.)

  • *ʔitsʰaʔ° : steal
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʔitsʰa steal verb

Cognition

KNOW (SOMETHING) (v.)

  • *kəʔəŋ° : know
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*kə-ŋə know verb

Basic actions and technology

SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

CHOP (v.)

  • tɬəkʰə : chop
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬəkʰə chop verb

WASH (v.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°k°xa : wash
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-kəxa wash verb

BLOW (WITH NOSE) (v.), NASAL MUCUS (SNOT) (n.)

  • *ɬiʔ° : to blow the nose, snot
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ɬi snot noun
*ɬi blow the nose verb

Clothing and grooming

SHOE (n.)

  • *tɬʼakʼəɴə : shoe
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼakʼəɴə shoe noun

Notes

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