Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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== Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic ==
'''Noun (n.):''' Person/Thing
 
'''Adjective (adj.):''' Property
 
'''Verb (v.):''' Action/Process
 
== Pronouns and demonstratives ==
=== "deictic stem" ===
* *ʢa : deictic stem


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Notes
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʢa
|a bird of prey
|deictic stem
|*KVrdV
|deictic stem
|}
 
=== "demonstrative pronoun" ===
* *sə : demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun
* *ʃə : demonstrative pronoun, he, that
* *s°w° : demonstrative pronoun, he, him
* *ʔisə : demonstrative pronoun, self, oneself
* *ʑə : demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative stem
* *si : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
* *si-ʔiʔa : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a biting insect *CVnCV
|
|
|-
|
|a deictic element *nV
|
|
|}
== Vegetation ==
=== LEAF (n.) ===
* *g°tʼ°ʔa : leaf
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*gətʼəʔa
|a demonstrative element *nV
|leaf
|
|noun
|}
 
== Animals ==
=== LIZARD (n.) ===
* *tɬaɴə : lizard
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬaɴə
|a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|lizard
|
|noun
|}
 
=== LIZARD, WORM (n.) ===
* *məːl° : lizard, worm, larva
* *məl° : lizard, worm, larva, bug
* *mələʢə : lizard, worm
* *məl°xə : lizard, worm, slug
* *məx°lə : lizard, worm, slug
* *muluʕə : lizard, worm
* *m°ʢiʟax°ɢ°wə : lizard, worm, maggot
* *qatimela : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
* *timel° : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
* *χəmələ : lizard, worm
* *χul°matʼə : lizard, worm
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of berry *mVrV
|
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *CVmV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of bird *CVmV
|
|
|}
=== TORTOISE (n.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°ɢoʔ° : tortoise
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
|tortoise
|
|noun
|}
 
== Kinship ==
=== MOTHER (n.) ===
* *ja : mother, grandmother
* *jaːjə : mother, grandmother
* *ma : mother
* *maj° : mother
* *maʔ° : mother
* *me : mother, woman, female
* *meʔ° : mother
* *məʔ° : mother
* *ʔ°jə : mother
* *ʢajə : mother
* *ʔəjə : mother
* *ʔəma : mother
* *ʔəmə : mother, woman
* *ʢəməː : mother
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʢajə
|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
|mother
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird'
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of bird *kaNV
|
|
|}
=== FATHER (n.) ===
* *b°ʔa : father
* *ba : father
* *bo : father
* *bʱuɦ° : father
* *ʔ°ba : father
* *ʔaba : father
* *ʔabə : father
* *ʔapʼə : father
* *ʔupʼəː : father
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*bʱuɦə
|a k. of bird *kaNV
|father
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
|
|
|}
=== FATHER, "elder male relative" (n.) ===
* *daːjə : father, elder male relative
* *daʔə : father, elder male relative
* *ta : father, elder male relative
* *tajə : father, elder male relative
* *təjə : father, elder male relative, chief
* *ʔadə : father, elder male relative
* *ʔətʼə : father, elder male relative, elder relative
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kVṗV
|
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kVṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kwVtV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of bird *kwVtV
|
|
|}
== Body ==
=== FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE) (n.) ===
* *tsʰa : fat
* *tsʰaɴ° : fat
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʰaɴə
|a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
|fat
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *sVgV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of bird *SVlwV
|
|
|}
=== FAECES (EXCREMENT) (n.) ===
* *tsʰuɦ° : excrement
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʰuɦə
|a k. of bird *SVlwV
|excrement
|
|noun
|}
 
=== KIDNEY (n.) ===
* *ɳ°tsʼ°ʔuʔ° : kidney
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|kidney
|
|noun
|}
 
=== HAND (n.) ===
* *tɬaʔu : hand
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬaʔu
|a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
|hand
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bone *c`iŋu
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
|
|
|}
=== HAIR (n.) ===
* *tʼ°ʔ°ʁə : hair
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tʼə-ʁə
|a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
|hair
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
|
|
|}
== Emotions and values ==
=== CRY, SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.), SOUND OR NOISE (n.) ===
* *k°xe : to cry, to sound, sound
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*kəxe
|a k. of fish *č`VHmV
|sound
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|*kəxe
|a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
|to cry, to sound
|
|verb
|}
 
== Food and drink ==
=== EAT (v.) ===
* *dzeɢə : to eat
* *ʃeːʔu : to eat, polstern
* *s°ʀ°j° : to eat, satt werden/machen
* *ʔ=ətsʼ°tsʼə : to eat, to drink
* *tsa : to eat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *kVrV
|
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *kVrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of fruit *mVsV
|
|
|}
=== MEAT (n.) ===
* *pʼ°ʔ°ha : meat
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*pʼə-ha
|a k. of fruit *mVsV
|meat
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of grass *wVĺV
|
|
|}
=== ANIMAL OR MEAT (n.) ===
* *tsətʃətʃə : animal, meat
* *tsətʃə : animal, meat
* *tsʼətʃʼə : animal, meat, herd
* *ʔatʃə : animal, meat
* *ʔitʃə : animal, meat
* *tɬaj°wə : animal, meat
* *tɬaj°ʔə : animal, meat
* *ɬaʕə : animal, meat, cow, bull
* *ɕa : animal, meat, flesh
* *sats° : animal, meat
* *ʔasi : animal, meat, flesh
* *tɕʰesi : animal, meat, flesh
* *ʔ°saʔ°tsi : animal, meat
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of grass *wVĺV
|
|-
|
|
|a k. of grass? *cVmV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of horned animal *mula
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of horned animal *mula
|
|
|}
== Physical world ==
=== SMOKE (EXHAUST) (n.) ===
* *tsʼəkʼə : smoke
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʼəkʼə
|a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
|smoke
|
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *KUmV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of insect *KUmV
|
|
|}
=== ASH (n.) ===
* *dʑoʔa : ash
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*dʑoʔa
|a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
|ash
|
|noun
|}
 
=== ASH (n.), BURN (SOMETHING) (v.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of insect *lVŋV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of insect *mVḳV
|
|
|}
=== DEW (n.) ===
* *tʼ°ʔu : dew
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tʼəʔu
|a k. of insect *mVḳV
|dew
|
|noun
|}
 
== Sense perception ==
=== COLD (adj.) ===
* *ts°haʔ° : cold
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsəha
|a k. of insect *pUḳV
|cold
|
|adjective
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
|
|
|}
=== DRY (adj.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°gʱuɦ° : dry
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬʼə-gʱuɦə
|a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
|dry
|
|adjective
|}
 
=== SOUND OR NOISE (n.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of liquid *c`UtV
|
|-
|
|
|a k. of onion *sUŋV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of predator *bVrV
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of predator *KVrdV
|
|
|}
== Law ==
=== STEAL (v.) ===
* *ʔitsʰaʔ° : steal
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʔitsʰa
|a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
|steal
|
|verb
|}
 
== Cognition ==
=== KNOW (SOMETHING) (v.) ===
* *kəʔəŋ° : know
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*kə-ŋə
|a k. of sack *lVmV
|know
|
|verb
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|
|
|-
|
|a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|
|-
|
|a k. of tree *kojw[a]
|
|-
|
|a k. of tree *NEḳrV
|
|-
|
|a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
|
|-
|
|a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
|
|-
|
|a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
|
|-
|
|a k. of ungulate *mVnV
|
|-
|
|a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
|
|-
|
|a k. of vessel *pVNV
|
|-
|
|a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
|
|-
|
|a part of leg, foot *lVlV
|
|-
|
|a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
|
|-
|
|a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
|
|-
|
|a stinging insect *pUḳV
|
|-
|
|all *eli
|
|-
|
|all, join *kalV
|
|-
|
|an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
|
|-
|
|an insect *mVwcwV
|
|-
|
|an internal organ *CV(n)CV
|
|-
|
|an ungulate *morV
|
|-
|
|angry *jVrV
|
|-
|
|animal hair *mVńCV
|
|-
|
|animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|antelope *gujrV
|
|-
|
|antelope *gujrV
|
|-
|
|arm *gara
|
|-
|
|arm *küjnV
|
|-
|
|arm *lVlV
|
|-
|
|arm, leg *ćVḳV
|
|-
|
|armpit *ḳVwVŋV
|
|-
|
|army, people *čVbV
|
|-
|
|ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
|
|-
|
|ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
|
|-
|
|back *dVgV
|
|-
|
|back *gedV
|
|-
|
|back *gedV
|
|-
|
|back *sVrV
|
|-
|
|back *tVbV
|
|-
|
|back *tVbV
|
|-
|
|back *ʔarV
|
|-
|
|back *ʔarV
|
|-
|
|back, rear *kuNṭV
|
|-
|
|back, side *ṗVŋV
|
|-
|
|bad *bVHCV
|
|-
|
|bad *ʔVkV
|
|-
|
|bad *ʔVkV
|
|-
|
|bad, dirty *darV
|
|-
|
|bad, dirty *darV
|
|-
|
|bad, evil *bVHCV
|
|-
|
|bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
|
|-
|
|bark *ḳerV
|
|-
|
|bark *ḳerV
|
|-
|
|bark *ḲopV
|
|
|}
== Basic actions and technology ==
=== SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.) ===
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḲopV
|
|-
|
|
|bark *ḳuLV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḳVrṗV
|
|-
|
|
|bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|
|-
|
|bark, peel *ḳuLV
|
|-
|
|bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
|
|-
|
|basket *ḳocV
|
|-
|
|basket *ḳoćV
|
|-
|
|be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
|
|-
|
|be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
|
|-
|
|be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
|
|-
|
|be full *ḳOṗV
|
|-
|
|be full, complete *ḳOṗV
|
|-
|
|be ill *lVχV
|
|-
|
|be ill *lVχV
|
|-
|
|be satiated *HVwV
|
|-
|
|be smooth *gVlV
|
|-
|
|be visible, see *nVkV
|
|-
|
|beat *biχV
|
|-
|
|beat *biχV
|
|-
|
|beat *ṭoḳV
|
|-
|
|beat *ṭoḳV
|
|-
|
|beat, break *buṭV
|
|-
|
|beat, hit *SUTV
|
|-
|
|beat, hit *SUTV
|
|-
|
|beat, hit *ṭapħa
|
|-
|
|beat, hit *ṭapħa
|
|-
|
|bee *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|bee, insect *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
|
|-
|
|behind, buttock *SVtV
|
|-
|
|belly *wa[n]čV
|
|-
|
|belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
|
|-
|
|belly, entrails *gwVlV
|
|-
|
|belly, heart *kuŋV
|
|-
|
|belly, heart *kuŋV
|
|-
|
|belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
|
|-
|
|belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
|
|-
|
|belly, liver *gwVlV
|
|-
|
|belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
|
|-
|
|belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
|
|-
|
|below *HalV
|
|-
|
|below *HalV
|
|-
|
|bend *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|bend *ḳVŋV
|
|-
|
|bend *ṭoŋV
|
|-
|
|berry *mVrV
|
|-
|
|big *mVkV
|
|-
|
|big *t`VwjV
|
|-
|
|big *wol[a]
|
|-
|
|big *wol[a]
|
|-
|
|big fish *ḳUlV
|
|-
|
|big fish *ḳUlV
|
|-
|
|big tree *dVnwV
|
|-
|
|big tree *dVnwV
|
|-
|
|big, full *tVdV
|
|-
|
|big, heavy *pVKV
|
|-
|
|big, large *mVkV
|
|-
|
|big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|
|-
|
|big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|
|-
|
|big, thick *tVdV
|
|-
|
|big, very *ʔVnV
|
|-
|
|big, very *ʔVnV
|
|-
|
|bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|-
|
|bind *KuTV
|
|-
|
|bind *KVrV
|
|-
|
|birch *kojw[a]
|
|-
|
|bird *[č`w]VHḳV
|
|-
|
|bird *HVwjV
|
|-
|
|bird *HVwjV
|
|-
|
|bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
|
|-
|
|bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
|
|-
|
|bite, tear *ḳVCV
|
|-
|
|biting insect *CVnCV
|
|-
|
|bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
|
|-
|
|bitter *sVbV
|
|-
|
|bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|-
|
|bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
|
|-
|
|black *ḳarV
|
|-
|
|black *ḳarV
|
|-
|
|black *ʔVbV
|
|-
|
|black *ʔVbV
|
|-
|
|black, dark *ḳUmV
|
|-
|
|black, dark *ḳUmV
|
|-
|
|black, dark *mVCHV
|
|-
|
|black, dark *nal- 'black'
|
|-
|
|black, night *sVrV
|
|-
|
|black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|
|-
|
|blade, awl *ʔVlV
|
|-
|
|blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
|
|-
|
|blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
|
|-
|
|blister, wound *HVlVḳV
|
|-
|
|blood *bUjlV
|
|-
|
|blood *bUjlV blood
|
|-
|
|blood *ḳVnV blood
|
|-
|
|blood *wirV
|
|-
|
|blood *ʔVsxV
|
|-
|
|blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|blood, breath *HwinV
|
|-
|
|blood, breath *ʔVsxV
|
|-
|
|blood, red *ḳurV
|
|-
|
|blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
|
|-
|
|blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
|
|-
|
|blood; marrow *mVLV
|
|-
|
|blood; red *wirV
|
|-
|
|blue *swVNV
|
|-
|
|blue *swVNV
|
|-
|
|board, stick *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|body *bVdV
|
|-
|
|body, belly *bVdV
|
|-
|
|boil *borV, *buŕa
|
|-
|
|boil *borV, *buŕa
|
|-
|
|boil, burn *ḳVju
|
|-
|
|bone *girV
|
|-
|
|bone *girV
|
|-
|
|bone *HV(w)[č`]V
|
|-
|
|bone *HV(w)čV
|
|-
|
|bone *ḳač`V
|
|-
|
|bone *ḳaCV
|
|-
|
|bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
|
|-
|
|bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
|
|-
|
|bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
|
|-
|
|bosom *ʔVṗV
|
|-
|
|bosom *ʔVṗV
|
|-
|
|bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
|
|-
|
|bow *büḲa
|
|-
|
|bow, arc *ṭoŋV
|
|-
|
|bow, lean *tajV
|
|-
|
|brain *mVŋV
|
|-
|
|brain *mVŋV
|
|-
|
|brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
|
|-
|
|brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
|
|-
|
|branch *rVṭV
|
|-
|
|branch, rod *rVṭV
|
|-
|
|branch, stick *HelV
|
|-
|
|branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
|
|-
|
|break, chop *cVṗV
|
|-
|
|break, split *buṭV
|
|-
|
|breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
|
|-
|
|breast *ḳerdV
|
|-
|
|breast *ṗome
|
|-
|
|breast, belly *ʔudV
|
|-
|
|breast, udder *mälgi
|
|-
|
|breast, udder *mälgi
|
|-
|
|breath, smell *sVwHV
|
|-
|
|bright *bVrḳV
|
|-
|
|bright *ʔVǯV
|
|-
|
|bright *ʔVǯV
|
|-
|
|brown *boŕa
|
|-
|
|brown *boŕa
|
|-
|
|brown, dark *KVŋV
|
|-
|
|brown, yellow *KVŋV
|
|-
|
|bug, flea *ŋalmV
|
|-
|
|build, house *dwVmV
|
|-
|
|burn *mūga 'bonfire'
|
|-
|
|burn *ṗaĺV
|
|-
|
|burn *ṗaĺV
|
|-
|
|burn *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|burn *wVrV
|
|-
|
|burn *wVrV
|
|-
|
|burn, bake *buKV
|
|-
|
|burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
|
|-
|
|burn, fire *qoṭi
|
|-
|
|burn, fire *qoṭi
|
|-
|
|burn, fire *t`ülV
|
|-
|
|burn, hot coals *gUrV
|
|-
|
|burn, hot coals *gUrV
|
|-
|
|burn, roast *buKV
|
|-
|
|burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|burn, shine *Cajŋa
|
|-
|
|burn, shine *ʒajŋa
|
|-
|
|burst *paḳV
|
|-
|
|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
|
|-
|
|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
|
|-
|
|buy, sell *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|
|-
|
|calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|
|-
|
|cattle; horse *morV
|
|-
|
|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|
|-
|
|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|
|-
|
|cheek *ṗVlV
|
|-
|
|chest, belly *bUrV
|
|-
|
|chest, belly *bUrV
|
|-
|
|child *mVḳV
|
|-
|
|child, to bear *berV
|
|-
|
|child, to bear *berV
|
|-
|
|chin *kenV
|
|-
|
|chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)
|
|-
|
|chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
|
|-
|
|chin, jaw *kVṗV
|
|-
|
|chop *cVṗV
|
|-
|
|chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)
|
|-
|
|clan member *ʔarV
|
|-
|
|clay, mud *pVnV
|
|-
|
|clay, mud *pVnV
|
|-
|
|clothing *ḳa(j)dV
|
|-
|
|cloud *bVl(w)V
|
|-
|
|cloud *bVl(w)V
|
|-
|
|coals, burn *CuxLV
|
|-
|
|coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
|
|-
|
|cold *[z]VrV
|
|-
|
|cold *KurV
|
|-
|
|cold *KurV
|
|-
|
|cold *SVŋV
|
|-
|
|cold *ʒ́VrV
|
|-
|
|cold, frost *SVŋV
|
|-
|
|come, go; rise *Horä
|
|-
|
|coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
|
|-
|
|coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
|
|-
|
|corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
|
|-
|
|corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
|
|-
|
|court, enclosure *dwVrV
|
|-
|
|cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|
|-
|
|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|crane *kar-/*ker-
|
|-
|
|crane *kar-/*ker-
|
|-
|
|crust *c`VrV
|
|-
|
|curved, bent *ḳUrV
|
|-
|
|cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|-
|
|cut *ḳUṭV
|
|-
|
|cut *ḳVc`V
|
|-
|
|cut *kVlV
|
|-
|
|cut, sharp *CarV
|
|-
|
|dark *HamV
|
|-
|
|dark *rVmV
|
|-
|
|dark *rVmV
|
|-
|
|dark *sVmV
|
|-
|
|dark *ṭVmV
|
|-
|
|dark *ṭVmV
|
|-
|
|dark, black *muṭV dark
|
|-
|
|dark, black *mVCHV
|
|-
|
|dark, black *sVmV dark
|
|-
|
|dark, cloudy *muṭV
|
|-
|
|darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|
|-
|
|dawn *gojńV
|
|-
|
|dawn, light *gojńV
|
|-
|
|dawn, light *lVwŋV
|
|-
|
|dawn, noon *lVwŋV
|
|-
|
|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|
|-
|
|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|
|-
|
|day, sun, light *ŋera
|
|-
|
|decease *ŋVwV
|
|-
|
|deer *mVnV
|
|-
|
|deer *ʔelV
|
|-
|
|deer *ʔelV
|
|-
|
|deer, antilope *ʔoru
|
|-
|
|deer, he-goat *pOgV
|
|-
|
|demonstr. pronoun *mV
|
|-
|
|demonstr. pronoun *mV
|
|-
|
|demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
|
|-
|
|demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
|
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
|
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun *sV
|
|-
|
|dew, liquid *rVCV
|
|-
|
|die, finish *muṭV
|
|-
|
|die, starve *HwelV
|
|-
|
|die; kill *nek'-
|
|-
|
|dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|
|-
|
|direction, road *gwVCV
|
|-
|
|direction, road, pass *gwVCV
|
|-
|
|dirt *böḳa
|
|-
|
|dirt *c`VrV
|
|-
|
|dirt *c`VrV
|
|-
|
|dirt *kodV
|
|-
|
|dirt *kodV
|
|-
|
|dirt *lVḳwV
|
|-
|
|dirt, earth *magV
|
|-
|
|dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
|
|-
|
|dirt, faeces *SVḳV
|
|-
|
|dog *KUCV
|
|-
|
|dog *ḳVpV
|
|-
|
|dog *ḳVpV
|
|-
|
|dog *ŋindV
|
|-
|
|dog *ŋindV
|
|-
|
|dog *ŋVḳV
|
|-
|
|dog, wolf *bVrV
|
|-
|
|dog, wolf *KUCV
|
|-
|
|dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
|
|-
|
|dream *CVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|drink *jVgU
|
|-
|
|drink, liquid *CUtV
|
|-
|
|drink, swallow *ʔEmV
|
|-
|
|drink, water *HVṗV
|
|-
|
|dry *gwVlV
|
|-
|
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|
|-
|
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|
|-
|
|dry *kVkV
|
|-
|
|dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
|
|-
|
|dry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|-
|
|dry *sušV
|
|-
|
|dry *śušV dry
|
|-
|
|dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
|
|-
|
|dung, mud *ḳorV
|
|-
|
|dust *bur(H)V
|
|-
|
|dust *bur(H)V
|
|-
|
|dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
|
|-
|
|dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
|
|-
|
|dust, dirt *böḳa
|
|-
|
|dwelling *gülV
|
|-
|
|dwelling *gülV
|
|-
|
|ear *KVrWV
|
|-
|
|ear *KVrWV
|
|-
|
|early *ʔVCV
|
|-
|
|early *ʔVrV
|
|-
|
|early *ʔVrV
|
|-
|
|early, dawn *ʔVcwV
|
|-
|
|earth *DVG-
|
|-
|
|earth *DVG-
|
|-
|
|earth *magV
|
|-
|
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|
|-
|
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|
|-
|
|eat *tin- 'eat'
|
|-
|
|eat *UNV
|
|-
|
|eat, drink *UNV
|
|-
|
|edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
|
|-
|
|edge *Hońća
|
|-
|
|edge *HońcV
|
|-
|
|edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|edge *ṗerV
|
|-
|
|edge *PVlV
|
|-
|
|edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)
|
|-
|
|edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|edge, side *ṗerV
|
|-
|
|egg *ṭUĺV
|
|-
|
|egg *ṭUĺV
|
|-
|
|elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
|
|-
|
|elbow, knee *küjnV
|
|-
|
|elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
|
|-
|
|elder brother/sister *eńV
|
|-
|
|elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV)
|
|-
|
|elder relative *ʔaḳV
|
|-
|
|elder relative *ʔVṭV
|
|-
|
|elm *ʔilVmV
|
|-
|
|enclosure *gErV
|
|-
|
|enclosure *gVrdV
|
|-
|
|enclosure *gVrdV
|
|-
|
|enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|
|-
|
|enclosure, yard *dwVrV
|
|-
|
|enclosure, yard *gErV
|
|-
|
|end; mouth *[s]UwV
|
|-
|
|enemy *ḳarV
|
|-
|
|enemy *ḳarV
|
|-
|
|evening *SVKV
|
|-
|
|evening *sVrV
|
|-
|
|evening *ʒwVṗV
|
|-
|
|evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
|
|-
|
|extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
|
|-
|
|eye, see *HuḲa
|
|-
|
|eye, see *HuḲa
|
|-
|
|eye, see *HwVlV
|
|-
|
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
|
|-
|
|face *mVŋV
|
|-
|
|face, chin *kVṗV
|
|-
|
|face, forehead *pVNV
|
|-
|
|face, head *mVĺV
|
|-
|
|face, head *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|face, head *pVNV
|
|-
|
|face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
|
|-
|
|face, skin on head *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|fall *ḳVtV
|
|-
|
|fall, descend *HewV
|
|-
|
|fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
|
|-
|
|far; next *ḳUlV
|
|-
|
|fart *PV[s]V
|
|-
|
|fart *PVSV
|
|-
|
|fat *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|fat *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|
|-
|
|father *aṗV
|
|-
|
|father *aṗV
|
|-
|
|feather *ṗVĺV
|
|-
|
|feather, tail *ṗVĺV
|
|-
|
|female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|female *ṗenV
|
|-
|
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|female in-law *kälU
|
|-
|
|female in-law *kälU
|
|-
|
|female relative *eńV
|
|-
|
|female relative *mVjNV
|
|-
|
|female relative *mVjNV
|
|-
|
|female relative *natV
|
|-
|
|female relative *natV
|
|-
|
|fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|
|-
|
|fight, kill *HwelV
|
|-
|
|finger *pVrV
|
|-
|
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|
|-
|
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|
|-
|
|finger, fingernail *pVrV
|
|-
|
|finger, toe *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|fire *CVCxV
|
|-
|
|fire *dʷVɣV
|
|-
|
|fire *dʷVɣV
|
|-
|
|fire *ṗVxwV
|
|-
|
|fire *ṗVxwV
|
|-
|
|fire *zVcwxV
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *HenkV
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *HenkV
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *nVjV
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *ŋera
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *ʔumV
|
|-
|
|fire, burn *ʔumV
|
|-
|
|fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|-
|
|fire, warmth *lVmV
|
|-
|
|first p. pron. *ŋV
|
|-
|
|first person pronoun *mV
|
|-
|
|first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
|
|-
|
|fish *č`VHmV
|
|-
|
|fish *dVgV
|
|-
|
|fish *dVgV
|
|-
|
|fist *mVǯHV
|
|-
|
|fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
|
|-
|
|fist, wrist *kompV
|
|-
|
|fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
|
|-
|
|flat *lVṗV
|
|-
|
|flat *lVṗV
|
|-
|
|flat *ṭaPV
|
|-
|
|flat *ṭaPV
|
|-
|
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|
|-
|
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|
|-
|
|flat, plain *ṭalV
|
|-
|
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|
|-
|
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|
|-
|
|flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
|
|-
|
|flesh, fat *c`ebV
|
|-
|
|flesh, fat *swVĺV
|
|-
|
|flow *ńVjrV
|
|-
|
|flow *ńVjrV
|
|-
|
|flow, gush *bVlV
|
|-
|
|flow, gush *bVlV
|
|-
|
|fly *ṗarV
|
|-
|
|fly *ṗarV
|
|-
|
|fly, flea *ṗVlV
|
|-
|
|fly, midge *ṗVlV
|
|-
|
|fog *musV
|
|-
|
|food *HVlV
|
|-
|
|food, eat *HVlV
|
|-
|
|foolish, deceive *tVlV
|
|-
|
|foot, knee *bVl(m)V
|
|-
|
|foot, sole *ṗVHdV
|
|-
|
|foot, toe *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
|
|-
|
|four *NVlV
|
|-
|
|fox *[čw]VlɣV
|
|-
|
|fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
|
|-
|
|fragile *lVmV
|
|-
|
|fringe, thread *sVŋV
|
|-
|
|fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|
|-
|
|frog *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|frog *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|front *HalV
|
|-
|
|front *HanṭV
|
|-
|
|front *HanṭV
|
|-
|
|front *ʔedV front, breast
|
|-
|
|front, breast *mVńV
|
|-
|
|front, breast *mVńV
|
|-
|
|front, breast *ʔedV
|
|-
|
|front, nose *newRV
|
|-
|
|front, outside *HalV
|
|-
|
|frost, cold *pič`V
|
|-
|
|frozen snow *čVgV
|
|-
|
|frozen snow *čVgV
|
|-
|
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|
|-
|
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|
|-
|
|full *HVp`V
|
|-
|
|full *HVPVTV
|
|-
|
|full *malV
|
|-
|
|full *ṭVngV
|
|-
|
|full *ṭVngV
|
|-
|
|full *tVrV
|
|-
|
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|
|-
|
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|
|-
|
|full, fill *ṭVmV
|
|-
|
|furrow *HarV
|
|-
|
|furrow, hoe *HarV
|
|-
|
|gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
|
|-
|
|genitalia *ḳUṭV
|genitalia *ḳUṭV
|get in pairs, pair > two *malV
|get, obtain *ga
|gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV?
|gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV?
|give *ćwVHV
|glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|glue *[c]VbV
|glue, join *ćabV
|go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
|go, come *HVjV
|go, follow *HVjV
|goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|goat, deer *ʔoru
|goat, ram, deer *pOgV
|good *mVlV
|good *näḳi
|good (of soul) *näḳi
|good, big *bVtV ?
|good, fit *dUgV
|good, new *wVlV
|good, proper *ʔVjV
|good, take care ? *ʔVjsV
|goose *ĺVkĺVkV
|grain *SVrV
|grain *SVrV
|grasp *kamV
|grasp *kamV
|grasp, seize, press *HamV
|grass *kuCu
|grass, reed *ćVmV
|grass, twigs *c`UlV
|grass, vegetables *kuč`u
|grey *c'VjrV
|grey *c'VjrV
|grind *nVq̇V
|grind *nVq̇V
|gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
|gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums
|guts, inside *oŕV
|hack *ṭanV
|hair *cVḳV
|hair *k`VSV
|hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|hair *nVwrV
|hair *nVwrV
|hair *ŋVjV
|hair *p`un(́)V
|hair *p`un(́)V
|hair *pUdV
|hair *sVHrV
|hair *sVHrV
|hair *ṭVrV
|hair *ṭVrV
|hair ? *k`VSV
|hair, beard *Ḳila
|hair, eyebrow *burV
|hair, feather *pUdV (? *HapUdV)
|hair, hair of head *burV
|hair, head *q̇irV
|hair, rope *ŋVjV
|hair, stalk *Ḳila
|hair, tail *sVPV
|half, part *palV
|hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|hand(ful) *kompV
|hand, arm *bVgu
|hand, arm *udV
|hand, bone *ŋVlV ?
|hand, elbow *ŋVlV ?
|hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
|hand, limb *udV
|hard *ḳVmV ?
|hard, bone *ḳVmV ?
|hard, firm *pVKV
|harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
|harsh, ragged *c`VrV
|head *q̇irV
|head, back of head *ḳapV
|hear *sVmV
|hear *SVmV
|hear, ear *ḳiwlV
|hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'
|heart *sVʎV(mV)
|heart *śVʎV(mV)
|heart, breast *ḳerdV
|heat *[H]indV
|heavy, labour *mVnḳV
|herd *cVčV
|high *berg[i]
|high *berg[i]
|high *TVGV
|hill *tujpV
|hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|hill, top *tujpV
|hit *wVdV
|hit *wVdV
|hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)
|hole *k`VCV
|hole *ḳUrV
|hole *wonkV
|hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
|hole, empty *gop`a
|hole, empty *gop`a
|hole, mouth *k`VCV
|hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|hollow *HVlwV
|hollow, cavity *HVlwV
|hoof *ḳäṗV
|hoof *ḳäṗV
|hoof *sUdV
|hoof *ṭUṗV
|hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof
|hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
|horn *ḳirV
|horn *mVrgV
|horn; root *mVrgV
|horned animal *bVrV
|horned animal *bVrV
|hot, warm *ṗäḳV
|house *pVrV
|house *ʔU[ṭ]V
|house, village *ḳojmV village, hut
|humid, wet *mVk`V
|I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV
|ice, cold *jVkV
|ice, cold *jVkV
|ill, die *m[ä]rV
|ill, die *m[ä]rV
|insect, vermine *tVkV
|insect, vermine *tVkV
|insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
|insect, worm *lVŋV
|inside, stomach *ʔudV
|interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV
|interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV
|interrogative pronoun *ḳV
|interrogative pronoun *mV
|intestine *[c']VlV
|intestine *ć'VlV
|intestine *ḳUʒwV
|intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
|intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines ?
|intestines *lVŋ(d)V
|intestines *oŕV
|jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|joint, limb *bVgu
|joy *bVjV
|joy, desire *bVjV
|juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|jump, run *lVKV
|kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
|kill *KolV
|kill *ḳVwχV
|knee *bVl(m)V
|knee, ankle *sVnV
|knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
|know *ṭanV
|know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know
|know, name *nerV
|large fish *lVmbV
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large, heavy *sUrV
|large, heavy *sUrV
|laugh *gUlV
|laugh, merry *gUlV
|leaf *bolV
|leaf *bolV
|leaf *lVṗV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf, bark *lVṗV
|leaf, branch *HelV
|leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
|leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg, arm *ḳVwlV
|leg, limb *ḳVwlV
|level ground *ṭalV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *lašV ?
|lick *lašV ?
|lick, drink *talV
|lie *ḳVwjV
|light, burn *Howri
|light, burn *Howri
|light, loose *SulV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *mVlV
|limb *ṗVHdV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|liquid *GurV
|liquid *GurV
|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *sVwV
|liquid *śVwV
|liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
|liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
|liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
|liver *ponta
|liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
|liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow?
|lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|loins, groin *zVmV
|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long bone *śVnV
|long hair, tail *[s]VPV
|long, far *ḳUlV
|long, high *HVgU
|long, wide *wVŕV
|long, wide *wVŕV
|loose *SulV
|loose(n) *lVCV
|louse *pVN(T)V ?
|louse *ṭäjV
|louse *ṭäjV
|louse, nit *ñejV
|love, good *ʔVjV
|luminary *mVnzV
|luminary *mVnʒ́V
|lung, liver *pVjLV
|lung, spleen *pVjLV
|male *gVntV
|male *gVntV
|male, male child *mVḳV
|man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|man *mänV
|man *mänV
|many *m[o]nV
|many *m[o]nV
|many *ṗalV
|many *ṗV(H)- ?
|many, big *bVtV ?
|many, full *ṗalV
|marsh *[sw]VjmV
|marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|meat *ńVḳV(rV)
|meat *sUḳV
|meat *ʔomsV
|meat *ʔomśV
|meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
|meat, deer *sUḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
|member of the clan *ʔarV
|moisture *mVtV
|moisture *mVtV
|moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
|moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
|morning *ṗuKdV (?)
|morning / evening *HamV
|morning ~ evening *SVKV
|morning, clear sky *ŋańV
|moth *kuńV ?
|mother *ʔVjV ?
|mother *ʔVjV ?
|mother *ʔVmV
|mother, woman *ʔVmV
|mountain *balV
|mountain *malV
|mountain *malV
|mountain *wVrV
|mountain *wVrV
|mountain, high *TVGV
|mountain, hill *balV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
|mouth *[s]UwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth; eat *č`VmV ?
|mouth; speak *ʔVpV
|mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
|mud, dung *ḳorV
|mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
|multitude; be satiated *HVwV
|mushroom, fungus *pUtV
|mushroom, sponge *pUtV
|naked, take off clothes *luku
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ṗVtV
|name, call *ṗVtV
|name, shape *šamV
|nape, back *[s]VKV
|nape, back *śVKV
|nape; back *dVgV
|narrow *č`VnV
|narrow *ṭijV
|narrow, thin *č`VnV
|near *ʔVbV
|neck *ḳVlV
|neck, collar *kVŋkV
|neck, throat *HVŋV
|neck, throat *ḳVlV
|neck, vertebra *nVKV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative verb *ʔe
|new *žVjŋV
|new, fresh *CVrV
|new, good *žVjŋV
|new, young *CVrV
|new, young *wVlV
|night *HUdV
|night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|night *lVlV
|night *lVlV
|night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
|night, sleep *HUdV
|night, sleep *zVNV
|night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
|night, sleep *ʔamV
|nit *ñejV
|nit, louse *sajrV
|nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ne(H)wRV
|nose *ŋVkCV
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
|nose, nostril *CVxrV
|nose, nostril *cwVxrV
|not *ʔVnV
|not, negative particle *ʔVnV
|not, negative verb *ʔe
|notch, sign *gVrVbV
|now; new *nVwV
|now; new *nVwV
|numerous, full *tVrV
|nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
|old *gwVrV
|old *gwVrV
|old *zVr(d)V
|one *sem-
|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔVrV
|one *ʔVrV
|one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
|open *ṗan[c]V
|open space *ʔVrHV
|open space *ʔVrHV
|open, hole *HangV
|open; hole *ʔaḳa
|order, custom *nerV
|original place *ni̯VnV
|other *aĺV other side
|other *gUjV
|other *gwVjV
|pain, wound *mVnḳV
|painful state, grief *gilV
|painful state, grief *gilV
|pair, one of a pair *gagtV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
|palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|part of face *ńVjlV
|part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
|part of shoulder *čVKV
|part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|paw, grasp *gEpSV
|paw, hand *gEpčwV
|peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|people, army *čVbV
|place *baja
|place *baja
|pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|plenty, abundant *malV
|pond *küɫä
|pond *küɫä
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *pVNV
|pray *mVlV
|prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|prohibitive particle, not *ma
|pus, rot *[č]iru
|pus, rot *Ciru
|push, move *ńukV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|rain, fog, steam *musV ?
|rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
|rare *HVrV
|rare, new *HVrV rare
|reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|relative-in-law *tajV
|ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|rise *ŋwVkV
|rise, stand up *HVgU
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road, walk *mVrV
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
|root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone (?)
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|root, sprout *ḲurV
|root, stalk *ḲurV
|rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ṭompV
|round, convex *ṭompV ?
|rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|rump, neck *nVKV
|run *bok[a]
|run *bok[a]
|run, drive *ʔurKV
|sack, bag *lVmV
|salt *CalV
|salt, bitter *sVbV
|salt, sea *čwalV
|salty, sour *č`VmV
|salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|sand *ki[ǯ]V
|sand *kiCV
|satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|say *tVHV
|say, call *wVḳV
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|scab *pVkV
|scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|scratch *wVrcwV
|scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|sea *jamV
|sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|sea, water *jamV
|sea, water *sVjɣwV
|second person pronoun *χwV
|second person pronoun, thou *nV
|second person pronoun, thou *si
|second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|see, eye *ʔVnjV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed; to sift *sVjHV
|seize *HamV
|self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|separate, split *bedV
|settlement *aHulV
|settlement *palVHV
|settlement *palVHV
|shape *šamV
|sharp *Hoḳi
|sharp object *CVNV
|sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|shell *kV(n)ḳV
|shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|shine, bright *bVrḳV
|shine, burn *mVlV
|shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
|shine, glitter *belV
|shine, glitter *laṗV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine; burn *leuk-
|shoulder *tVlV
|shoulder, arm *tVlV
|shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|show, point at *tVjḳV
|sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|side *bVḳV
|side (of body) *bVḳV
|sinew; root *SirV
|sinew; root *SirV
|single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *perV
|skin *perV
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin, bark *pVkV
|skin, crust, peel *kamV
|skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, husk *kamV
|skull *ḳapV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|slanting *kVCV
|sleep *ʔamV
|slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|slime *SVlV
|slime, dirt *SVlV
|small *cVḳV
|small *CVḳV
|small *ḳVṭV
|small *ṭijV
|small bird *ciṗV
|small bird *ciṗV
|small female animal *ṗenV
|small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|small, young *ḳVṭV
|small. child *pVwjV
|small. child *pVwjV
|smear *cwVHmV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear; fat *ć`ämV
|smell *[s]VwHV
|smell *ṗunV
|smell *sun(g)V
|smell *śun(g)V
|smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smooth *gVlV
|smth. sharp *CVNV
|snake *nētr- 'snake'
|snake *ṗVjmV
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake, eel *lVmbV
|soft, fragile *lVmV
|soft, mild *mVlV
|soft, weak *lVjńV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|sour *CVwVrV
|sour, bitter *č`VmV
|sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|span *ṭVgV
|span *ṭVgV
|speak, say, sound *jVnV
|speak, sound *jVnV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spirit *cwVnV
|spit *ṭupV
|spit *ṭupV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|split *cVlV
|split, tear off *CVlV
|spread *ṗVrjV
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|spread, long *pVdV
|spring *PVnV
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|sprinkle *p`isV
|stalk *kanVbV
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|stand *čwVrV
|star *dVštV
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|star, moon *dV[š]tV ?
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|stick *bVč`V
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV ?
|stone *ḳElV
|stone *kiwV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stump *ṭumgV
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|suck *SUṗV
|suck *zUkV
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|sufficient, complete *eli
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun'
|swamp *laHm[u]
|swamp *laHm[u]
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|sweet *cwVtu
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *toḳE
|tail *toḳE
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|tail, back *śVrV back
|take *ga
|take *ʔanV
|take, bring *gerV
|take, bring *tVKV
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|take, get *gVṭV
|take, grasp *kantV
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|taste *ṭVHmV
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|ten, many *ṗV(H)- ?
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|thick *ṭVkV
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|thick, swell *bongä
|thick, swell *bongä
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh, leg (?) *ṗVǯkV
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|thin *cUṗV
|thin *ṭVnV
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|thing *HVdV
|thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
|third person pronoun *sV
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|this *ḳV
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
|thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
|thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|throat *HVŋV
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|tickle *cVḳV
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|tip, spout *CVCV
|tip, spout *čVčV
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|to be *buHi
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *ʔa ?
|to be *ʔa ?
|to be *ʔesA
|to be *ʔesA
|to be angry *kVCV
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|to be visible *HwVlV
|to be well *c`olHV
|to be well *ColHV
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *ṭVlV
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|to bend *büḲa
|to bend *cVḳV
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *güpA
|to bend *ḳVlV ?
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|to bite *kikV
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|to blow *dVwɣV
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|to breathe *HwinV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|to burn *ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV)
|to burn *cwVwV (?*HVwcwV)
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *Hase
|to burn *HaSe
|to burn *ḳVńV
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|to burn *ṭülV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|to call *CVḥV (?)
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *ḳErV
|to call *ḳErV
|to care *č`VrV
|to care *čVrV
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|to complete *muṭV
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|to cry *muɣrV
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|to cut *mVc`V
|to cut *ṭanV ?
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, knife *kVlV ?
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|to deceive *tVlV
|to die, kill *KolV
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|to drink *jVgU
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|to dry *KVmV
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|to fall *ḳVtV
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to get *gVṭV
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *cwVHV
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give birth, family *KVmV ?
|to gnaw *kVngV
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|to go *meŋV
|to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|to go, walk *mVrV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|to grow, become *buHi
|to hang *tajV
|to hang down; stand (?) *[s]VŋʒwV ?
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|to hold *gerV
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to join, together *anTV
|to join, together *anTV
|to jump, run *lVKV
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|to know *cwVnV
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know, consider *CVḥV (?)
|to know, think *ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV)
|to know, think *sVnV
|to lead *wetV
|to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
|to let, agree *šVwV
|to lick *l[a]pV
|to lick *talV
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|to listen, hear *alV
|to listen, hear *alV
|to live *ḥujV
|to live *ḥujV
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|to make *wärV
|to make *wärV
|to marry *KVmV ?
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to mix, join *kalV ?
|to move *SVlV
|to move *SVlV
|to move quickly *ńowda
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|to move, push *mVqwV
|to move, step *ćeKV
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|to peel, naked *luku
|to pierce *CoḳV
|to pierce *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)
|to plait *źVḳV
|to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave, rope (?) *rVCV
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|to pour *lVHwV
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to pull *ṭVnV
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, pull *ńukV
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *ṗanV
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|to rise *kVdwV ?
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll, twist *murV
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|to run *dwVwV
|to run *ḳacwV
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ʔurKV
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|to say *tVHV
|to say, call *wVḳV
|to say, pray *mVlV
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|to scrape *ḳirV
|to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|to scratch *gVrV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|to see, eye *silV
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, inspect *silV
|to see, know *šVḳV
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|to shake *dVrV
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|to sift *sVjHV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|to speak *watV
|to speak *watV
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|to spread, long *pVdV
|to spread, strew *CVχrV ?
|to stand *čwVrV
|to stand (?) *sVlV
|to stand, hang down (?) *sVŋʒ́V
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|to stay *menV
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|to stay, reside *menV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stir, mix *bulV
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|to submerge *kUdV
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|to suck *ʔEmV
|to suck (?) *CVrbV
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|to suffer *dVwV
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|to suffer, die *enV
|to suffer; pain *enV
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|to swallow *HVṗV
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|to take *bari
|to take *bari
|to take *kantV
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|to take, receive *HVlV
|to taste, eat *č`VmV ?
|to taste, sour *xamV
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|to think *manu
|to think *manu
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|to touch *tVKV
|to trace *Koki
|to trace *Koki
|to tremble *dVrV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|to wake *źwehŕa
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|to wake; see > eye (?) *ṭVlV
|to walk, go *gVrV
|to walk, run *gVrV
|to walk, run *meŋV
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|to wish, let *šVwV
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tooth *palV
|tooth *palV
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *mVĺV
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|touch, plaster, attach ? *ṭaṗV
|tramp, step *ceKV
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *widV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|twig, rod *šVṭV ?
|twist *murV
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|two *malV
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|two, pair *gagtV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|valley *gowlV
|valley, deep *gowlV
|vessel *kala
|vessel *kala
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|village *koṭV
|village, house *koṭV
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|wake *ṗuKdV
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) *ṭVŕgV
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|warm *lVmV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|wash *bVnV ?
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|water *bVnV ?
|water *wetV
|water *wetV
|water *ʕEḳu
|water *ʕEḳu
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|water, wet *mEwV
|water, wet *mEwV
|we (pronoun) *wV
|we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
|weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV )
|weak *lVjV
|weak *ṭVrV
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|weak, tired *HalV
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|wear, dress *wVCV
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mVk`V
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|who *CV
|who, what *ḳV
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|whole, full *ćwalV
|wide *ṗaṭV
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|willow *čwalV
|willow *čwalV
|wind, to blow *CalV ?
|wing; arm *gara
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|winter, cold *gImV
|winter, cold *gImV
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|wood *widV
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *ṗäri
|worm *ṗäri
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year, old *CVnV
|year, old *zVnV
|you *si
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young male *majrV
|young male *majrV
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|-
|
|young, child *ḲanV
|
|-
|
|young, child *ḲanV
|
|
|}
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic ==
=== CHOP (v.) ===
*tɬəkʰə : chop


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*tɬəkʰə
|chop
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian ==
=== WASH (v.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°k°xa : wash


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|wash
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Austric ==
=== BLOW (WITH NOSE) (v.), NASAL MUCUS (SNOT) (n.) ===
* *ɬiʔ° : to blow the nose, snot


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*ɬi
|snot
|noun
|-
|*ɬi
|blow the nose
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan ==
== Clothing and grooming ==
=== SHOE (n.) ===
* *tɬʼakʼəɴə : shoe


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Notes
!Category
|-
|*dʑoʔa
|ashes
|*ʒ́o[a]
|-
|*tsəha
|cold
|*cha-
|-
|*ʢa
|deictic stem
|*Ha
|-
|*tʼəʔu
|dew
|*ǀu
|-
|*tɬʼə-χuɦə
|dry
|*ǀǀXU
|-
|*ts3uɦə
|excrement
|*CU
|-
|*ts3a(ɴə)
|fat
|*Ca(N)
|-
|*vuɦə
|father
|*BU
|-
|*tʼə-ʁə
|hair
|*ǀʁV
|-
|*tɬaʔu
|hand
|*ƛ[a]u
|-
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|kidney
|*ɳ!u-
|-
|*gətʼəʔa
|leaf
|*ɡǀa
|-
|*tɬaɴə
|lizard
|*ƛaNV
|-
|*pʼə-ha
|meat
|*ʘha
|-
|*ʢajə
|mother
|*[H]aj-
|-
|-
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|shoe
|shoe
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|noun
|-
|*tsʼəkʼə
|smoke
|*c̣VḳV
|-
|*ʎi
|to blow the nose; snot
|*ʎi-
|-
|*tɬək3ə
|to chop
|*ƛVKV
|-
|*kəxe
|to cry, sound
|*kxe
|-
|*kə-ŋə
|to know
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|-
|*ʔits3a
|to steal
|*[i]Ca-
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|to wash
|*ǀǀkxa
|-
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|tortoise
|*ǀǀGo-
|}
|}
== Notes ==


[[Category:Atlanto-Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Atlanto-Mediterranean]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 24 July 2024

Noun (n.): Person/Thing

Adjective (adj.): Property

Verb (v.): Action/Process

Pronouns and demonstratives

"deictic stem"

  • *ʢa : deictic stem
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʢa deictic stem deictic stem

"demonstrative pronoun"

  • *sə : demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun
  • *ʃə : demonstrative pronoun, he, that
  • *s°w° : demonstrative pronoun, he, him
  • *ʔisə : demonstrative pronoun, self, oneself
  • *ʑə : demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative stem
  • *si : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
  • *si-ʔiʔa : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Vegetation

LEAF (n.)

  • *g°tʼ°ʔa : leaf
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*gətʼəʔa leaf noun

Animals

LIZARD (n.)

  • *tɬaɴə : lizard
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬaɴə lizard noun

LIZARD, WORM (n.)

  • *məːl° : lizard, worm, larva
  • *məl° : lizard, worm, larva, bug
  • *mələʢə : lizard, worm
  • *məl°xə : lizard, worm, slug
  • *məx°lə : lizard, worm, slug
  • *muluʕə : lizard, worm
  • *m°ʢiʟax°ɢ°wə : lizard, worm, maggot
  • *qatimela : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
  • *timel° : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
  • *χəmələ : lizard, worm
  • *χul°matʼə : lizard, worm
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

TORTOISE (n.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°ɢoʔ° : tortoise
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-ɢo tortoise noun

Kinship

MOTHER (n.)

  • *ja : mother, grandmother
  • *jaːjə : mother, grandmother
  • *ma : mother
  • *maj° : mother
  • *maʔ° : mother
  • *me : mother, woman, female
  • *meʔ° : mother
  • *məʔ° : mother
  • *ʔ°jə : mother
  • *ʢajə : mother
  • *ʔəjə : mother
  • *ʔəma : mother
  • *ʔəmə : mother, woman
  • *ʢəməː : mother
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʢajə mother noun

FATHER (n.)

  • *b°ʔa : father
  • *ba : father
  • *bo : father
  • *bʱuɦ° : father
  • *ʔ°ba : father
  • *ʔaba : father
  • *ʔabə : father
  • *ʔapʼə : father
  • *ʔupʼəː : father
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*bʱuɦə father

FATHER, "elder male relative" (n.)

  • *daːjə : father, elder male relative
  • *daʔə : father, elder male relative
  • *ta : father, elder male relative
  • *tajə : father, elder male relative
  • *təjə : father, elder male relative, chief
  • *ʔadə : father, elder male relative
  • *ʔətʼə : father, elder male relative, elder relative
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Body

FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE) (n.)

  • *tsʰa : fat
  • *tsʰaɴ° : fat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʰaɴə fat noun

FAECES (EXCREMENT) (n.)

  • *tsʰuɦ° : excrement
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʰuɦə excrement noun

KIDNEY (n.)

  • *ɳ°tsʼ°ʔuʔ° : kidney
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ɳətsʼəʔu kidney noun

HAND (n.)

  • *tɬaʔu : hand
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬaʔu hand noun

HAIR (n.)

  • *tʼ°ʔ°ʁə : hair
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tʼə-ʁə hair noun

Emotions and values

CRY, SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.), SOUND OR NOISE (n.)

  • *k°xe : to cry, to sound, sound
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*kəxe sound noun
*kəxe to cry, to sound verb

Food and drink

EAT (v.)

  • *dzeɢə : to eat
  • *ʃeːʔu : to eat, polstern
  • *s°ʀ°j° : to eat, satt werden/machen
  • *ʔ=ətsʼ°tsʼə : to eat, to drink
  • *tsa : to eat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

MEAT (n.)

  • *pʼ°ʔ°ha : meat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*pʼə-ha meat noun

ANIMAL OR MEAT (n.)

  • *tsətʃətʃə : animal, meat
  • *tsətʃə : animal, meat
  • *tsʼətʃʼə : animal, meat, herd
  • *ʔatʃə : animal, meat
  • *ʔitʃə : animal, meat
  • *tɬaj°wə : animal, meat
  • *tɬaj°ʔə : animal, meat
  • *ɬaʕə : animal, meat, cow, bull
  • *ɕa : animal, meat, flesh
  • *sats° : animal, meat
  • *ʔasi : animal, meat, flesh
  • *tɕʰesi : animal, meat, flesh
  • *ʔ°saʔ°tsi : animal, meat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Physical world

SMOKE (EXHAUST) (n.)

  • *tsʼəkʼə : smoke
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʼəkʼə smoke noun

ASH (n.)

  • *dʑoʔa : ash
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*dʑoʔa ash noun

ASH (n.), BURN (SOMETHING) (v.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

DEW (n.)

  • *tʼ°ʔu : dew
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tʼəʔu dew noun

Sense perception

COLD (adj.)

  • *ts°haʔ° : cold
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsəha cold adjective

DRY (adj.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°gʱuɦ° : dry
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-gʱuɦə dry adjective

SOUND OR NOISE (n.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Law

STEAL (v.)

  • *ʔitsʰaʔ° : steal
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʔitsʰa steal verb

Cognition

KNOW (SOMETHING) (v.)

  • *kəʔəŋ° : know
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*kə-ŋə know verb

Basic actions and technology

SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

CHOP (v.)

  • tɬəkʰə : chop
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬəkʰə chop verb

WASH (v.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°k°xa : wash
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-kəxa wash verb

BLOW (WITH NOSE) (v.), NASAL MUCUS (SNOT) (n.)

  • *ɬiʔ° : to blow the nose, snot
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ɬi snot noun
*ɬi blow the nose verb

Clothing and grooming

SHOE (n.)

  • *tɬʼakʼəɴə : shoe
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼakʼəɴə shoe noun

Notes

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