Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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== Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic ==
'''Noun (n.):''' Person/Thing
 
'''Adjective (adj.):''' Property
 
'''Verb (v.):''' Action/Process
 
== Pronouns and demonstratives ==
=== "deictic stem" ===
* *ʢa : deictic stem


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Eurasiatic
!Category
|-
|-
|*[k]°rd°
|*ʢa
|a bird of prey
|deictic stem
|*KVrdV
|deictic stem
|-
|}
|*[ts]°n[ts]°
 
|a biting insect
=== "demonstrative pronoun" ===
|*CVnCV
* *sə : demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun
|-
* *ʃə : demonstrative pronoun, he, that
|*n°
* *s°w° : demonstrative pronoun, he, him
|a deictic element
* *ʔisə : demonstrative pronoun, self, oneself
|*nV
* *ʑə : demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative stem
|-
* *si : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
|*n°
* *si-ʔiʔa : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
|a demonstrative element
 
|*nV
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
|*tʼ°k° *dw°kʼ°
!Meaning
|a horned animal
!Category
|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|-
|*m°r°
|a kind of berry
|*mVrV
|-
|*tʃʼw°ʢkʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*[č`w]VHḳV
|-
|*[ts]°m°
|a kind of bird
|*CVmV
|-
|*[ts]°m°
|a kind of bird
|*CVmV
|-
|*ʢal°kʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*HalVḳV
|-
|*ʢal°kʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*HalVḳV
|-
|*kjama
|a kind of (aquatic) bird
|*k[i̯a]ma
|-
|*kaɴ°
|a kind of bird
|*kaNV
|-
|*kaɴ°
|a kind of bird
|*kaNV
|-
|*kʼuɦʎ°
|a kind of bird
|*ḳUĺV
|-
|*kʼuɦʎ°
|a kind of bird
|*ḳUĺV
|-
|*k°pʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*kVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*kVṗV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*kwVtV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|}
|*kwVtV
 
== Vegetation ==
=== LEAF (n.) ===
* *g°tʼ°ʔa : leaf
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*gətʼəʔa
|a kind of bird
|leaf
|*ĺVkĺVkV
|noun
|}
 
== Animals ==
=== LIZARD (n.) ===
* *tɬaɴə : lizard
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬaɴə
|a kind of bird
|lizard
|*sVgV
|noun
|}
 
=== LIZARD, WORM (n.) ===
* *məːl° : lizard, worm, larva
* *məl° : lizard, worm, larva, bug
* *mələʢə : lizard, worm
* *məl°xə : lizard, worm, slug
* *məx°lə : lizard, worm, slug
* *muluʕə : lizard, worm
* *m°ʢiʟax°ɢ°wə : lizard, worm, maggot
* *qatimela : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
* *timel° : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
* *χəmələ : lizard, worm
* *χul°matʼə : lizard, worm
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*SVlwV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*SVlwV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird (gallinacean)
|*KVwrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bone
|*c`iŋu
|-
|
|
|a kind of cereal
|}
|*lVnṭV
 
=== TORTOISE (n.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°ɢoʔ° : tortoise
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|a kind of cereal
|tortoise
|*lVnṭV
|noun
|}
 
== Kinship ==
=== MOTHER (n.) ===
* *ja : mother, grandmother
* *jaːjə : mother, grandmother
* *ma : mother
* *maj° : mother
* *maʔ° : mother
* *me : mother, woman, female
* *meʔ° : mother
* *məʔ° : mother
* *ʔ°jə : mother
* *ʢajə : mother
* *ʔəjə : mother
* *ʔəma : mother
* *ʔəmə : mother, woman
* *ʢəməː : mother
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʢajə
|a kind of duck
|mother
|*ṭVḳV
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of duck or hen
|*ṭVḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of fish
|*č`VHmV
|-
|
|
|(a) kind of fish
|}
|*kećä
 
=== FATHER (n.) ===
* *b°ʔa : father
* *ba : father
* *bo : father
* *bʱuɦ° : father
* *ʔ°ba : father
* *ʔaba : father
* *ʔabə : father
* *ʔapʼə : father
* *ʔupʼəː : father
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|*bʱuɦə
|father
|
|
|a kind of fish
|*kVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of fish
|*kVrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of fish; salmon
|*ńowŋa
|-
|
|
|a kind of fruit
|}
|*mVsV
 
=== FATHER, "elder male relative" (n.) ===
* *daːjə : father, elder male relative
* *daʔə : father, elder male relative
* *ta : father, elder male relative
* *tajə : father, elder male relative
* *təjə : father, elder male relative, chief
* *ʔadə : father, elder male relative
* *ʔətʼə : father, elder male relative, elder relative
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of fruit
|*mVsV
|-
|
|
|a kind of gallinacean bird
|*KVwrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of grass
|*wVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of grass
|*wVĺV
|-
|
|
|a kind of grass
|*cVmV
|-
|
|
|a kind of horned animal
|}
|*mula
 
== Body ==
=== FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE) (n.) ===
* *tsʰa : fat
* *tsʰaɴ° : fat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʰaɴə
|a kind of horned animal
|fat
|*mula
|noun
|-
|*tʃjuːppa *tʃjuːppu
|a kind of insect
|*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
|-
|*[k]uɦm°
|a kind of insect
|*KUmV
|-
|*[k]uɦm°
|a kind of insect
|*KUmV
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*ḳUṭḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*ḳUṭḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|}
|*lVŋV
 
=== FAECES (EXCREMENT) (n.) ===
* *tsʰuɦ° : excrement
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʰuɦə
|a kind of insect
|excrement
|*m[a]ŋi
|noun
|}
 
=== KIDNEY (n.) ===
* *ɳ°tsʼ°ʔuʔ° : kidney
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|a kind of insect
|kidney
|*mVḳV
|noun
|}
 
=== HAND (n.) ===
* *tɬaʔu : hand
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tɬaʔu
|a kind of insect
|hand
|*mVḳV
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*pUḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*pVN(T)V
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|}
|*ṗVnǯV
 
=== HAIR (n.) ===
* *tʼ°ʔ°ʁə : hair
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tʼə-ʁə
|a kind of insect, louse
|hair
|*ṗVnǯV
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of liquid
|*c`UtV
|-
|
|
|a kind of onion
|*sUŋV
|-
|
|
|a kind of predator
|}
|*bVrV
 
|-
== Emotions and values ==
|
=== CRY, SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.), SOUND OR NOISE (n.) ===
|a kind of predator
* *k°xe : to cry, to sound, sound
|*KVrdV
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*kəxe
|a kind of rodent
|sound
|*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
|noun
|-
|-
|
|*kəxe
|a kind of sack
|to cry, to sound
|*lVmV
|verb
|}
 
== Food and drink ==
=== EAT (v.) ===
* *dzeɢə : to eat
* *ʃeːʔu : to eat, polstern
* *s°ʀ°j° : to eat, satt werden/machen
* *ʔ=ətsʼ°tsʼə : to eat, to drink
* *tsa : to eat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*kojw[a]
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*NEḳrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*ʔilVmV
|-
|
|
|a kind of ungulate
|}
|*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
 
=== MEAT (n.) ===
* *pʼ°ʔ°ha : meat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*pʼə-ha
|a kind of ungulate
|meat
|*CVxnV
|noun
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of ungulate
|*mVnV
|-
|
|
|a kind of vessel
|*ḳVwKV
|-
|
|
|a kind of vessel
|}
|*pVNV
 
=== ANIMAL OR MEAT (n.) ===
* *tsətʃətʃə : animal, meat
* *tsətʃə : animal, meat
* *tsʼətʃʼə : animal, meat, herd
* *ʔatʃə : animal, meat
* *ʔitʃə : animal, meat
* *tɬaj°wə : animal, meat
* *tɬaj°ʔə : animal, meat
* *ɬaʕə : animal, meat, cow, bull
* *ɕa : animal, meat, flesh
* *sats° : animal, meat
* *ʔasi : animal, meat, flesh
* *tɕʰesi : animal, meat, flesh
* *ʔ°saʔ°tsi : animal, meat
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|a kind of water bird (gull)
|*sVgV
|-
|
|
|a part of leg, foot
|*lVlV
|-
|
|
|a small animal
|*cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
|-
|-
|
|
|a stinging insect
|*mVwć`wV
|-
|
|
|a stinging insect
|*pUḳV
|-
|
|
|all
|}
|*eli
 
== Physical world ==
=== SMOKE (EXHAUST) (n.) ===
* *tsʼəkʼə : smoke
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsʼəkʼə
|all, join
|smoke
|*kalV
|noun
|-
|*tʃakiː
|an insect; a kind of insect
|*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i
|-
|-
|
|
|an insect
|*mVwcwV
|-
|
|
|an internal organ
|*CV(n)CV
|-
|
|
|an ungulate
|}
|*morV
 
=== ASH (n.) ===
* *dʑoʔa : ash
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*dʑoʔa
|angry
|ash
|*jVrV
|noun
|}
 
=== ASH (n.), BURN (SOMETHING) (v.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|animal hair
|*mVńCV
|-
|
|
|animal hair
|*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|
|
|antelope
|*gujrV
|-
|-
|
|
|antelope
|*gujrV
|-
|
|
|arm
|*gara
|-
|
|
|arm
|}
|*küjnV
 
=== DEW (n.) ===
* *tʼ°ʔu : dew
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tʼəʔu
|arm
|dew
|*lVlV
|noun
|}
 
== Sense perception ==
=== COLD (adj.) ===
* *ts°haʔ° : cold
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*tsəha
|arm, leg
|*ćVḳV
|-
|
|armpit
|*ḳVwVŋV
|-
|
|army, people
|*čVbV
|-
|
|ashes, burn 1; light 2
|*ṗVdwV 1; *pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 2
|-
|
|ashes, dirt
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|back
|*dVgV
|-
|
|back
|*gedV
|-
|
|back
|*gedV
|-
|
|back
|*sVrV
|-
|
|back
|*tVbV
|-
|
|back
|*tVbV
|-
|
|back
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|back
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|back, rear
|*kuNṭV
|-
|
|back, side
|*ṗVŋV
|-
|
|bad
|*bVHCV
|-
|
|bad
|*ʔVkV
|-
|
|bad
|*ʔVkV
|-
|
|bad, dirty
|*darV
|-
|
|bad, dirty
|*darV
|-
|
|bad, evil
|*bVHCV
|-
|
|bad, harm
|*sogwV ( ~ š-)
|-
|
|bark
|*ḳerV
|-
|
|bark
|*ḳerV
|-
|
|bark
|*ḲopV
|-
|
|bark
|*ḲopV
|-
|
|bark
|*ḳuLV
|-
|
|bark
|*ḳVrṗV
|-
|
|bark, cover
|*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|-
|
|bark, peel
|*ḳuLV
|-
|
|bark, skin
|*ḳVrṗV
|-
|
|basket
|*ḳocV
|-
|
|basket
|*ḳoćV
|-
|
|be angry
|*kwVrV (~ gw)
|-
|
|be angry
|*kwVrV (~ gw)
|-
|
|be destroyed, fall apart
|*HVŕV
|-
|
|be full
|*ḳOṗV
|-
|
|be full, complete
|*ḳOṗV
|-
|
|be ill
|*lVχV
|-
|
|be ill
|*lVχV
|-
|
|be satiated
|*HVwV
|-
|
|be smooth
|*gVlV
|-
|
|be visible, see
|*nVkV
|-
|
|beat
|*biχV
|-
|
|beat
|*biχV
|-
|
|beat
|*ṭoḳV
|-
|
|beat
|*ṭoḳV
|-
|
|beat, break
|*buṭV
|-
|
|beat, hit
|*SUTV
|-
|
|beat, hit
|*SUTV
|-
|
|beat, hit
|*ṭapħa
|-
|
|beat, hit
|*ṭapħa
|-
|
|bee
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|bee, insect
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|behind, buttock
|*[šw]VtV
|-
|
|behind, buttock
|*SVtV
|-
|
|belly
|*wa[n]čV
|-
|
|belly
|*wa[n]ʒ́wV
|-
|
|belly, entrails
|*gwVlV
|-
|
|belly, heart
|*kuŋV
|-
|
|belly, heart
|*kuŋV
|-
|
|belly, intestines
|*gUtV / *kUtV
|-
|
|belly, intestines
|*gUtV / *kUtV
|-
|
|belly, liver
|*gwVlV
|-
|
|belly, stomach
|*Ḳarbi
|-
|
|belly, stomach
|*Ḳarbi
|-
|
|below
|*HalV
|-
|
|below
|*HalV
|-
|
|bend
|*ḳVlV
|-
|
|bend
|*ḳVŋV
|-
|
|bend
|*ṭoŋV
|-
|
|berry
|*mVrV
|-
|
|big
|*mVkV
|-
|
|big
|*t`VwjV
|-
|
|big
|*wol[a]
|-
|
|big
|*wol[a]
|-
|
|big fish
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|big fish
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|big tree
|*dVnwV
|-
|
|big tree
|*dVnwV
|-
|
|big, full
|*tVdV
|-
|
|big, heavy
|*pVKV
|-
|
|big, large
|*mVkV
|-
|
|big, thick
|*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|-
|
|big, thick
|*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|-
|
|big, thick
|*tVdV
|-
|
|big, very
|*ʔVnV
|-
|
|big, very
|*ʔVnV
|-
|
|bile
|*bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|-
|
|bind
|*KuTV
|-
|
|bind
|*KVrV
|-
|
|birch
|*kojw[a]
|-
|
|bird
|*[č`w]VHḳV
|-
|
|bird
|*HVwjV
|-
|
|bird
|*HVwjV
|-
|
|bird's tail
|*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
|-
|
|bite, chew
|*käjwV (-b-)
|-
|
|bite, tear
|*ḳVCV
|-
|
|biting insect
|*CVnCV
|-
|
|bitter
|*gVcwV(~-čw-)
|-
|
|bitter
|*sVbV
|-
|
|bitter, gall
|*bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|-
|
|bitter, sour
|*gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
|-
|
|black
|*ḳarV
|-
|
|black
|*ḳarV
|-
|
|black
|*ʔVbV
|-
|
|black
|*ʔVbV
|-
|
|black, dark
|*ḳUmV
|-
|
|black, dark
|*ḳUmV
|-
|
|black, dark
|*mVCHV
|-
|
|black, dark; black
|*nal-
|-
|
|black, night
|*sVrV
|-
|
|black-cock
|*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|-
|
|blade, awl
|*ʔVlV
|-
|
|blade, whetstone
|*ʔVlV
|-
|
|blister, abscess
|*HVlVḳV
|-
|
|blister, wound
|*HVlVḳV
|-
|
|blood
|*bUjlV
|-
|
|blood
|*bUjlV
|-
|
|blood
|*ḳVnV
|-
|
|blood
|*wirV
|-
|
|blood
|*ʔVsxV
|-
|
|blood, blood vessel
|*ḳVnV
|-
|
|blood, breath
|*HwinV
|-
|
|blood, breath
|*ʔVsxV
|-
|
|blood, red
|*ḳurV
|-
|
|blood, red
|*ḳurV
|-
|
|blood, spirit; spirit; blood
|*cwVnV
|-
|
|blood; marrow
|*mVLV
|-
|
|blood; red
|*wirV
|-
|
|blue
|*swVNV
|-
|
|blue
|*swVNV
|-
|
|board, stick
|*ṭVlV
|-
|
|body
|*bVdV
|-
|
|body, belly
|*bVdV
|-
|
|boil
|*borV, *buŕa
|-
|
|boil
|*borV, *buŕa
|-
|
|boil, burn
|*ḳVju
|-
|
|bone
|*girV
|-
|
|bone
|*girV
|-
|
|bone
|*HV(w)[č`]V
|-
|
|bone
|*HV(w)čV
|-
|
|bone
|*ḳač`V
|-
|
|bone
|*ḳaCV
|-
|
|bone
|*ʒ́VmV (*c`iŋu)
|-
|
|bone, tooth
|*ṗVjNV
|-
|
|bone, tooth
|*ṗVjNV
|-
|
|bosom
|*ʔVṗV
|-
|
|bosom
|*ʔVṗV
|-
|
|bovine; horse
|*luwV (*luɣV)
|-
|
|bow
|*büḲa
|-
|
|bow, arc
|*ṭoŋV
|-
|
|bow, lean
|*tajV
|-
|
|brain
|*mVŋV
|-
|
|brain
|*mVŋV
|-
|
|brain, head
|*wVṭV(mV)
|-
|
|brain, marrow; head
|*wVṭV(mV)
|-
|
|branch
|*rVṭV
|-
|
|branch, rod
|*rVṭV
|-
|
|branch, stick
|*HelV
|-
|
|branch, twig, rod
|*šVṭV
|-
|
|break, chop
|*cVṗV
|-
|
|break, split
|*buṭV
|-
|
|breast
|*[c]V(n)ʒwV
|-
|
|breast
|*ḳerdV
|-
|
|breast
|*ṗome
|-
|
|breast, belly
|*ʔudV
|-
|
|breast, udder
|*mälgi
|-
|
|breast, udder
|*mälgi
|-
|
|breath, smell
|*sVwHV
|-
|
|bright
|*bVrḳV
|-
|
|bright
|*ʔVǯV
|-
|
|bright
|*ʔVǯV
|-
|
|brown
|*boŕa
|-
|
|brown
|*boŕa
|-
|
|brown, dark
|*KVŋV
|-
|
|brown, yellow
|*KVŋV
|-
|
|bug, flea
|*ŋalmV
|-
|
|build, house
|*dwVmV
|-
|
|burn; bonfire
|*mūga
|-
|
|burn
|*ṗaĺV
|-
|
|burn
|*ṗaĺV
|-
|
|burn
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|burn
|*wVrV
|-
|
|burn
|*wVrV
|-
|
|burn, bake
|*buKV
|-
|
|burn, boil; burn, kindle
|*t`èmo ( ~ t-)
|-
|
|burn, fire
|*qoṭi
|-
|
|burn, fire
|*qoṭi
|-
|
|burn, fire
|*t`ülV
|-
|
|burn, hot coals
|*gUrV
|-
|
|burn, hot coals
|*gUrV
|-
|
|burn, roast
|*buKV
|-
|
|burn, roast, dry
|*ḳVńV
|-
|
|burn, shine
|*Cajŋa
|-
|
|burn, shine
|*ʒajŋa
|-
|
|burst
|*paḳV
|-
|
|butterfly
|*ṗVrṗVlV
|-
|
|butterfly
|*ṗVrṗVlV
|-
|
|buy, sell
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|calf
|*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|-
|
|calf, bull
|*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|-
|
|cattle; horse
|*morV
|-
|
|cave, hole
|*ḳVjwV
|-
|
|cave, hole
|*ḳVjwV
|-
|
|cheek
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|chest, belly
|*bUrV
|-
|
|chest, belly
|*bUrV
|-
|
|child
|*mVḳV
|-
|
|child, to bear
|*berV
|-
|
|child, to bear
|*berV
|-
|
|chin
|*kenV
|-
|
|chin
|*kenV (*kVngV)
|-
|
|chin, beard; cheek bone
|*čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-)
|-
|
|chin, jaw
|*kVṗV
|-
|
|chop
|*cVṗV
|-
|
|chopped piece, to cut
|*ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV)
|-
|
|clan member
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|clay, mud
|*pVnV
|-
|
|clay, mud
|*pVnV
|-
|
|clothing
|*ḳa(j)dV
|-
|
|cloud
|*bVl(w)V
|-
|
|cloud
|*bVl(w)V
|-
|
|coals, burn
|*CuxLV
|-
|
|coals, soot, burn
|*CuxLV
|-
|
|cold
|cold
|*[z]VrV
|adjective
|-
|-
|
|
|cold
|*KurV
|-
|
|
|cold
|*KurV
|-
|
|
|cold
|}
|*SVŋV
 
|-
=== DRY (adj.) ===
|
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°gʱuɦ° : dry
|cold
 
|*ʒ́VrV
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
|
!Meaning
|cold, frost
!Category
|*SVŋV
|-
|
|come, go; rise
|*Horä
|-
|
|coniferous tree
|*pVnč`wV
|-
|
|coniferous tree, resin
|*pVnč`wV
|-
|
|corner, enclosure
|*ḳVnVṭV
|-
|
|corner, wall
|*ḳVnVṭV
|-
|
|court, enclosure
|*dwVrV
|-
|
|cover
|*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|-
|
|cover, close
|*ḳaṗV
|-
|
|cover, close
|*ḳaṗV
|-
|
|crane
|*kar-/*ker-
|-
|
|crane
|*kar-/*ker-
|-
|-
|
|*tɬʼə-gʱuɦə
|crust
|*c`VrV
|-
|
|curved, bent
|*ḳUrV
|-
|
|cut
|*čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|-
|
|cut
|*ḳUṭV
|-
|
|cut
|*ḳVc`V
|-
|
|cut
|*kVlV
|-
|
|cut, sharp
|*CarV
|-
|
|dark
|*HamV
|-
|
|dark
|*rVmV
|-
|
|dark
|*rVmV
|-
|
|dark
|*sVmV
|-
|
|dark
|*ṭVmV
|-
|
|dark
|*ṭVmV
|-
|
|dark, black; dark
|*muṭV
|-
|
|dark, black
|*mVCHV
|-
|
|dark, black; dark
|*sVmV
|-
|
|dark, cloudy
|*muṭV
|-
|
|darkness, night
|*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|-
|
|dawn
|*gojńV
|-
|
|dawn, light
|*gojńV
|-
|
|dawn, light
|*lVwŋV
|-
|
|dawn, noon
|*lVwŋV
|-
|
|day, shine
|*dʷVjɣV
|-
|
|day, shine
|*dʷVjɣV
|-
|
|day, sun, light
|*ŋera
|-
|
|decease
|*ŋVwV
|-
|
|deer
|*mVnV
|-
|
|deer
|*ʔelV
|-
|
|deer
|*ʔelV
|-
|
|deer, antilope
|*ʔoru
|-
|
|deer, he-goat
|*pOgV
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*mV
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*mV
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*ṭV
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*ṭV
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*ḳV
|-
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*sV
|-
|
|dew, liquid
|*rVCV
|-
|
|die, finish
|*muṭV
|-
|
|die, starve
|*HwelV
|-
|
|die; kill
|*nek'-
|-
|
|dig, hack
|*ḳVṗV
|-
|
|direction, road
|*gwVCV
|-
|
|direction, road, pass
|*gwVCV
|-
|
|dirt
|*böḳa
|-
|
|dirt
|*c`VrV
|-
|
|dirt
|*c`VrV
|-
|
|dirt
|*kodV
|-
|
|dirt
|*kodV
|-
|
|dirt
|*lVḳwV
|-
|
|dirt, earth
|*magV
|-
|
|dirt, faeces
|*[ʒ]VḳV
|-
|
|dirt, faeces
|*SVḳV
|-
|
|dog
|*KUCV
|-
|
|dog
|*ḳVpV
|-
|
|dog
|*ḳVpV
|-
|
|dog
|*ŋindV
|-
|
|dog
|*ŋindV
|-
|
|dog
|*ŋVḳV
|-
|
|dog, wolf
|*bVrV
|-
|
|dog, wolf
|*KUCV
|-
|
|dog, wolf
|*ŋVḳV
|-
|
|dream
|*CVm(ŋ)V
|-
|
|drink
|*jVgU
|-
|
|drink, liquid
|*CUtV
|-
|
|drink, swallow
|*ʔEmV
|-
|
|drink, water
|*HVṗV
|-
|
|dry
|dry
|*gwVlV
|adjective
|}
 
=== SOUND OR NOISE (n.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|dry
|*ḳVjwV(rV)
|-
|
|
|dry
|*ḳVjwV(rV)
|-
|
|
|dry
|*kVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry
|*kVk𝑉𝑘V
|-
|
|
|dry
|*KVmV
|-
|
|
|dry
|}
|*ḳVs(w)V
 
== Law ==
=== STEAL (v.) ===
* *ʔitsʰaʔ° : steal
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|*ʔitsʰa
|dry
|steal
|*sušV
|verb
|-
|}
|
 
|dry
== Cognition ==
|*śušV
=== KNOW (SOMETHING) (v.) ===
|-
* *kəʔəŋ° : know
|
 
|dry, burn
{| class="wikitable"
|*gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV)
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
|-
!Meaning
|
!Category
|dung, mud
|*ḳorV
|-
|
|dust
|*bur(H)V
|-
|
|dust
|*bur(H)V
|-
|
|dust, ashes
|*ṭVṭV
|-
|
|dust, ashes, smoke
|*ṭVṭV
|-
|
|dust, dirt
|*böḳa
|-
|
|dwelling
|*gülV
|-
|
|dwelling
|*gülV
|-
|
|ear
|*KVrWV
|-
|
|ear
|*KVrWV
|-
|
|early
|*ʔVCV
|-
|
|early
|*ʔVrV
|-
|
|early
|*ʔVrV
|-
|
|early, dawn
|*ʔVcwV
|-
|
|earth
|*DVG-
|-
|
|earth
|*DVG-
|-
|
|earth
|*magV
|-
|
|earth, dust
|*ṭVŕV
|-
|
|earth, dust
|*ṭVŕV
|-
|
|eat
|*tin-
|-
|
|eat
|*UNV
|-
|
|eat, drink
|*UNV
|-
|
|edge; top, summit
|*cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-)
|-
|
|edge
|*Hońća
|-
|
|edge
|*HońcV
|-
|
|edge
|*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|
|edge
|*ṗerV
|-
|
|edge
|*PVlV
|-
|
|edge
|*PVlV (*ṗVlV)
|-
|
|edge, side
|*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|
|edge, side
|*ṗerV
|-
|
|egg
|*ṭUĺV
|-
|
|egg
|*ṭUĺV
|-
|
|elbow, forearm
|*c`VjḳV
|-
|
|elbow, knee
|*küjnV
|-
|
|elder brother or sister
|*ʔaḳV
|-
|
|elder brother/sister
|*eńV
|-
|
|elder male relative, father
|*ʔVṭV (*tajV)
|-
|
|elder relative
|*ʔaḳV
|-
|
|elder relative
|*ʔVṭV
|-
|
|elm
|*ʔilVmV
|-
|
|enclosure
|*gErV
|-
|
|enclosure
|*gVrdV
|-
|
|enclosure
|*gVrdV
|-
|
|enclosure
|*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|-
|
|enclosure, yard
|*dwVrV
|-
|
|enclosure, yard
|*gErV
|-
|
|end; mouth
|*[s]UwV
|-
|
|enemy
|*ḳarV
|-
|
|enemy
|*ḳarV
|-
|
|evening
|*SVKV
|-
|
|evening
|*sVrV
|-
|
|evening
|*ʒwVṗV
|-
|
|evening, sleep
|*ʒwVṗV
|-
|
|extinguish
|*sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-)
|-
|
|eye, see
|*HuḲa
|-
|
|eye, see
|*HuḲa
|-
|
|eye, see
|*HwVlV
|-
|
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head
|*SVmrV
|-
|
|face
|*mVŋV
|-
|
|face, chin
|*kVṗV
|-
|
|face, forehead
|*pVNV
|-
|
|face, head
|*mVĺV
|-
|
|face, head
|*mVṭV
|-
|
|face, head
|*pVNV
|-
|
|face, nose, mouth
|*mVŋV
|-
|
|face, skin on head
|*mVṭV
|-
|
|fall
|*ḳVtV
|-
|
|fall, descend
|*HewV
|-
|
|fall, descend, disappear
|*HewV(jV)
|-
|
|far; next
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|fart
|*PV[s]V
|-
|
|fart
|*PVSV
|-
|
|fat
|*gwVjV
|-
|
|fat
|*gwVjV
|-
|
|fat, intestines
|*sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|-
|
|father
|*aṗV
|-
|
|father
|*aṗV
|-
|
|feather
|*ṗVĺV
|-
|
|feather, tail
|*ṗVĺV
|-
|
|female
|*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|-
|
|female
|*ṗenV
|-
|
|female genitalia
|*mVṭV
|-
|
|female genitalia
|*mVṭV
|-
|
|female in-law
|*kälU
|-
|
|female in-law
|*kälU
|-
|
|female relative
|*eńV
|-
|
|female relative
|*mVjNV
|-
|
|female relative
|*mVjNV
|-
|
|female relative
|*natV
|-
|
|female relative
|*natV
|-
|
|fence, enclosure
|*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|-
|
|fight, kill
|*HwelV
|-
|
|finger
|*pVrV
|-
|
|finger, claw
|*č`wVṗV
|-
|
|finger, claw
|*č`wVṗV
|-
|
|finger, fingernail
|*pVrV
|-
|
|finger, toe
|*ḳVrV
|-
|
|fire
|*CVCxV
|-
|
|fire
|*dʷVɣV
|-
|
|fire
|*dʷVɣV
|-
|
|fire
|*ṗVxwV
|-
|
|fire
|*ṗVxwV
|-
|
|fire
|*zVcwxV
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*HenkV
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*HenkV
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*nVjV
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*ŋera
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*ʔumV
|-
|
|fire, burn
|*ʔumV
|-
|
|fire, to strike fire
|*cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|-
|
|fire, warmth
|*lVmV
|-
|
|first person pronoun
|*ŋV
|-
|
|first person pronoun
|*mV
|-
|
|first person pronoun (exclusive)
|*ŋV
|-
|
|fish
|*č`VHmV
|-
|
|fish
|*dVgV
|-
|
|fish
|*dVgV
|-
|
|fist
|*mVǯHV
|-
|
|fist, handle
|*ṗVnḳV
|-
|
|fist, wrist
|*kompV
|-
|
|fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple
|*mVǯHV
|-
|
|flat
|*lVṗV
|-
|
|flat
|*lVṗV
|-
|
|flat
|*ṭaPV
|-
|
|flat
|*ṭaPV
|-
|
|flat, level
|*ṗVlHV
|-
|
|flat, level
|*ṗVlHV
|-
|
|flat, plain
|*ṭalV
|-
|
|flea
|*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|-
|
|flea
|*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|-
|
|flesh, blood; flesh, fat
|*SVĺV
|-
|
|flesh, fat
|*c`ebV
|-
|
|flesh, fat
|*swVĺV
|-
|
|flow
|*ńVjrV
|-
|
|flow
|*ńVjrV
|-
|
|flow, gush
|*bVlV
|-
|
|flow, gush
|*bVlV
|-
|
|fly
|*ṗarV
|-
|
|fly
|*ṗarV
|-
|
|fly, flea
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|fly, midge
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|fog
|*musV
|-
|
|food
|*HVlV
|-
|
|food, eat
|*HVlV
|-
|
|foolish, deceive
|*tVlV
|-
|
|foot, knee
|*bVl(m)V
|-
|
|foot, sole
|*ṗVHdV
|-
|
|foot, toe
|*ḳVrV
|-
|
|forest, wilderness
|*ni̯VnV
|-
|
|four
|*NVlV
|-
|
|fox
|*[čw]VlɣV
|-
|
|fox, weasel
|*[čw]VlɣV
|-
|
|fragile
|*lVmV
|-
|
|fringe, thread
|*sVŋV
|-
|
|fringe, thread
|*śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|-
|
|frog
|*gwVrV
|-
|
|frog
|*gwVrV
|-
|
|front
|*HalV
|-
|
|front
|*HanṭV
|-
|
|front
|*HanṭV
|-
|
|front; front, breast
|*ʔedV
|-
|
|front, breast
|*mVńV
|-
|
|front, breast
|*mVńV
|-
|
|front, breast
|*ʔedV
|-
|
|front, nose
|*newRV
|-
|
|front, outside
|*HalV
|-
|
|frost, cold
|*pič`V
|-
|
|frozen snow
|*čVgV
|-
|
|frozen snow
|*čVgV
|-
|
|fruit
|*bVrq̇wV
|-
|
|fruit
|*bVrq̇wV
|-
|
|full
|*HVp`V
|-
|
|full
|*HVPVTV
|-
|
|full
|*malV
|-
|
|full
|*ṭVngV
|-
|
|full
|*ṭVngV
|-
|
|full
|*tVrV
|-
|
|full, all
|*wV(n)CV
|-
|
|full, all
|*wV(n)CV
|-
|
|full, fill
|*ṭVmV
|-
|
|furrow
|*HarV
|-
|
|furrow, hoe
|*HarV
|-
|
|gather, assemble; buy, assemble
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|genitalia
|*ḳUṭV
|-
|
|genitalia
|*ḳUṭV
|-
|
|get in pairs, pair > two
|*malV
|-
|
|get, obtain
|*ga
|-
|
|gift, allotment
|*ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|-
|
|gift, allotment
|*ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|-
|
|give
|*ćwVHV
|-
|
|glittering
|*gi[ɫ]ħu
|-
|
|glittering
|*gi[ɫ]ħu
|-
|
|glue
|*[c]VbV
|-
|
|glue, join
|*ćabV
|-
|
|go astray, fall apart
|*HVŕV
|-
|
|go, come
|*HVjV
|-
|
|go, follow
|*HVjV
|-
|
|goat
|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|-
|
|goat, deer
|*ʔoru
|-
|
|goat, ram, deer
|*pOgV
|-
|
|good
|*mVlV
|-
|
|good
|*näḳi
|-
|
|good (of soul)
|*näḳi
|-
|
|good, big
|*bVtV
|-
|
|good, fit
|*dUgV
|-
|
|good, new
|*wVlV
|-
|
|good, proper
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|good, take care
|*ʔVjsV
|-
|
|goose
|*ĺVkĺVkV
|-
|
|grain
|*SVrV
|-
|
|grain
|*SVrV
|-
|
|grasp
|*kamV
|-
|
|grasp
|*kamV
|-
|
|grasp, seize, press
|*HamV
|-
|
|grass
|*kuCu
|-
|
|grass, reed
|*ćVmV
|-
|
|grass, twigs
|*c`UlV
|-
|
|grass, vegetables
|*kuč`u
|-
|
|grey
|*c'VjrV
|-
|
|grey
|*c'VjrV
|-
|
|grind
|*nVq̇V
|-
|
|grind
|*nVq̇V
|-
|
|gum, resin, mud
|*ṗoŋV
|-
|
|gums; part of face, gums
|*ńVjlV
|-
|
|guts, inside
|*oŕV
|-
|
|hack
|*ṭanV
|-
|
|hair
|*cVḳV
|-
|
|hair
|*k`VSV
|-
|
|hair
|*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
|-
|
|hair
|*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
|-
|
|hair
|*nVwrV
|-
|
|hair
|*nVwrV
|-
|-
|
|*kə-ŋə
|hair
|*ŋVjV
|-
|
|hair
|*p`un(́)V
|-
|
|hair
|*p`un(́)V
|-
|
|hair
|*pUdV
|-
|
|hair
|*sVHrV
|-
|
|hair
|*sVHrV
|-
|
|hair
|*ṭVrV
|-
|
|hair
|*ṭVrV
|-
|
|hair
|*k`VSV
|-
|
|hair, beard
|*Ḳila
|-
|
|hair, eyebrow
|*burV
|-
|
|hair, feather
|*pUdV (*HapUdV)
|-
|
|hair, hair of head
|*burV
|-
|
|hair, head
|*q̇irV
|-
|
|hair, rope
|*ŋVjV
|-
|
|hair, stalk
|*Ḳila
|-
|
|hair, tail
|*sVPV
|-
|
|half, part
|*palV
|-
|
|hand
|*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
|-
|
|hand
|*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
|-
|
|hand(ful)
|*kompV
|-
|
|hand, arm
|*bVgu
|-
|
|hand, arm
|*udV
|-
|
|hand, bone
|*ŋVlV
|-
|
|hand, elbow
|*ŋVlV
|-
|
|hand, fist
|*ṗVnḳV
|-
|
|hand, limb
|*udV
|-
|
|hard
|*ḳVmV
|-
|
|hard, bone
|*ḳVmV
|-
|
|hard, firm
|*pVKV
|-
|
|harm, deceive
|*sogwV ( ~ š-)
|-
|
|harsh, ragged
|*c`VrV
|-
|
|head
|*q̇irV
|-
|
|head, back of head
|*ḳapV
|-
|
|hear
|*sVmV
|-
|
|hear
|*SVmV
|-
|
|hear, ear
|*ḳiwlV
|-
|
|hear, ear; hear; ear
|*me-
|-
|
|heart
|*sVʎV(mV)
|-
|
|heart
|*śVʎV(mV)
|-
|
|heart, breast
|*ḳerdV
|-
|
|heat
|*[H]indV
|-
|
|heavy, labour
|*mVnḳV
|-
|
|herd
|*cVčV
|-
|
|high
|*berg[i]
|-
|
|high
|*berg[i]
|-
|
|high
|*TVGV
|-
|
|hill
|*tujpV
|-
|
|hill, rock
|*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|-
|
|hill, top
|*tujpV
|-
|
|hit
|*wVdV
|-
|
|hit
|*wVdV
|-
|
|hole
|*HangV (*wonkV)
|-
|
|hole
|*k`VCV
|-
|
|hole
|*ḳUrV
|-
|
|hole
|*wonkV
|-
|
|hole, cavity
|*ḳVwVŋV
|-
|
|hole, empty
|*gop`a
|-
|
|hole, empty
|*gop`a
|-
|
|hole, mouth
|*k`VCV
|-
|
|hole, vulva
|*p`u[ṭ]V
|-
|
|hollow
|*HVlwV
|-
|
|hollow, cavity
|*HVlwV
|-
|
|hoof
|*ḳäṗV
|-
|
|hoof
|*ḳäṗV
|-
|
|hoof
|*sUdV
|-
|
|hoof
|*ṭUṗV
|-
|
|hoof, finger(nail); hoof
|*ṭUṗV
|-
|
|hoof, hoof deformation
|*c`UdV
|-
|
|horn
|*ḳirV
|-
|
|horn
|*mVrgV
|-
|
|horn; root
|*mVrgV
|-
|
|horned animal
|*bVrV
|-
|
|horned animal
|*bVrV
|-
|
|hot, warm
|*ṗäḳV
|-
|
|house
|*pVrV
|-
|
|house
|*ʔU[ṭ]V
|-
|
|house, village; village, hut
|*ḳojmV
|-
|
|humid, wet
|*mVk`V
|-
|
|I, myself
|*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|-
|
|I, myself; we [first person pronoun]
|*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|-
|
|I, we [first person pronoun]
|*mV
|-
|
|ice, cold
|*jVkV
|-
|
|ice, cold
|*jVkV
|-
|
|ill, die
|*m[ä]rV
|-
|
|ill, die
|*m[ä]rV
|-
|
|insect, vermine
|*tVkV
|-
|
|insect, vermine
|*tVkV
|-
|
|insect, worm
|*ḳwVŋV
|-
|
|insect, worm
|*lVŋV
|-
|
|inside, stomach
|*ʔudV
|-
|
|interrogative or relative pronoun
|*ŋiV
|-
|
|interrogative or relative pronoun
|*ŋiV
|-
|
|interrogative pronoun
|*ḳV
|-
|
|interrogative pronoun
|*mV
|-
|
|intestine
|*[c']VlV
|-
|
|intestine
|*ć'VlV
|-
|
|intestine
|*ḳUʒwV
|-
|
|intestines
|*ḳUʒ́wV
|-
|
|intestines; stomach, intestines
|*ḳVmV
|-
|
|intestines
|*lVŋ(d)V
|-
|
|intestines
|*oŕV
|-
|
|jaw, palate
|*ʔVŋV
|-
|
|jaw, palate
|*ʔVŋV
|-
|
|joint, limb
|*bVgu
|-
|
|joy
|*bVjV
|-
|
|joy, desire
|*bVjV
|-
|
|juice, ferment
|*sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|-
|
|jump, run
|*lVKV
|-
|
|kidney, heart
|*lVŋ(d)V
|-
|
|kill
|*KolV
|-
|
|kill
|*ḳVwχV
|-
|
|knee
|*bVl(m)V
|-
|
|knee, ankle
|*sVnV
|-
|
|knife, cut, break
|*kUŋ[d]V
|-
|
|know
|know
|*ṭanV
|verb
|-
|-
|
|
|know, hear; know
|*ṭanV (*-ŋ-)
|-
|
|
|know, name
|*nerV
|-
|
|
|large fish
|}
|*lVmbV
 
== Basic actions and technology ==
=== SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.) ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|-
|
|
|large predator
|*zīwe(ŋkV)
|-
|
|
|large predator
|*zīwe(ŋkV)
|-
|
|
|large, heavy
|*sUrV
|-
|-
|
|
|large, heavy
|*sUrV
|-
|
|laugh
|*gUlV
|-
|
|
|laugh, merry
|*gUlV
|-
|
|leaf
|*bolV
|-
|
|leaf
|*bolV
|-
|
|leaf
|*lVṗV
|-
|
|leaf tree
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|leaf tree
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|leaf, bark
|*lVṗV
|-
|
|leaf, branch
|*HelV
|-
|
|leaf, flower; bud
|*pòŋa ( ~ *p`-)
|-
|
|leaf; reed
|*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|-
|
|leg
|*ɫaḳV
|-
|
|leg
|*ɫaḳV
|-
|
|leg, arm
|*ḳVwlV
|-
|
|leg, limb
|*ḳVwlV
|-
|
|level ground
|*ṭalV
|-
|
|lick
|*laḳV
|-
|
|lick
|*laḳV
|-
|
|lick
|*lašV
|-
|
|lick
|*lašV
|-
|
|lick, drink
|*talV
|-
|
|lie
|*ḳVwjV
|-
|
|light, burn
|*Howri
|-
|
|light, burn
|*Howri
|-
|
|light, loose
|*SulV
|-
|
|light, shine
|*HVlV
|-
|
|light, shine
|*HVlV
|-
|
|light, shine
|*jVḳV
|-
|
|light, shine
|*jVḳV
|-
|
|light, shine
|*mVlV
|-
|
|limb
|*ṗVHdV
|-
|
|lip, soft excrescence
|*kanpV
|-
|
|lip, soft excrescence
|*kanpV
|-
|
|liquid
|*GurV
|-
|
|liquid
|*GurV
|-
|
|liquid
|*lVṭV
|-
|
|liquid
|*lVṭV
|-
|
|liquid
|*sVwV
|-
|
|liquid
|*śVwV
|-
|
|liquid, dirt
|*lVḳwV
|-
|
|liquid, flow
|*L[ä]jV
|-
|
|liver
|*pi̯ā̀ki
|-
|
|liver
|*ponta
|-
|
|liver, belly
|*tVrV(ŋV)
|-
|
|liver, intestines; blood, marrow
|*mVLV
|-
|
|lizard, slug
|*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|-
|
|lizard, worm
|*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|-
|
|loins, groin
|*zVmV
|-
|
|long
|*tel(ḥ)V
|-
|
|long
|*tel(ḥ)V
|-
|
|long bone
|*śVnV
|-
|
|long hair, tail
|*[s]VPV
|-
|
|long, far
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|long, high
|*HVgU
|-
|
|long, wide
|*wVŕV
|-
|
|long, wide
|*wVŕV
|-
|
|loose
|*SulV
|-
|
|loose(n)
|*lVCV
|-
|
|louse
|*pVN(T)V
|-
|
|louse
|*ṭäjV
|-
|
|louse
|*ṭäjV
|-
|
|louse, nit
|*ñejV
|-
|
|love, good
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|luminary
|*mVnzV
|-
|
|luminary
|*mVnʒ́V
|-
|
|lung, liver
|*pVjLV
|-
|
|lung, spleen
|*pVjLV
|-
|
|male
|*gVntV
|-
|
|male
|*gVntV
|-
|
|male, male child
|*mVḳV
|-
|
|man
|*ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|-
|
|man
|*mänV
|-
|
|man
|*mänV
|-
|
|many
|*m[o]nV
|-
|
|many
|*m[o]nV
|-
|
|many
|*ṗalV
|-
|
|many
|*ṗV(H)-
|-
|
|many, big
|*bVtV
|-
|
|many, full
|*ṗalV
|-
|
|marsh
|*[sw]VjmV
|-
|
|marsh, uncultivated land
|*[sw]VjmV
|-
|
|marten
|*ḳ[u]nV
|-
|
|marten
|*ḳ[u]nV
|-
|
|meat
|*ńVḳV(rV)
|-
|
|meat
|*sUḳV
|-
|
|meat
|*ʔomsV
|-
|
|meat
|*ʔomśV
|-
|
|meat, animal
|*cVč𝑉čV
|-
|
|meat, deer
|*sUḳV
|-
|
|meat, liver
|*mVḳV
|-
|
|meat, liver
|*mVḳV
|-
|
|meat, roe, intestines
|*ńVḳV(rV)
|-
|
|member of the clan
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|moisture
|*mVtV
|-
|
|moisture
|*mVtV
|-
|
|moon, heavenly body
|*ṭVlgV(nV)
|-
|
|moon, luminary
|*ṭVlgV(nV)
|-
|
|morning
|*ṗuKdV
|-
|
|morning / evening
|*HamV
|-
|
|morning ~ evening
|*SVKV
|-
|
|morning, clear sky
|*ŋańV
|-
|
|moth
|*kuńV
|-
|
|mother
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|mother
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|mother
|*ʔVmV
|-
|
|mother, woman
|*ʔVmV
|-
|
|mountain
|*balV
|-
|
|mountain
|*malV
|-
|
|mountain
|*malV
|-
|
|mountain
|*wVrV
|-
|
|mountain
|*wVrV
|-
|
|mountain, high
|*TVGV
|-
|
|mountain, hill
|*balV
|-
|
|mountain, hill
|*gʷVrV
|-
|
|mountain, hill
|*gʷVrV
|-
|
|mountain, top
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|mountain, top
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|mouse
|*cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|-
|
|mouse, squirrel
|*CVḳV (*cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|-
|
|mouse, squirrel
|*gʷVĺV
|-
|
|mouth
|*[s]UwV
|-
|
|mouth, hole
|*HVwV
|-
|
|mouth, hole
|*HVwV
|-
|
|mouth; eat
|*č`VmV
|-
|
|mouth; speak
|*ʔVpV
|-
|
|mouth; to speak
|*ʔVpV
|-
|
|mud, dung
|*ḳorV
|-
|
|mud; gum, resin
|*ṗoŋV
|-
|
|multitude; be satiated
|*HVwV
|-
|
|mushroom, fungus
|*pUtV
|-
|
|mushroom, sponge
|*pUtV
|-
|
|naked, take off clothes
|*luku
|-
|
|name
|*ĺVm(ŋ)V
|-
|
|name
|*ĺVm(ŋ)V
|-
|
|name
|*ṗVtV
|-
|
|name, call
|*ṗVtV
|-
|
|name, shape
|*šamV
|-
|
|nape, back
|*[s]VKV
|-
|
|nape, back
|*śVKV
|-
|
|nape; back
|*dVgV
|-
|
|narrow
|*č`VnV
|-
|
|narrow
|*ṭijV
|-
|
|narrow, thin
|*č`VnV
|-
|
|near
|*ʔVbV
|-
|
|neck
|*ḳVlV
|-
|
|neck, collar
|*kVŋkV
|-
|
|neck, throat
|*HVŋV
|-
|
|neck, throat
|*ḳVlV
|-
|
|neck, vertebra
|*nVKV
|-
|
|negative particle
|*ʔVlV
|-
|
|negative particle
|*ʔVlV
|-
|
|negative verb
|*ʔe
|-
|
|new
|*žVjŋV
|-
|
|new, fresh
|*CVrV
|-
|
|new, good
|*žVjŋV
|-
|
|new, young
|*CVrV
|-
|
|new, young
|*wVlV
|-
|
|night
|*HUdV
|-
|
|night
|*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|-
|
|night
|*lVlV
|-
|
|night
|*lVlV
|-
|
|night, dawn; morning, clear sky
|*ŋańV
|-
|
|night, sleep
|*HUdV
|-
|
|night, sleep
|*zVNV
|-
|
|night, sleep
|*ʒ́iNV
|-
|
|night, sleep
|*ʔamV
|-
|
|nit
|*ñejV
|-
|
|nit, louse
|*sajrV
|-
|
|nit, louse
|*sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|-
|
|nose
|*ḳVŋV
|-
|
|nose
|*ḳVŋV
|-
|
|nose
|*ne(H)wRV
|-
|
|nose
|*ŋVkCV
|-
|
|nose
|*wiKV (*ujKV)
|-
|
|nose
|*wiKV (*ujKV)
|-
|
|nose, nostril
|*CVxrV
|-
|
|nose, nostril
|*cwVxrV
|-
|
|not
|*ʔVnV
|-
|
|not, negative particle
|*ʔVnV
|-
|
|not, negative verb
|*ʔe
|-
|
|notch, sign
|*gVrVbV
|-
|
|now; new
|*nVwV
|-
|
|now; new
|*nVwV
|-
|
|numerous, full
|*tVrV
|-
|
|nut, fruit; nut
|*ar-
|-
|
|old
|*gwVrV
|-
|
|old
|*gwVrV
|-
|
|old
|*zVr(d)V
|-
|
|one
|*sem-
|-
|
|one
|*ʔUdV
|-
|
|one
|*ʔUdV
|-
|
|one
|*ʔVrV
|-
|
|one
|*ʔVrV
|-
|
|one, finger
|*dwV(j)ḳV
|-
|
|one, finger
|*dwV(j)ḳV
|-
|
|one, self
|*ʔo(ŋ)nV
|-
|
|onion, odorous grass
|*sUŋV
|-
|
|open
|*ṗan[c]V
|-
|
|open space
|*ʔVrHV
|-
|
|open space
|*ʔVrHV
|-
|
|open, hole
|*HangV
|-
|
|open; hole
|*ʔaḳa
|-
|
|order, custom
|*nerV
|-
|
|original place
|*ni̯VnV
|-
|
|other; other side
|*aĺV
|-
|
|other
|*gUjV
|-
|
|other
|*gwVjV
|-
|
|pain, wound
|*mVnḳV
|-
|
|painful state, grief
|*gilV
|-
|
|painful state, grief
|*gilV
|-
|
|pair, one of a pair
|*gagtV
|-
|
|palate, tongue
|*ŋVnV
|-
|
|palate, tongue
|*ŋVnV
|-
|
|palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, *cälmǝ palm
|
|-
|
|palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|
|-
|
|palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|
|-
|
|part of face *ńVjlV
|
|-
|
|part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|
|-
|
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) part of nose
|
|-
|
|part of shoulder *čVKV
|
|-
|
|part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|
|-
|
|paw, grasp *gEpSV
|
|-
|
|paw, hand *gEpčwV
|
|-
|
|peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|
|-
|
|peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|
|-
|
|peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|
|-
|
|penis *bVĺV
|
|-
|
|penis *bVĺV
|
|-
|
|penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|
|-
|
|penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|
|-
|
|people, army *čVbV
|
|-
|
|place *baja
|
|-
|
|place *baja
|
|-
|
|pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|-
|
|plenty, abundant *malV
|
|-
|
|pond *küɫä
|
|-
|
|pond *küɫä
|
|-
|
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|-
|
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|-
|
|pot *ṗVdV
|
|-
|
|pot *ṗVdV
|
|-
|
|pot *pVNV
|
|-
|
|pray *mVlV
|
|-
|
|prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|
|-
|
|prohibitive particle, not *ma
|
|-
|
|pus, rot *[č]iru
|
|-
|
|pus, rot *Ciru
|
|-
|
|push, move *ńukV
|
|-
|
|quick *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|quick *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|
|-
|
|rain, fog, steam *musV
|
|-
|
|rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (also *rVCV)
|
|-
|
|rare *HVrV
|
|-
|
|rare, new *HVrV rare
|
|-
|
|reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|
|-
|
|relative-in-law *tajV
|
|-
|
|ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|
|-
|
|ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|
|-
|
|rise *ŋwVkV
|
|-
|
|rise, stand up *HVgU
|
|-
|
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|road *ʔur(H)V
|
|-
|
|road *ʔur(H)V
|
|-
|
|road, walk *mVrV
|
|-
|
|rod, strap *lVgV
|
|-
|
|rod, strap *lVgV
|
|-
|
|roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|root, bone *tV(H)mV
|
|-
|
|root, bone *tV(H)mV root, bone
|
|-
|
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|-
|
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|-
|
|root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|
|-
|
|root, sprout *ḲurV
|
|-
|
|root, stalk *ḲurV
|
|-
|
|rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|-
|
|round *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|round *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|round *ṭompV
|
|-
|
|round, convex *ṭompV
|
|-
|
|rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|
|-
|
|rump, neck *nVKV
|
|-
|
|run *bok[a]
|
|-
|
|run *bok[a]
|
|-
|
|run, drive *ʔurKV
|
|-
|
|sack, bag *lVmV
|
|-
|
|salt *CalV
|
|-
|
|salt, bitter *sVbV
|
|-
|
|salt, sea *čwalV
|
|-
|
|salty, sour *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|
|-
|
|sand *ki[ǯ]V
|
|-
|
|sand *kiCV
|
|-
|
|satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|-
|
|say *tVHV
|
|-
|
|say, call *wVḳV
|
|-
|
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|-
|
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|-
|
|scab *pVkV
|
|-
|
|scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|
|-
|
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|
|-
|
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|
|-
|
|scratch *wVrcwV
|
|-
|
|scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|
|-
|
|scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|
|-
|
|sea *jamV
|
|-
|
|sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|
|-
|
|sea, water *jamV
|
|-
|
|sea, water *sVjɣwV
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun *χwV
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun, thou *nV
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun, thou *si
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|
|-
|
|see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|-
|
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|seed; to sift *sVjHV
|
|-
|
|seize *HamV
|
|-
|
|self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|
|-
|
|separate, split *bedV
|
|-
|
|settlement *aHulV
|
|-
|
|settlement *palVHV
|
|-
|
|settlement *palVHV
|
|-
|
|shape *šamV
|
|-
|
|sharp *Hoḳi
|
|-
|
|sharp object *CVNV
|
|-
|
|sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|
|-
|
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|-
|
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|-
|
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|-
|
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|-
|
|shell *kV(n)ḳV
|
|-
|
|shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|
|-
|
|shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|
|-
|
|shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|
|-
|
|shine, bright *bVrḳV
|
|-
|
|shine, burn *mVlV
|
|-
|
|shine, burn (several roots) *belV
|
|-
|
|shine, glitter *belV
|
|-
|
|shine, glitter *laṗV
|
|-
|
|shine, light *bVɣV
|
|-
|
|shine, light *bVɣV
|
|-
|
|shine; burn *leuk-
|
|-
|
|shoulder *tVlV
|
|-
|
|shoulder, arm *tVlV
|
|-
|
|shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|
|-
|
|shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|
|-
|
|show, point at *tVjḳV
|
|-
|
|sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|
|-
|
|side *bVḳV
|
|-
|
|side (of body) *bVḳV
|
|-
|
|sinew; root *SirV
|
|-
|
|sinew; root *SirV
|
|-
|
|single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|-
|
|single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|
|-
|
|sister, woman *SäwCV
|
|-
|
|sister, woman *SäwCV
|
|-
|
|skin *ḲaĺV
|
|-
|
|skin *ḲaĺV
|
|-
|
|skin *perV
|
|-
|
|skin *perV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṗVtV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṗVtV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|skin, bark *pVkV
|
|-
|
|skin, crust, peel *kamV
|
|-
|
|skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|
|-
|
|skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|
|-
|
|skin, husk *kamV
|
|-
|
|skull *ḳapV
|
|-
|
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|-
|
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|-
|
|slanting *kVCV
|
|-
|
|sleep *ʔamV
|
|-
|
|slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|
|-
|
|slime *SVlV
|
|-
|
|slime, dirt *SVlV
|
|-
|
|small *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|small *CVḳV
|
|-
|
|small *ḳVṭV
|
|-
|
|small *ṭijV
|
|-
|
|small bird *ciṗV
|
|-
|
|small bird *ciṗV
|
|-
|
|small female animal *ṗenV
|
|-
|
|small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|small, young *ḳVṭV
|
|-
|
|small; child *pVwjV
|
|-
|
|small; child *pVwjV
|
|-
|
|smear *cwVHmV
|
|-
|
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|-
|
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|-
|
|smear; fat *ć`ämV
|
|-
|
|smell *[s]VwHV
|
|-
|
|smell *ṗunV
|
|-
|
|smell *sun(g)V
|
|-
|
|smell *śun(g)V
|
|-
|
|smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|
|-
|
|smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|
|-
|
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|-
|
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|-
|
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|-
|
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|-
|
|smooth *gVlV
|
|-
|
|something sharp *CVNV
|
|-
|
|snake *nētr- 'snake'
|
|-
|
|snake *ṗVjmV
|
|-
|
|snake *ʔanKV
|
|-
|
|snake *ʔanKV
|
|-
|
|snake, eel *lVmbV
|
|-
|
|soft, fragile *lVmV
|
|-
|
|soft, mild *mVlV
|
|-
|
|soft, weak *lVjńV
|
|-
|
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|-
|
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|-
|
|soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|
|-
|
|sour *CVwVrV
|
|-
|
|sour, bitter *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|-
|
|span *ṭVgV
|
|-
|
|span *ṭVgV
|
|-
|
|speak, say, sound *jVnV
|
|-
|
|speak, sound *jVnV
|
|-
|
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|-
|
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|-
|
|spirit *cwVnV
|
|-
|
|spit *ṭupV
|
|-
|
|spit *ṭupV
|
|-
|
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|-
|
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|-
|
|spleen *lVṗV
|
|-
|
|spleen *lVṗV
|
|-
|
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|
|-
|
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|
|-
|
|split *cVlV
|
|-
|
|split, tear off *CVlV
|
|-
|
|spread *ṗVrjV
|
|-
|
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|
|-
|
|spread, long *pVdV
|
|-
|
|spring *PVnV
|
|-
|
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|-
|
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|-
|
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|
|-
|
|sprinkle *p`isV
|
|-
|
|stalk *kanVbV
|
|-
|
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|
|-
|
|stand *čwVrV
|
|-
|
|star *dVštV
|
|-
|
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|
|-
|
|star, moon *dV[š]tV
|
|-
|
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|
|-
|
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|-
|
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|-
|
|stick *bVč`V
|
|-
|
|stick *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|stick *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|
|-
|
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|
|-
|
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|-
|
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|-
|
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|stone *ḳElV
|
|-
|
|stone *kiwV
|
|-
|
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|-
|
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|-
|
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|-
|
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|
|-
|
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|
|-
|
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|-
|
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|-
|
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|-
|
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|-
|
|stump *ṭumgV
|
|-
|
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|
|-
|
|suck *SUṗV
|
|-
|
|suck *zUkV
|
|-
|
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|
|-
|
|sufficient, complete *eli
|
|-
|
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|-
|
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|-
|
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
|
|-
|
|swamp *laHm[u]
|
|-
|
|swamp *laHm[u]
|
|-
|
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|
|-
|
|sweet *cwVtu
|
|-
|
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|
|-
|
|tail *ḳudV
|
|-
|
|tail *ḳudV
|
|-
|
|tail *toḳE
|
|-
|
|tail *toḳE
|
|-
|
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|
|-
|
|tail, back *śVrV back
|
|-
|
|take *ga
|
|-
|
|take *ʔanV
|
|-
|
|take, bring *gerV
|
|-
|
|take, bring *tVKV
|
|-
|
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|take, get *gVṭV
|
|-
|
|take, grasp *kantV
|
|-
|
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|taste *ṭVHmV
|
|-
|
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|
|-
|
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|ten, many *ṗV(H)-
|
|-
|
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|-
|
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔu
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔu
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (probably *Ha that, *He this)
|
|-
|
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|
|-
|
|thick *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|thick, swell *bongä
|
|-
|
|thick, swell *bongä
|
|-
|
|thigh *bVgtV
|
|-
|
|thigh *bVgtV
|
|-
|
|thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
|
|-
|
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|
|-
|
|thin *cUṗV
|
|-
|
|thin *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|
|-
|
|thing *HVdV
|
|-
|
|thing; interrogative stem *HVdV
|
|-
|
|third person pronoun *sV
|
|-
|
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|
|-
|
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|
|-
|
|this *ḳV
|
|-
|
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|-
|
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|-
|
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|
|-
|
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|
|-
|
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|
|-
|
|thou (oblique forms) [second person pronoun] *χwV
|
|-
|
|thou [second person pronoun] *nV thou
|
|-
|
|thou [second person pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|
|-
|
|throat *HVŋV
|
|-
|
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|
|-
|
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|
|-
|
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|
|-
|
|tickle *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|
|-
|
|tip, spout *CVCV
|
|-
|
|tip, spout *čVčV
|
|-
|
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|
|-
|
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|-
|
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|-
|
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|
|-
|
|to be *buHi
|
|-
|
|to be *woɣlV
|
|-
|
|to be *woɣlV
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔa
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔa
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔesA
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔesA
|
|-
|
|to be angry *kVCV
|
|-
|
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|
|-
|
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|
|-
|
|to be visible *HwVlV
|
|-
|
|to be well *c`olHV
|
|-
|
|to be well *ColHV
|
|-
|
|to be, live *ʔelA
|
|-
|
|to be, live *ʔelA
|
|-
|
|to bear *š[e]wV
|
|-
|
|to bear *š[e]wV
|
|-
|
|to bear *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|-
|
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|-
|
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|
|-
|
|to bend *büḲa
|
|-
|
|to bend *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|to bend *Garḳu
|
|-
|
|to bend *Garḳu
|
|-
|
|to bend *guḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend *guḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend *güpA
|
|-
|
|to bend *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|
|-
|
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|
|-
|
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|
|-
|
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|
|-
|
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|
|-
|
|to bite *kikV
|
|-
|
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|
|-
|
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|
|-
|
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|
|-
|
|to blow *dVwɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow *p`uSV
|
|-
|
|to blow *p`uSV
|
|-
|
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|-
|
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|-
|
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|-
|
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|-
|
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|
|-
|
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|
|-
|
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|
|-
|
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|
|-
|
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *HwinV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|-
|
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
|
|-
|
|to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
|
|-
|
|to burn *dekO
|
|-
|
|to burn *dekO
|
|-
|
|to burn *Hase
|
|-
|
|to burn *HaSe
|
|-
|
|to burn *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ṭülV
|
|-
|
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|-
|
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|-
|
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|
|-
|
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|
|-
|
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|
|-
|
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|
|-
|
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|
|-
|
|to call *CVḥV
|
|-
|
|to call *gVjwV
|
|-
|
|to call *gVjwV
|
|-
|
|to call *ḳErV
|
|-
|
|to call *ḳErV
|
|-
|
|to care *č`VrV
|
|-
|
|to care *čVrV
|
|-
|
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|
|-
|
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|
|-
|
|to chew *käjwV (-b-)
|
|-
|
|to collect, count *lVkV
|
|-
|
|to collect, count *lVkV
|
|-
|
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|
|-
|
|to complete *muṭV
|
|-
|
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|
|-
|
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|-
|
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|-
|
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|
|-
|
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|
|-
|
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|
|-
|
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|
|-
|
|to cry *muɣrV
|
|-
|
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|
|-
|
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|
|-
|
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|-
|
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|
|-
|
|to cut *mVc`V
|
|-
|
|to cut *ṭanV
|
|-
|
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|-
|
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|-
|
|to cut, knife *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|
|-
|
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|
|-
|
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|
|-
|
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|
|-
|
|to deceive *tVlV
|
|-
|
|to die, kill *KolV
|
|-
|
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|
|-
|
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|
|-
|
|to drink *jVgU
|
|-
|
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to dry *šwVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry *šwVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʒeGV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʒeGV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʔitV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʔitV
|
|-
|
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|
|-
|
|to fall *ḳVtV
|
|-
|
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|
|-
|
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|
|-
|
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|
|-
|
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|
|-
|
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|
|-
|
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|
|-
|
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|
|-
|
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|
|-
|
|to finish *ḳUdV
|
|-
|
|to finish *ḳUdV
|
|-
|
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|
|-
|
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|
|-
|
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|-
|
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|-
|
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|
|-
|
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to get *gVṭV
|
|-
|
|to give *be[rH]u
|
|-
|
|to give *be[rH]u
|
|-
|
|to give *cwVHV
|
|-
|
|to give *dwV[H]V
|
|-
|
|to give *dwV[H]V
|
|-
|
|to give birth, family *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to gnaw *kVngV
|
|-
|
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|to go *meŋV
|
|-
|
|to go, come *ŋēni (also *ŋāńi)
|
|-
|
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|
|-
|
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|
|-
|
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|to go, walk *mVrV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *HaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *HaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|
|-
|
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|to grow, become *buHi
|
|-
|
|to hang *tajV
|
|-
|
|to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
|
|-
|
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|
|-
|
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|
|-
|
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|
|-
|
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|
|-
|
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|
|-
|
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|
|-
|
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|
|-
|
|to hold *gerV
|
|-
|
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|
|-
|
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|-
|
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|-
|
|to join, together *anTV
|
|-
|
|to join, together *anTV
|
|-
|
|to jump, run *lVKV
|
|-
|
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|-
|
|to know *cwVnV
|
|-
|
|to know *g(w)enV
|
|-
|
|to know *g(w)enV
|
|-
|
|to know, consider *CVḥV
|
|-
|
|to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
|
|-
|
|to know, think *sVnV
|
|-
|
|to lead *wetV
|
|-
|
|to lead, to go *wetV (also *dwVwV 'run')
|
|-
|
|to let, agree *šVwV
|
|-
|
|to lick *l[a]pV
|
|-
|
|to lick *talV
|
|-
|
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|
|-
|
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|
|-
|
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to listen, hear *alV
|
|-
|
|to listen, hear *alV
|
|-
|
|to live *ḥujV
|
|-
|
|to live *ḥujV
|
|-
|
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|
|-
|
|to make *wärV
|
|-
|
|to make *wärV
|
|-
|
|to marry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|-
|
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|-
|
|to mix, join *kalV
|
|-
|
|to move *SVlV
|
|-
|
|to move *SVlV
|
|-
|
|to move quickly *ńowda
|
|-
|
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|
|-
|
|to move, push *mVqwV
|
|-
|
|to move, step *ćeKV
|
|-
|
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|
|-
|
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|
|-
|
|to peel, naked *luku
|
|-
|
|to pierce *CoḳV
|
|-
|
|to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
|
|-
|
|to plait *źVḳV
|
|-
|
|to plait, something plaited *zVḳV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
|
|-
|
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|-
|
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|
|-
|
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|
|-
|
|to pour *lVHwV
|
|-
|
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|
|-
|
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|
|-
|
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|
|-
|
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|
|-
|
|to prepare food *piCV
|
|-
|
|to prepare food *piCV
|
|-
|
|to press, seize *ńamV
|
|-
|
|to press, seize *ńamV
|
|-
|
|to pull *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|-
|
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|-
|
|to push, pull *ńukV
|
|-
|
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|-
|
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|-
|
|to put *ṗanV
|
|-
|
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|
|-
|
|to rise *kVdwV
|
|-
|
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|
|-
|
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|-
|
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|-
|
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|
|-
|
|to roll *HUlV
|
|-
|
|to roll *HUlV
|
|-
|
|to roll, twist *murV
|
|-
|
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|
|-
|
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|
|-
|
|to run *dwVwV
|
|-
|
|to run *ḳacwV
|
|-
|
|to run *ṭoKV
|
|-
|
|to run *ṭoKV
|
|-
|
|to run *ʔurKV
|
|-
|
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|to say *tVHV
|
|-
|
|to say, call *wVḳV
|
|-
|
|to say, pray *mVlV
|
|-
|
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳirV
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳirV; also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|
|-
|
|to scratch *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to scratch *xVḳV
|
|-
|
|to scratch *xVḳV
|
|-
|
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *silV
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|-
|
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|-
|
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|-
|
|to see, inspect *silV
|
|-
|
|to see, know *šVḳV
|
|-
|
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|
|-
|
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|
|-
|
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (also *ʔincV)
|
|-
|
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|
|-
|
|to shake *dVrV
|
|-
|
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|
|-
|
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|
|-
|
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|
|-
|
|to sift *sVjHV
|
|-
|
|to sink *č`VṗV
|
|-
|
|to sink *č`VṗV
|
|-
|
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|
|-
|
|to speak *ḥVwV
|
|-
|
|to speak *ḥVwV
|
|-
|
|to speak *watV
|
|-
|
|to speak *watV
|
|-
|
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|
|-
|
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|
|-
|
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|
|-
|
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|-
|
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|
|-
|
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|
|-
|
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|
|-
|
|to spread, long *pVdV
|
|-
|
|to spread, strew *CVχrV
|
|-
|
|to stand *čwVrV
|
|-
|
|to stand *sVlV
|
|-
|
|to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
|
|-
|
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|-
|
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|
|-
|
|to stay *menV
|
|-
|
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|-
|
|to stay, reside *menV
|
|-
|
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|-
|
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|-
|
|to stir, mix *bulV
|
|-
|
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|
|-
|
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|-
|
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|-
|
|to submerge *kUdV
|
|-
|
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|
|-
|
|to suck *ʔEmV
|
|-
|
|to suck *CVrbV
|
|-
|
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *dVwV
|
|-
|
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|
|-
|
|to suffer, die *enV
|
|-
|
|to suffer; pain *enV
|
|-
|
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|
|-
|
|to swallow *HVṗV
|
|-
|
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|-
|
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|-
|
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|-
|
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|-
|
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|
|-
|
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|
|-
|
|to take *bari
|
|-
|
|to take *bari
|
|-
|
|to take *kantV
|
|-
|
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|
|-
|
|to take, receive *HVlV
|
|-
|
|to taste, eat *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|to taste, sour *xamV
|
|-
|
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|-
|
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|-
|
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|
|-
|
|to think *manu
|
|-
|
|to think *manu
|
|-
|
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|
|-
|
|to touch *tVKV
|
|-
|
|to trace *Koki
|
|-
|
|to trace *Koki
|
|-
|
|to tremble *dVrV
|
|-
|
|to turn round *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|to turn round *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|to understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|to understand, see *gUrV
|
|-
|
|to understand, see *gUrV
|
|-
|
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|-
|
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake *źwehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to walk, go *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to walk, run *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to walk, run *meŋV
|
|-
|
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|
|-
|
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|-
|
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|-
|
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|
|-
|
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|
|-
|
|to weave (a lattice) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|
|-
|
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|-
|
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|-
|
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|-
|
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|-
|
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|-
|
|to wish, let *šVwV
|
|-
|
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|
|-
|
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|-
|
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|-
|
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|-
|
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|-
|
|tooth *palV
|
|-
|
|tooth *palV
|
|-
|
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|
|-
|
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|-
|
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|-
|
|top *ḳVḳV
|
|-
|
|top *ḳVḳV
|
|-
|
|top *mVĺV
|
|-
|
|top of head *KVmPV
|
|-
|
|top of head *KVmPV
|
|-
|
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|
|-
|
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|
|-
|
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|
|-
|
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|
|-
|
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|
|-
|
|touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
|
|-
|
|tramp, step *ceKV
|
|-
|
|tree *ṗUjV
|
|-
|
|tree *ṗUjV
|
|-
|
|tree *widV
|
|-
|
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|-
|
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|-
|
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|
|-
|
|twig, rod *šVṭV
|
|-
|
|twist *murV
|
|-
|
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|
|-
|
|two *malV
|
|-
|
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|-
|
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|-
|
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *gagtV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *jVŕV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *jVŕV
|
|-
|
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|ungulate *ʔirV
|
|-
|
|ungulate *ʔirV
|
|-
|
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|
|-
|
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|-
|
|valley *gowlV
|
|-
|
|valley, deep *gowlV
|
|-
|
|vessel *kala
|
|-
|
|vessel *kala
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|
|-
|
|village *koṭV
|
|-
|
|village, house *koṭV
|
|-
|
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|
|-
|
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|
|-
|
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|
|-
|
|wake *ṗuKdV
|
|-
|
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|-
|
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|-
|
|walk, run, road (several roots, assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|
|-
|
|warm *lVmV
|
|-
|
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|-
|
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|-
|
|wash *bVnV
|
|-
|
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|
|-
|
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|water *bVnV
|
|-
|
|water *wetV
|
|-
|
|water *wetV
|
|-
|
|water *ʕEḳu
|
|-
|
|water *ʕEḳu
|
|-
|
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|
|-
|
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|
|-
|
|water, wet *mEwV
|
|-
|
|water, wet *mEwV
|
|-
|
|we (pronoun) *wV
|
|-
|
|we, I [first person pronoun] *wV we
|
|-
|
|weak *HalV (also *lVjV)
|
|-
|
|weak *lVjV
|
|-
|
|weak *ṭVrV
|
|-
|
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|
|-
|
|weak, tired *HalV
|
|-
|
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|
|-
|
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|
|-
|
|wear, dress *wVCV
|
|-
|
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|
|-
|
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|
|-
|
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|
|-
|
|wet *mäŕä
|
|-
|
|wet *mäŕä
|
|-
|
|wet *mVk`V
|
|-
|
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|
|-
|
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|
|-
|
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|
|-
|
|who *CV
|
|-
|
|who, what *ḳV
|
|-
|
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|
|-
|
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|
|-
|
|whole, full *ćwalV
|
|-
|
|wide *ṗaṭV
|
|-
|
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|
|-
|
|willow *čwalV
|
|-
|
|willow *čwalV
|
|-
|
|wind, to blow *CalV
|
|-
|
|wing; arm *gara
|
|-
|
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|
|-
|
|winter, cold *gImV
|
|-
|
|winter, cold *gImV
|
|-
|
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|-
|
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|-
|
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|-
|
|woman *k/u/nV
|
|-
|
|woman *k/u/nV
|
|-
|
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|wood *widV
|
|-
|
|worm *ḲorV
|
|-
|
|worm *ḲorV
|
|-
|
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV)
|
|-
|
|worm *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|worm *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|worm *ṗäri
|
|-
|
|worm *ṗäri
|
|-
|
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|
|-
|
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|
|-
|
|year *w[e]ṭV
|
|-
|
|year *w[e]ṭV
|
|-
|
|year, old *CVnV
|
|-
|
|year, old *zVnV
|
|-
|
|you *si
|
|-
|
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|
|-
|
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|young male *majrV
|
|-
|
|young male *majrV
|
|-
|
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|-
|
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|-
|
|young, child *ḲanV
|
|-
|
|young, child *ḲanV
|
|
|}
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic ==
=== CHOP (v.) ===
*tɬəkʰə : chop


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*tɬəkʰə
|chop
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian ==
=== WASH (v.) ===
* *tɬʼ°ʔ°k°xa : wash


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|wash
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Austric ==
=== BLOW (WITH NOSE) (v.), NASAL MUCUS (SNOT) (n.) ===
* *ɬiʔ° : to blow the nose, snot


{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Category
|-
|*ɬi
|snot
|noun
|-
|*ɬi
|blow the nose
|verb
|}


== Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan ==
== Clothing and grooming ==
=== SHOE (n.) ===
* *tɬʼakʼəɴə : shoe


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Proto-Khoisan
!Category
|-
|*dʑoa
|ashes
|*ʒ́o[a]
|-
|*tshaʔ
|cold
|*cha-
|-
|*ʢa
|deictic stem
|*Ha
|-
|*tʼʔu
|dew
|*ǀu
|-
|*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ
|dry
|*ǀǀXU
|-
|-
|*[ts]uɦ
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|excrement
|*CU
|-
|*[ts]a(ɴ)
|fat
|*Ca(N)
|-
|*vuɦ
|father
|*BU
|-
|*tʼʔʁ°
|hair
|*ǀʁV
|-
|*tɬau
|hand
|*ƛ[a]u
|-
|*ɳtsʼʔuʔ
|kidney
|*ɳ!u-
|-
|*gtʼʔa
|leaf
|*ɡǀa
|-
|*tɬaɴ°
|lizard
|*ƛaNV
|-
|*pʼʔha
|meat
|*ʘha
|-
|*ʢaj°
|mother
|*[H]aj-
|-
|*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ°
|shoe
|shoe
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|noun
|-
|*tsʼ°kʼ°
|smoke
|*c̣VḳV
|-
|*ʎiʔ
|to blow the nose; snot
|*ʎi-
|-
|*tɬ°[k]°
|to chop
|*ƛVKV
|-
|*kxe
|to cry, sound
|*kxe
|-
|*k°ʔ°ŋ
|to know
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|-
|*i[ts]aʔ
|to steal
|*[i]Ca-
|-
|*tɬʼʔkxa
|to wash
|*ǀǀkxa
|-
|*tɬʼʔɢoʔ
|tortoise
|*ǀǀGo-
|}
|}
== Notes ==


[[Category:Atlanto-Mediterranean]]
[[Category:Atlanto-Mediterranean]]

Latest revision as of 19:07, 24 July 2024

Noun (n.): Person/Thing

Adjective (adj.): Property

Verb (v.): Action/Process

Pronouns and demonstratives

"deictic stem"

  • *ʢa : deictic stem
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʢa deictic stem deictic stem

"demonstrative pronoun"

  • *sə : demonstrative pronoun, third person pronoun
  • *ʃə : demonstrative pronoun, he, that
  • *s°w° : demonstrative pronoun, he, him
  • *ʔisə : demonstrative pronoun, self, oneself
  • *ʑə : demonstrative pronoun, demonstrative stem
  • *si : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
  • *si-ʔiʔa : demonstrative pronoun, this, that
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Vegetation

LEAF (n.)

  • *g°tʼ°ʔa : leaf
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*gətʼəʔa leaf noun

Animals

LIZARD (n.)

  • *tɬaɴə : lizard
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬaɴə lizard noun

LIZARD, WORM (n.)

  • *məːl° : lizard, worm, larva
  • *məl° : lizard, worm, larva, bug
  • *mələʢə : lizard, worm
  • *məl°xə : lizard, worm, slug
  • *məx°lə : lizard, worm, slug
  • *muluʕə : lizard, worm
  • *m°ʢiʟax°ɢ°wə : lizard, worm, maggot
  • *qatimela : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
  • *timel° : lizard, worm, flea, louse, bug
  • *χəmələ : lizard, worm
  • *χul°matʼə : lizard, worm
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

TORTOISE (n.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°ɢoʔ° : tortoise
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-ɢo tortoise noun

Kinship

MOTHER (n.)

  • *ja : mother, grandmother
  • *jaːjə : mother, grandmother
  • *ma : mother
  • *maj° : mother
  • *maʔ° : mother
  • *me : mother, woman, female
  • *meʔ° : mother
  • *məʔ° : mother
  • *ʔ°jə : mother
  • *ʢajə : mother
  • *ʔəjə : mother
  • *ʔəma : mother
  • *ʔəmə : mother, woman
  • *ʢəməː : mother
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʢajə mother noun

FATHER (n.)

  • *b°ʔa : father
  • *ba : father
  • *bo : father
  • *bʱuɦ° : father
  • *ʔ°ba : father
  • *ʔaba : father
  • *ʔabə : father
  • *ʔapʼə : father
  • *ʔupʼəː : father
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*bʱuɦə father

FATHER, "elder male relative" (n.)

  • *daːjə : father, elder male relative
  • *daʔə : father, elder male relative
  • *ta : father, elder male relative
  • *tajə : father, elder male relative
  • *təjə : father, elder male relative, chief
  • *ʔadə : father, elder male relative
  • *ʔətʼə : father, elder male relative, elder relative
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Body

FAT (ORGANIC SUBSTANCE) (n.)

  • *tsʰa : fat
  • *tsʰaɴ° : fat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʰaɴə fat noun

FAECES (EXCREMENT) (n.)

  • *tsʰuɦ° : excrement
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʰuɦə excrement noun

KIDNEY (n.)

  • *ɳ°tsʼ°ʔuʔ° : kidney
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ɳətsʼəʔu kidney noun

HAND (n.)

  • *tɬaʔu : hand
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬaʔu hand noun

HAIR (n.)

  • *tʼ°ʔ°ʁə : hair
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tʼə-ʁə hair noun

Emotions and values

CRY, SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.), SOUND OR NOISE (n.)

  • *k°xe : to cry, to sound, sound
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*kəxe sound noun
*kəxe to cry, to sound verb

Food and drink

EAT (v.)

  • *dzeɢə : to eat
  • *ʃeːʔu : to eat, polstern
  • *s°ʀ°j° : to eat, satt werden/machen
  • *ʔ=ətsʼ°tsʼə : to eat, to drink
  • *tsa : to eat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

MEAT (n.)

  • *pʼ°ʔ°ha : meat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*pʼə-ha meat noun

ANIMAL OR MEAT (n.)

  • *tsətʃətʃə : animal, meat
  • *tsətʃə : animal, meat
  • *tsʼətʃʼə : animal, meat, herd
  • *ʔatʃə : animal, meat
  • *ʔitʃə : animal, meat
  • *tɬaj°wə : animal, meat
  • *tɬaj°ʔə : animal, meat
  • *ɬaʕə : animal, meat, cow, bull
  • *ɕa : animal, meat, flesh
  • *sats° : animal, meat
  • *ʔasi : animal, meat, flesh
  • *tɕʰesi : animal, meat, flesh
  • *ʔ°saʔ°tsi : animal, meat
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Physical world

SMOKE (EXHAUST) (n.)

  • *tsʼəkʼə : smoke
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsʼəkʼə smoke noun

ASH (n.)

  • *dʑoʔa : ash
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*dʑoʔa ash noun

ASH (n.), BURN (SOMETHING) (v.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

DEW (n.)

  • *tʼ°ʔu : dew
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tʼəʔu dew noun

Sense perception

COLD (adj.)

  • *ts°haʔ° : cold
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tsəha cold adjective

DRY (adj.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°gʱuɦ° : dry
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-gʱuɦə dry adjective

SOUND OR NOISE (n.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

Law

STEAL (v.)

  • *ʔitsʰaʔ° : steal
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ʔitsʰa steal verb

Cognition

KNOW (SOMETHING) (v.)

  • *kəʔəŋ° : know
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*kə-ŋə know verb

Basic actions and technology

SOUND (OF INSTRUMENT OR VOICE) (v.)

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category

CHOP (v.)

  • tɬəkʰə : chop
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬəkʰə chop verb

WASH (v.)

  • *tɬʼ°ʔ°k°xa : wash
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼə-kəxa wash verb

BLOW (WITH NOSE) (v.), NASAL MUCUS (SNOT) (n.)

  • *ɬiʔ° : to blow the nose, snot
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*ɬi snot noun
*ɬi blow the nose verb

Clothing and grooming

SHOE (n.)

  • *tɬʼakʼəɴə : shoe
Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Category
*tɬʼakʼəɴə shoe noun

Notes

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