Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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|a bird of prey
|*KVrdV
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|a biting insect *CVnCV
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|a deictic element *nV
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|a demonstrative element *nV
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|a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
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|a k. of berry *mVrV
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|a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
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|a k. of bird *CVmV
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|a k. of bird *CVmV
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|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
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|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
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|a k. of bird *k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird'
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|a k. of bird *kaNV
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|a k. of bird *kaNV
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|a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
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|a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
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|a k. of bird *kVṗV
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|a k. of bird *kVṗV
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|a k. of bird *kwVtV
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|a k. of bird *kwVtV
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|a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
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|a k. of bird *sVgV
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|a k. of bird *SVlwV
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|a k. of bird *SVlwV
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|a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
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|a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
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|a k. of bone *c`iŋu
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|a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
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|a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
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|a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
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|a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
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|a k. of fish *č`VHmV
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|a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
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|a k. of fish *kVrV
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|a k. of fish *kVrV
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|a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
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|a k. of fruit *mVsV
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|a k. of fruit *mVsV
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|a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
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|a k. of grass *wVĺV
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|a k. of grass *wVĺV
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|a k. of grass? *cVmV
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|a k. of horned animal *mula
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|a k. of horned animal *mula
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|a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
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|a k. of insect *KUmV
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|a k. of insect *KUmV
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|a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
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|a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
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|a k. of insect *lVŋV
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|a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
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|a k. of insect *mVḳV
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|a k. of insect *mVḳV
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|a k. of insect *pUḳV
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|a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
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|a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
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|a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
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|a k. of liquid *c`UtV
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|a k. of onion *sUŋV
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|a k. of predator *bVrV
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|a k. of predator *KVrdV
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|a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
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|a k. of sack *lVmV
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|a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
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|a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
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|a k. of tree *kojw[a]
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|a k. of tree *NEḳrV
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|a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
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|a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
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|a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
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|a k. of ungulate *mVnV
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|a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
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|a k. of vessel *pVNV
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|a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
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|a part of leg, foot *lVlV
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|a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
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|a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
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|a stinging insect *pUḳV
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|all *eli
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|all, join *kalV
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|an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
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|an insect *mVwcwV
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|an internal organ *CV(n)CV
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|an ungulate *morV
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|angry *jVrV
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|animal hair *mVńCV
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|animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
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|antelope *gujrV
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|antelope *gujrV
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|arm *gara
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|arm *küjnV
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|arm *lVlV
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|arm, leg *ćVḳV
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|armpit *ḳVwVŋV
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|army, people *čVbV
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|ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
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|ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
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|back *dVgV
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|back *gedV
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|back *gedV
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|back *sVrV
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|back *tVbV
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|back *tVbV
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|back *ʔarV
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|back *ʔarV
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|back, rear *kuNṭV
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|back, side *ṗVŋV
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|bad *bVHCV
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|bad *ʔVkV
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|bad *ʔVkV
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|bad, dirty *darV
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|bad, dirty *darV
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|bad, evil *bVHCV
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|bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
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|bark *ḳerV
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|bark *ḳerV
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|bark *ḲopV
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|bark *ḲopV
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|bark *ḳuLV
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|bark *ḳVrṗV
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|bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
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|bark, peel *ḳuLV
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|bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
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|basket *ḳocV
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|basket *ḳoćV
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|be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
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|be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
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|be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
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|be full *ḳOṗV
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|be full, complete *ḳOṗV
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|be ill *lVχV
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|be ill *lVχV
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|be satiated *HVwV
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|be smooth *gVlV
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|be visible, see *nVkV
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|beat *biχV
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|beat *biχV
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|beat *ṭoḳV
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|beat *ṭoḳV
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|beat, break *buṭV
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|beat, hit *SUTV
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|beat, hit *SUTV
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|beat, hit *ṭapħa
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|beat, hit *ṭapħa
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|bee *ṗVrV
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|bee, insect *ṗVrV
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|behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
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|behind, buttock *SVtV
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|belly *wa[n]čV
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|belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
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|belly, entrails *gwVlV
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|belly, heart *kuŋV
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|belly, heart *kuŋV
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|belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
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|belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
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|belly, liver *gwVlV
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|belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
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|belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
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|below *HalV
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|below *HalV
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|bend *ḳVlV
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|bend *ḳVŋV
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|bend *ṭoŋV
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|berry *mVrV
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|big *mVkV
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|big *t`VwjV
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|big *wol[a]
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|big *wol[a]
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|big fish *ḳUlV
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|big fish *ḳUlV
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|big tree *dVnwV
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|big tree *dVnwV
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|big, full *tVdV
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|big, heavy *pVKV
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|big, large *mVkV
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|big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
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|big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
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|big, thick *tVdV
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|big, very *ʔVnV
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|big, very *ʔVnV
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|bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
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|bind *KuTV
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|bind *KVrV
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|birch *kojw[a]
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|bird *[č`w]VHḳV
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|bird *HVwjV
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|bird *HVwjV
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|bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
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|bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
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|bite, tear *ḳVCV
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|biting insect *CVnCV
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|bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
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|bitter *sVbV
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|bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
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|bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
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|black *ḳarV
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|black *ḳarV
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|black *ʔVbV
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|black *ʔVbV
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|black, dark *ḳUmV
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|black, dark *ḳUmV
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|black, dark *mVCHV
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|black, dark *nal- 'black'
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|black, night *sVrV
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|black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
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|blade, awl *ʔVlV
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|blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
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|blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
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|blister, wound *HVlVḳV
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|blood *bUjlV
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|blood *bUjlV blood
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|blood *ḳVnV blood
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|blood *wirV
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|blood *ʔVsxV
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|blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
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|blood, breath *HwinV
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|blood, breath *ʔVsxV
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|blood, red *ḳurV
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|blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
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|blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
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|blood; marrow *mVLV
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|blood; red *wirV
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|blue *swVNV
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|blue *swVNV
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|board, stick *ṭVlV
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|body *bVdV
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|body, belly *bVdV
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|boil *borV, *buŕa
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|boil *borV, *buŕa
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|boil, burn *ḳVju
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|bone *girV
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|bone *girV
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|bone *HV(w)[č`]V
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|bone *HV(w)čV
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|bone *ḳač`V
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|bone *ḳaCV
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|bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
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|bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
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|bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
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|bosom *ʔVṗV
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|bosom *ʔVṗV
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|bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
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|bow *büḲa
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|bow, arc *ṭoŋV
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|bow, lean *tajV
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|brain *mVŋV
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|brain *mVŋV
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|brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
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|brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
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|branch *rVṭV
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|branch, rod *rVṭV
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|branch, stick *HelV
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|branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
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|break, chop *cVṗV
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|break, split *buṭV
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|breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
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|breast *ḳerdV
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|breast *ṗome
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|breast, belly *ʔudV
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|breast, udder *mälgi
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|breast, udder *mälgi
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|breath, smell *sVwHV
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|bright *bVrḳV
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|bright *ʔVǯV
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|bright *ʔVǯV
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|brown *boŕa
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|brown *boŕa
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|brown, dark *KVŋV
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|brown, yellow *KVŋV
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|bug, flea *ŋalmV
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|build, house *dwVmV
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|burn *mūga 'bonfire'
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|burn *ṗaĺV
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|burn *ṗaĺV
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|burn *ṗVrV
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|burn *wVrV
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|burn *wVrV
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|burn, bake *buKV
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|burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
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|burn, fire *qoṭi
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|burn, fire *qoṭi
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|burn, fire *t`ülV
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|burn, hot coals *gUrV
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|burn, hot coals *gUrV
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|burn, roast *buKV
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|burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
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|burn, shine *Cajŋa
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|burn, shine *ʒajŋa
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|burst *paḳV
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|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
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|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
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|buy, sell *ṗVrV
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|calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
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|calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
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|cattle; horse *morV
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|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|cheek ? *ṗVlV
|chest, belly *bUrV
|chest, belly *bUrV
|child *mVḳV
|child, to bear *berV
|child, to bear *berV
|chin *kenV
|chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)
|chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
|chin, jaw *kVṗV
|chop *cVṗV
|chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)
|clan member *ʔarV
|clay, mud *pVnV
|clay, mud *pVnV
|clothing *ḳa(j)dV
|cloud *bVl(w)V
|cloud *bVl(w)V
|coals, burn *CuxLV
|coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
|cold *[z]VrV
|cold *KurV
|cold *KurV
|cold *SVŋV
|cold *ʒ́VrV
|cold, frost *SVŋV
|come, go; rise *Horä
|coniferous tree *pVnč`wV (?)
|coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV (?)
|corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
|corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
|court, enclosure *dwVrV
|cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|crane *kar-/*ker-
|crane *kar-/*ker-
|crust *c`VrV
|curved, bent *ḳUrV
|cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|cut *ḳUṭV
|cut *ḳVc`V
|cut *kVlV ?
|cut, sharp *CarV
|dark *HamV
|dark *rVmV
|dark *rVmV
|dark *sVmV
|dark *ṭVmV
|dark *ṭVmV
|dark, black *muṭV dark
|dark, black *mVCHV
|dark, black *sVmV dark
|dark, cloudy *muṭV
|darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|dawn *gojńV
|dawn, light *gojńV
|dawn, light *lVwŋV
|dawn, noon *lVwŋV
|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|day, sun, light *ŋera
|decease *ŋVwV
|deer *mVnV
|deer *ʔelV
|deer *ʔelV
|deer, antilope *ʔoru
|deer, he-goat *pOgV
|demonstr. pronoun *mV
|demonstr. pronoun *mV
|demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
|demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
|demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
|demonstrative pronoun *sV
|dew, liquid *rVCV
|die, finish *muṭV
|die, starve *HwelV
|die; kill *nek'-
|dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|direction, road *gwVCV
|direction, road, pass *gwVCV
|dirt *böḳa
|dirt *c`VrV
|dirt *c`VrV
|dirt *kodV
|dirt *kodV ?
|dirt *lVḳwV
|dirt, earth ? *magV
|dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
|dirt, faeces *SVḳV
|dog *KUCV ?
|dog *ḳVpV ?
|dog *ḳVpV ?
|dog *ŋindV
|dog *ŋindV
|dog *ŋVḳV
|dog, wolf *bVrV
|dog, wolf *KUCV [?]
|dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
|dream *CVm(ŋ)V
|drink *jVgU
|drink, liquid *CUtV
|drink, swallow *ʔEmV
|drink, water *HVṗV
|dry *gwVlV
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|dry *kVkV
|dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
|dry *KVmV
|dry *ḳVs(w)V
|dry *sušV
|dry *śušV dry
|dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
|dung, mud *ḳorV
|dust *bur(H)V
|dust *bur(H)V
|dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
|dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
|dust, dirt *böḳa
|dwelling *gülV
|dwelling *gülV
|ear *KVrWV
|ear *KVrWV
|early *ʔVCV
|early *ʔVrV
|early *ʔVrV
|early, dawn *ʔVcwV
|earth *DVG-
|earth *DVG-
|earth *magV
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|eat *tin- 'eat'
|eat *UNV
|eat, drink *UNV
|edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
|edge *Hońća
|edge *HońcV
|edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|edge *ṗerV
|edge *PVlV
|edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)
|edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|edge, side *ṗerV
|egg *ṭUĺV
|egg *ṭUĺV
|elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
|elbow, knee *küjnV
|elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
|elder brother/sister *eńV
|elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV)
|elder relative *ʔaḳV
|elder relative *ʔVṭV
|elm *ʔilVmV
|enclosure *gErV
|enclosure *gVrdV
|enclosure *gVrdV
|enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|enclosure, yard *dwVrV
|enclosure, yard *gErV
|end; mouth *[s]UwV
|enemy *ḳarV
|enemy *ḳarV
|evening *SVKV
|evening *sVrV
|evening *ʒwVṗV
|evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
|extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
|eye, see *HuḲa
|eye, see *HuḲa
|eye, see *HwVlV
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
|face *mVŋV
|face, chin *kVṗV
|face, forehead *pVNV
|face, head *mVĺV
|face, head *mVṭV
|face, head *pVNV ?
|face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
|face, skin on head *mVṭV
|fall *ḳVtV
|fall, descend *HewV
|fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
|far; next *ḳUlV
|fart *PV[s]V
|fart *PVSV
|fat *gwVjV
|fat *gwVjV
|fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|father *aṗV
|father *aṗV
|feather *ṗVĺV
|feather, tail *ṗVĺV
|female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|female *ṗenV
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|female in-law *kälU
|female in-law *kälU
|female relative *eńV
|female relative *mVjNV
|female relative *mVjNV
|female relative *natV
|female relative *natV
|fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|fight, kill *HwelV
|finger *pVrV
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|finger, fingernail *pVrV
|finger, toe *ḳVrV
|fire *CVCxV
|fire *dʷVɣV
|fire *dʷVɣV
|fire *ṗVxwV
|fire *ṗVxwV
|fire *zVcwxV
|fire, burn *HenkV
|fire, burn *HenkV
|fire, burn *nVjV
|fire, burn *ŋera
|fire, burn *ṗVrV
|fire, burn *ʔumV ?
|fire, burn *ʔumV ?
|fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|fire, warmth *lVmV
|first p. pron. *ŋV
|first person pronoun *mV
|first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
|fish *č`VHmV
|fish *dVgV
|fish *dVgV
|fist *mVǯHV
|fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
|fist, wrist *kompV
|fist; ? squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
|flat *lVṗV
|flat *lVṗV
|flat *ṭaPV
|flat *ṭaPV
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|flat, plain *ṭalV
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
|flesh, fat *c`ebV
|flesh, fat *swVĺV
|flow *ńVjrV
|flow *ńVjrV
|flow, gush *bVlV
|flow, gush *bVlV
|fly *ṗarV
|fly *ṗarV
|fly, flea *ṗVlV
|fly, midge *ṗVlV
|fog *musV
|food *HVlV
|food, eat *HVlV
|foolish, deceive *tVlV
|foot, knee *bVl(m)V
|foot, sole *ṗVHdV
|foot, toe *ḳVrV
|forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
|four *NVlV
|fox *[čw]VlɣV
|fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
|fragile *lVmV
|fringe, thread *sVŋV
|fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|frog *gwVrV
|frog *gwVrV
|front *HalV
|front *HanṭV
|front *HanṭV
|front *ʔedV front, breast
|front, breast *mVńV
|front, breast *mVńV
|front, breast *ʔedV
|front, nose *newRV
|front, outside *HalV
|frost, cold *pič`V
|frozen snow *čVgV
|frozen snow *čVgV
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|full *HVp`V ?
|full *HVPVTV
|full *malV
|full *ṭVngV
|full *ṭVngV
|full *tVrV
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|full, fill *ṭVmV
|furrow *HarV
|furrow, hoe *HarV
|gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
|genitalia *ḳUṭV
|genitalia *ḳUṭV
|get in pairs, pair > two *malV
|get, obtain *ga
|gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV?
|gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV?
|give *ćwVHV
|glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|glue *[c]VbV
|glue, join *ćabV
|go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
|go, come *HVjV
|go, follow *HVjV
|goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|goat, deer *ʔoru
|goat, ram, deer *pOgV
|good *mVlV
|good *näḳi
|good (of soul) *näḳi
|good, big *bVtV ?
|good, fit *dUgV
|good, new *wVlV
|good, proper *ʔVjV
|good, take care ? *ʔVjsV
|goose *ĺVkĺVkV
|grain *SVrV
|grain *SVrV
|grasp *kamV
|grasp *kamV
|grasp, seize, press *HamV
|grass *kuCu
|grass, reed *ćVmV
|grass, twigs *c`UlV
|grass, vegetables *kuč`u
|grey *c'VjrV
|grey *c'VjrV
|grind *nVq̇V
|grind *nVq̇V
|gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
|gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums
|guts, inside *oŕV
|hack *ṭanV
|hair *cVḳV
|hair *k`VSV
|hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|hair *nVwrV
|hair *nVwrV
|hair *ŋVjV
|hair *p`un(́)V
|hair *p`un(́)V
|hair *pUdV
|hair *sVHrV
|hair *sVHrV
|hair *ṭVrV
|hair *ṭVrV
|hair ? *k`VSV
|hair, beard *Ḳila
|hair, eyebrow *burV
|hair, feather *pUdV (? *HapUdV)
|hair, hair of head *burV
|hair, head *q̇irV
|hair, rope *ŋVjV
|hair, stalk *Ḳila
|hair, tail *sVPV
|half, part *palV
|hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|hand(ful) *kompV
|hand, arm *bVgu
|hand, arm *udV
|hand, bone *ŋVlV ?
|hand, elbow *ŋVlV ?
|hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
|hand, limb *udV
|hard *ḳVmV ?
|hard, bone *ḳVmV ?
|hard, firm *pVKV
|harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
|harsh, ragged *c`VrV
|head *q̇irV
|head, back of head *ḳapV
|hear *sVmV
|hear *SVmV
|hear, ear *ḳiwlV
|hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'
|heart *sVʎV(mV)
|heart *śVʎV(mV)
|heart, breast *ḳerdV
|heat *[H]indV
|heavy, labour *mVnḳV
|herd *cVčV
|high *berg[i]
|high *berg[i]
|high *TVGV
|hill *tujpV
|hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|hill, top *tujpV
|hit *wVdV
|hit *wVdV
|hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)
|hole *k`VCV
|hole *ḳUrV
|hole *wonkV
|hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
|hole, empty *gop`a
|hole, empty *gop`a
|hole, mouth *k`VCV
|hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|hollow *HVlwV
|hollow, cavity *HVlwV
|hoof *ḳäṗV
|hoof *ḳäṗV
|hoof *sUdV
|hoof *ṭUṗV
|hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof
|hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
|horn *ḳirV
|horn *mVrgV
|horn; root *mVrgV
|horned animal *bVrV
|horned animal *bVrV
|hot, warm *ṗäḳV
|house *pVrV
|house *ʔU[ṭ]V
|house, village *ḳojmV village, hut
|humid, wet *mVk`V
|I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV
|ice, cold *jVkV
|ice, cold *jVkV
|ill, die *m[ä]rV
|ill, die *m[ä]rV
|insect, vermine *tVkV
|insect, vermine *tVkV
|insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
|insect, worm *lVŋV
|inside, stomach *ʔudV
|interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV
|interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV
|interrogative pronoun *ḳV
|interrogative pronoun *mV
|intestine *[c']VlV
|intestine *ć'VlV
|intestine *ḳUʒwV
|intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
|intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines ?
|intestines *lVŋ(d)V
|intestines *oŕV
|jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|joint, limb *bVgu
|joy *bVjV
|joy, desire *bVjV
|juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|jump, run *lVKV
|kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
|kill *KolV
|kill *ḳVwχV
|knee *bVl(m)V
|knee, ankle *sVnV
|knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
|know *ṭanV
|know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know
|know, name *nerV
|large fish *lVmbV
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large, heavy *sUrV
|large, heavy *sUrV
|laugh *gUlV
|laugh, merry *gUlV
|leaf *bolV
|leaf *bolV
|leaf *lVṗV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf, bark *lVṗV
|leaf, branch *HelV
|leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
|leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg, arm *ḳVwlV
|leg, limb *ḳVwlV
|level ground *ṭalV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *lašV ?
|lick *lašV ?
|lick, drink *talV
|lie *ḳVwjV
|light, burn *Howri
|light, burn *Howri
|light, loose *SulV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *mVlV
|limb *ṗVHdV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|liquid *GurV
|liquid *GurV
|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *sVwV
|liquid *śVwV
|liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
|liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
|liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
|liver *ponta
|liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
|liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow?
|lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|loins, groin *zVmV
|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long bone *śVnV
|long hair, tail *[s]VPV
|long, far *ḳUlV
|long, high *HVgU
|long, wide *wVŕV
|long, wide *wVŕV
|loose *SulV
|loose(n) *lVCV
|louse *pVN(T)V ?
|louse *ṭäjV
|louse *ṭäjV
|louse, nit *ñejV
|love, good *ʔVjV
|luminary *mVnzV
|luminary *mVnʒ́V
|lung, liver *pVjLV
|lung, spleen *pVjLV
|male *gVntV
|male *gVntV
|male, male child *mVḳV
|man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|man *mänV
|man *mänV
|many *m[o]nV
|many *m[o]nV
|many *ṗalV
|many *ṗV(H)- ?
|many, big *bVtV ?
|many, full *ṗalV
|marsh *[sw]VjmV
|marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|meat *ńVḳV(rV)
|meat *sUḳV
|meat *ʔomsV
|meat *ʔomśV
|meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
|meat, deer *sUḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
|member of the clan *ʔarV
|moisture *mVtV
|moisture *mVtV
|moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
|moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
|morning *ṗuKdV (?)
|morning / evening *HamV
|morning ~ evening *SVKV
|morning, clear sky *ŋańV
|moth *kuńV ?
|mother *ʔVjV ?
|mother *ʔVjV ?
|mother *ʔVmV
|mother, woman *ʔVmV
|mountain *balV
|mountain *malV
|mountain *malV
|mountain *wVrV
|mountain *wVrV
|mountain, high *TVGV
|mountain, hill *balV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
|mouth *[s]UwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth; eat *č`VmV ?
|mouth; speak *ʔVpV
|mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
|mud, dung *ḳorV
|mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
|multitude; be satiated *HVwV
|mushroom, fungus *pUtV
|mushroom, sponge *pUtV
|naked, take off clothes *luku
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ṗVtV
|name, call *ṗVtV
|name, shape *šamV
|nape, back *[s]VKV
|nape, back *śVKV
|nape; back *dVgV
|narrow *č`VnV
|narrow *ṭijV
|narrow, thin *č`VnV
|near *ʔVbV
|neck *ḳVlV
|neck, collar *kVŋkV
|neck, throat *HVŋV
|neck, throat *ḳVlV
|neck, vertebra *nVKV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative verb *ʔe
|new *žVjŋV
|new, fresh *CVrV
|new, good *žVjŋV
|new, young *CVrV
|new, young *wVlV
|night *HUdV
|night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|night *lVlV
|night *lVlV
|night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
|night, sleep *HUdV
|night, sleep *zVNV
|night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
|night, sleep *ʔamV
|nit *ñejV
|nit, louse *sajrV
|nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ne(H)wRV
|nose *ŋVkCV
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
|nose, nostril *CVxrV
|nose, nostril *cwVxrV
|not *ʔVnV
|not, negative particle *ʔVnV
|not, negative verb *ʔe
|notch, sign *gVrVbV
|now; new *nVwV
|now; new *nVwV
|numerous, full *tVrV
|nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
|old *gwVrV
|old *gwVrV
|old *zVr(d)V
|one *sem-
|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔVrV
|one *ʔVrV
|one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
|open *ṗan[c]V
|open space *ʔVrHV
|open space *ʔVrHV
|open, hole *HangV
|open; hole *ʔaḳa
|order, custom *nerV
|original place *ni̯VnV
|other *aĺV other side
|other *gUjV
|other *gwVjV
|pain, wound *mVnḳV
|painful state, grief *gilV
|painful state, grief *gilV
|pair, one of a pair *gagtV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
|palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|part of face *ńVjlV
|part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
|part of shoulder *čVKV
|part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|paw, grasp *gEpSV
|paw, hand *gEpčwV
|peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|people, army *čVbV
|place *baja
|place *baja
|pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|plenty, abundant *malV
|pond *küɫä
|pond *küɫä
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *pVNV
|pray *mVlV
|prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|prohibitive particle, not *ma
|pus, rot *[č]iru
|pus, rot *Ciru
|push, move *ńukV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|rain, fog, steam *musV ?
|rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
|rare *HVrV
|rare, new *HVrV rare
|reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|relative-in-law *tajV
|ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|rise *ŋwVkV
|rise, stand up *HVgU
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road, walk *mVrV
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
|root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone (?)
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|root, sprout *ḲurV
|root, stalk *ḲurV
|rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ṭompV
|round, convex *ṭompV ?
|rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|rump, neck *nVKV
|run *bok[a]
|run *bok[a]
|run, drive *ʔurKV
|sack, bag *lVmV
|salt *CalV
|salt, bitter *sVbV
|salt, sea *čwalV
|salty, sour *č`VmV
|salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|sand *ki[ǯ]V
|sand *kiCV
|satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|say *tVHV
|say, call *wVḳV
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|scab *pVkV
|scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|scratch *wVrcwV
|scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|sea *jamV
|sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|sea, water *jamV
|sea, water *sVjɣwV
|second person pronoun *χwV
|second person pronoun, thou *nV
|second person pronoun, thou *si
|second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|see, eye *ʔVnjV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed; to sift *sVjHV
|seize *HamV
|self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|separate, split *bedV
|settlement *aHulV
|settlement *palVHV
|settlement *palVHV
|shape *šamV
|sharp *Hoḳi
|sharp object *CVNV
|sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|shell *kV(n)ḳV
|shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|shine, bright *bVrḳV
|shine, burn *mVlV
|shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
|shine, glitter *belV
|shine, glitter *laṗV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine; burn *leuk-
|shoulder *tVlV
|shoulder, arm *tVlV
|shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|show, point at *tVjḳV
|sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|side *bVḳV
|side (of body) *bVḳV
|sinew; root *SirV
|sinew; root *SirV
|single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *perV
|skin *perV
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin, bark *pVkV
|skin, crust, peel *kamV
|skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, husk *kamV
|skull *ḳapV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|slanting *kVCV
|sleep *ʔamV
|slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|slime *SVlV
|slime, dirt *SVlV
|small *cVḳV
|small *CVḳV
|small *ḳVṭV
|small *ṭijV
|small bird *ciṗV
|small bird *ciṗV
|small female animal *ṗenV
|small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|small, young *ḳVṭV
|small. child *pVwjV
|small. child *pVwjV
|smear *cwVHmV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear; fat *ć`ämV
|smell *[s]VwHV
|smell *ṗunV
|smell *sun(g)V
|smell *śun(g)V
|smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smooth *gVlV
|smth. sharp *CVNV
|snake *nētr- 'snake'
|snake *ṗVjmV
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake, eel *lVmbV
|soft, fragile *lVmV
|soft, mild *mVlV
|soft, weak *lVjńV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|sour *CVwVrV
|sour, bitter *č`VmV
|sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|span *ṭVgV
|span *ṭVgV
|speak, say, sound *jVnV
|speak, sound *jVnV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spirit *cwVnV
|spit *ṭupV
|spit *ṭupV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|split *cVlV
|split, tear off *CVlV
|spread *ṗVrjV
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|spread, long *pVdV
|spring *PVnV
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|sprinkle *p`isV
|stalk *kanVbV
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|stand *čwVrV
|star *dVštV
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|star, moon *dV[š]tV ?
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|stick *bVč`V
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV ?
|stone *ḳElV
|stone *kiwV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stump *ṭumgV
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|suck *SUṗV
|suck *zUkV
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|sufficient, complete *eli
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun'
|swamp *laHm[u]
|swamp *laHm[u]
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|sweet *cwVtu
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *toḳE
|tail *toḳE
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|tail, back *śVrV back
|take *ga
|take *ʔanV
|take, bring *gerV
|take, bring *tVKV
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|take, get *gVṭV
|take, grasp *kantV
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|taste *ṭVHmV
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|ten, many *ṗV(H)- ?
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|thick *ṭVkV
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|thick, swell *bongä
|thick, swell *bongä
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh, leg (?) *ṗVǯkV
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|thin *cUṗV
|thin *ṭVnV
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|thing *HVdV
|thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
|third person pronoun *sV
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|this *ḳV
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
|thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
|thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|throat *HVŋV
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|tickle *cVḳV
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|tip, spout *CVCV
|tip, spout *čVčV
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|to be *buHi
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *ʔa ?
|to be *ʔa ?
|to be *ʔesA
|to be *ʔesA
|to be angry *kVCV
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|to be visible *HwVlV
|to be well *c`olHV
|to be well *ColHV
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *ṭVlV
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|to bend *büḲa
|to bend *cVḳV
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *güpA
|to bend *ḳVlV ?
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|to bite *kikV
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|to blow *dVwɣV
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|to breathe *HwinV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|to burn *ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV)
|to burn *cwVwV (?*HVwcwV)
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *Hase
|to burn *HaSe
|to burn *ḳVńV
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|to burn *ṭülV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|to call *CVḥV (?)
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *ḳErV
|to call *ḳErV
|to care *č`VrV
|to care *čVrV
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|to complete *muṭV
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|to cry *muɣrV
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|to cut *mVc`V
|to cut *ṭanV ?
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, knife *kVlV ?
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|to deceive *tVlV
|to die, kill *KolV
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|to drink *jVgU
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|to dry *KVmV
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|to fall *ḳVtV
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to get *gVṭV
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *cwVHV
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give birth, family *KVmV ?
|to gnaw *kVngV
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|to go *meŋV
|to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|to go, walk *mVrV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|to grow, become *buHi
|to hang *tajV
|to hang down; stand (?) *[s]VŋʒwV ?
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|to hold *gerV
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to join, together *anTV
|to join, together *anTV
|to jump, run *lVKV
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|to know *cwVnV
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know, consider *CVḥV (?)
|to know, think *ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV)
|to know, think *sVnV
|to lead *wetV
|to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
|to let, agree *šVwV
|to lick *l[a]pV
|to lick *talV
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|to listen, hear *alV
|to listen, hear *alV
|to live *ḥujV
|to live *ḥujV
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|to make *wärV
|to make *wärV
|to marry *KVmV ?
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to mix, join *kalV ?
|to move *SVlV
|to move *SVlV
|to move quickly *ńowda
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|to move, push *mVqwV
|to move, step *ćeKV
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|to peel, naked *luku
|to pierce *CoḳV
|to pierce *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)
|to plait *źVḳV
|to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave, rope (?) *rVCV
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|to pour *lVHwV
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to pull *ṭVnV
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, pull *ńukV
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *ṗanV
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|to rise *kVdwV ?
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll, twist *murV
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|to run *dwVwV
|to run *ḳacwV
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ʔurKV
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|to say *tVHV
|to say, call *wVḳV
|to say, pray *mVlV
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|to scrape *ḳirV
|to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|to scratch *gVrV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|to see, eye *silV
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, inspect *silV
|to see, know *šVḳV
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|to shake *dVrV
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|to sift *sVjHV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|to speak *watV
|to speak *watV
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|to spread, long *pVdV
|to spread, strew *CVχrV ?
|to stand *čwVrV
|to stand (?) *sVlV
|to stand, hang down (?) *sVŋʒ́V
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|to stay *menV
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|to stay, reside *menV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stir, mix *bulV
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|to submerge *kUdV
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|to suck *ʔEmV
|to suck (?) *CVrbV
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|to suffer *dVwV
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|to suffer, die *enV
|to suffer; pain *enV
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|to swallow *HVṗV
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|to take *bari
|to take *bari
|to take *kantV
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|to take, receive *HVlV
|to taste, eat *č`VmV ?
|to taste, sour *xamV
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|to think *manu
|to think *manu
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|to touch *tVKV
|to trace *Koki
|to trace *Koki
|to tremble *dVrV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|to wake *źwehŕa
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|to wake; see > eye (?) *ṭVlV
|to walk, go *gVrV
|to walk, run *gVrV
|to walk, run *meŋV
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|to wish, let *šVwV
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tooth *palV
|tooth *palV
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *mVĺV
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|touch, plaster, attach ? *ṭaṗV
|tramp, step *ceKV
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *widV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|twig, rod *šVṭV ?
|twist *murV
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|two *malV
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|two, pair *gagtV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|valley *gowlV
|valley, deep *gowlV
|vessel *kala
|vessel *kala
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|village *koṭV
|village, house *koṭV
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|wake *ṗuKdV
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) *ṭVŕgV
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|warm *lVmV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|wash *bVnV ?
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|water *bVnV ?
|water *wetV
|water *wetV
|water *ʕEḳu
|water *ʕEḳu
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|water, wet *mEwV
|water, wet *mEwV
|we (pronoun) *wV
|we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
|weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV )
|weak *lVjV
|weak *ṭVrV
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|weak, tired *HalV
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|wear, dress *wVCV
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mVk`V
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|who *CV
|who, what *ḳV
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|whole, full *ćwalV
|wide *ṗaṭV
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|willow *čwalV
|willow *čwalV
|wind, to blow *CalV ?
|wing; arm *gara
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|winter, cold *gImV
|winter, cold *gImV
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|wood *widV
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *ṗäri
|worm *ṗäri
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year, old *CVnV
|year, old *zVnV
|you *si
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young male *majrV
|young male *majrV
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|-
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|young, child *ḲanV
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|-
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|young, child *ḲanV
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|}
|}

Revision as of 19:03, 11 July 2024

Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
a bird of prey *KVrdV
a biting insect *CVnCV
a deictic element *nV
a demonstrative element *nV
a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
a k. of berry *mVrV
a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
a k. of bird *CVmV
a k. of bird *CVmV
a k. of bird *HalVḳV
a k. of bird *HalVḳV
a k. of bird *k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird'
a k. of bird *kaNV
a k. of bird *kaNV
a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
a k. of bird *kVṗV
a k. of bird *kVṗV
a k. of bird *kwVtV
a k. of bird *kwVtV
a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
a k. of bird *sVgV
a k. of bird *SVlwV
a k. of bird *SVlwV
a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
a k. of bone *c`iŋu
a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
a k. of fish *č`VHmV
a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
a k. of fish *kVrV
a k. of fish *kVrV
a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
a k. of fruit *mVsV
a k. of fruit *mVsV
a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
a k. of grass *wVĺV
a k. of grass *wVĺV
a k. of grass? *cVmV
a k. of horned animal *mula
a k. of horned animal *mula
a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
a k. of insect *KUmV
a k. of insect *KUmV
a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a k. of insect *lVŋV
a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
a k. of insect *mVḳV
a k. of insect *mVḳV
a k. of insect *pUḳV
a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
a k. of liquid *c`UtV
a k. of onion *sUŋV
a k. of predator *bVrV
a k. of predator *KVrdV
a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
a k. of sack *lVmV
a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a k. of tree *kojw[a]
a k. of tree *NEḳrV
a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
a k. of ungulate *mVnV
a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
a k. of vessel *pVNV
a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
a part of leg, foot *lVlV
a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
a stinging insect *pUḳV
all *eli
all, join *kalV
an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
an insect *mVwcwV
an internal organ *CV(n)CV
an ungulate *morV
angry *jVrV
animal hair *mVńCV
animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
antelope *gujrV
antelope *gujrV
arm *gara
arm *küjnV
arm *lVlV
arm, leg *ćVḳV
armpit *ḳVwVŋV
army, people *čVbV
ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
back *dVgV
back *gedV
back *gedV
back *sVrV
back *tVbV
back *tVbV
back *ʔarV
back *ʔarV
back, rear *kuNṭV
back, side *ṗVŋV
bad *bVHCV
bad *ʔVkV
bad *ʔVkV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, evil *bVHCV
bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḳuLV
bark *ḳVrṗV
bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
bark, peel *ḳuLV
bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
basket *ḳocV
basket *ḳoćV
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
be full *ḳOṗV
be full, complete *ḳOṗV
be ill *lVχV
be ill *lVχV
be satiated *HVwV
be smooth *gVlV
be visible, see *nVkV
beat *biχV
beat *biχV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat, break *buṭV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *ṭapħa
beat, hit *ṭapħa
bee *ṗVrV
bee, insect *ṗVrV
behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
behind, buttock *SVtV
belly *wa[n]čV
belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
belly, entrails *gwVlV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, liver *gwVlV
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
below *HalV
below *HalV
bend *ḳVlV
bend *ḳVŋV
bend *ṭoŋV
berry *mVrV
big *mVkV
big *t`VwjV
big *wol[a]
big *wol[a]
big fish *ḳUlV
big fish *ḳUlV
big tree *dVnwV
big tree *dVnwV
big, full *tVdV
big, heavy *pVKV
big, large *mVkV
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *tVdV
big, very *ʔVnV
big, very *ʔVnV
bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bind *KuTV
bind *KVrV
birch *kojw[a]
bird *[č`w]VHḳV
bird *HVwjV
bird *HVwjV
bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
bite, tear *ḳVCV
biting insect *CVnCV
bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
bitter *sVbV
bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
black *ḳarV
black *ḳarV
black *ʔVbV
black *ʔVbV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *mVCHV
black, dark *nal- 'black'
black, night *sVrV
black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
blade, awl *ʔVlV
blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
blister, wound *HVlVḳV
blood *bUjlV
blood *bUjlV blood
blood *ḳVnV blood
blood *wirV
blood *ʔVsxV
blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
blood, breath *HwinV
blood, breath *ʔVsxV
blood, red *ḳurV
blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
blood; marrow *mVLV
blood; red *wirV
blue *swVNV
blue *swVNV
board, stick *ṭVlV
body *bVdV
body, belly *bVdV
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil, burn *ḳVju
bone *girV
bone *girV
bone *HV(w)[č`]V
bone *HV(w)čV
bone *ḳač`V
bone *ḳaCV
bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
bow *büḲa
bow, arc *ṭoŋV
bow, lean *tajV
brain *mVŋV
brain *mVŋV
brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
branch *rVṭV
branch, rod *rVṭV
branch, stick *HelV
branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
break, chop *cVṗV
break, split *buṭV
breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
breast *ḳerdV
breast *ṗome
breast, belly *ʔudV
breast, udder *mälgi
breast, udder *mälgi
breath, smell *sVwHV
bright *bVrḳV
bright *ʔVǯV
bright *ʔVǯV
brown *boŕa
brown *boŕa
brown, dark *KVŋV
brown, yellow *KVŋV
bug, flea *ŋalmV
build, house *dwVmV
burn *mūga 'bonfire'
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗVrV
burn *wVrV
burn *wVrV
burn, bake *buKV
burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *t`ülV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, roast *buKV
burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
burn, shine *Cajŋa
burn, shine *ʒajŋa
burst *paḳV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
buy, sell *ṗVrV
calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
cattle; horse *morV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV cave, hole *ḳVjwV cheek ? *ṗVlV chest, belly *bUrV chest, belly *bUrV child *mVḳV child, to bear *berV child, to bear *berV chin *kenV chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV) chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone' chin, jaw *kVṗV chop *cVṗV chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV) clan member *ʔarV clay, mud *pVnV clay, mud *pVnV clothing *ḳa(j)dV cloud *bVl(w)V cloud *bVl(w)V coals, burn *CuxLV coals, soot, burn *CuxLV cold *[z]VrV cold *KurV cold *KurV cold *SVŋV cold *ʒ́VrV cold, frost *SVŋV come, go; rise *Horä coniferous tree *pVnč`wV (?) coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV (?) corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV court, enclosure *dwVrV cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-) cover, close *ḳaṗV cover, close *ḳaṗV crane *kar-/*ker- crane *kar-/*ker- crust *c`VrV curved, bent *ḳUrV cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-) cut *ḳUṭV cut *ḳVc`V cut *kVlV ? cut, sharp *CarV dark *HamV dark *rVmV dark *rVmV dark *sVmV dark *ṭVmV dark *ṭVmV dark, black *muṭV dark dark, black *mVCHV dark, black *sVmV dark dark, cloudy *muṭV darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) dawn *gojńV dawn, light *gojńV dawn, light *lVwŋV dawn, noon *lVwŋV day, shine *dʷVjɣV day, shine *dʷVjɣV day, sun, light *ŋera decease *ŋVwV deer *mVnV deer *ʔelV deer *ʔelV deer, antilope *ʔoru deer, he-goat *pOgV demonstr. pronoun *mV demonstr. pronoun *mV demonstr. pronoun *ṭV demonstr. pronoun *ṭV demonstrative pronoun *ḳV demonstrative pronoun *sV dew, liquid *rVCV die, finish *muṭV die, starve *HwelV die; kill *nek'- dig, hack *ḳVṗV direction, road *gwVCV direction, road, pass *gwVCV dirt *böḳa dirt *c`VrV dirt *c`VrV dirt *kodV dirt *kodV ? dirt *lVḳwV dirt, earth ? *magV dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV dirt, faeces *SVḳV dog *KUCV ? dog *ḳVpV ? dog *ḳVpV ? dog *ŋindV dog *ŋindV dog *ŋVḳV dog, wolf *bVrV dog, wolf *KUCV [?] dog, wolf *ŋVḳV dream *CVm(ŋ)V drink *jVgU drink, liquid *CUtV drink, swallow *ʔEmV drink, water *HVṗV dry *gwVlV dry *ḳVjwV(rV) dry *ḳVjwV(rV) dry *kVkV dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V dry *KVmV dry *ḳVs(w)V dry *sušV dry *śušV dry dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV) dung, mud *ḳorV dust *bur(H)V dust *bur(H)V dust, ashes *ṭVṭV dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV dust, dirt *böḳa dwelling *gülV dwelling *gülV ear *KVrWV ear *KVrWV early *ʔVCV early *ʔVrV early *ʔVrV early, dawn *ʔVcwV earth *DVG- earth *DVG- earth *magV earth, dust *ṭVŕV earth, dust *ṭVŕV eat *tin- 'eat' eat *UNV eat, drink *UNV edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit edge *Hońća edge *HońcV edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge *ṗerV edge *PVlV edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV) edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-) edge, side *ṗerV egg *ṭUĺV egg *ṭUĺV elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV elbow, knee *küjnV elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV elder brother/sister *eńV elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV) elder relative *ʔaḳV elder relative *ʔVṭV elm *ʔilVmV enclosure *gErV enclosure *gVrdV enclosure *gVrdV enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) enclosure, yard *dwVrV enclosure, yard *gErV end; mouth *[s]UwV enemy *ḳarV enemy *ḳarV evening *SVKV evening *sVrV evening *ʒwVṗV evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish eye, see *HuḲa eye, see *HuḲa eye, see *HwVlV eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV face *mVŋV face, chin *kVṗV face, forehead *pVNV face, head *mVĺV face, head *mVṭV face, head *pVNV ? face, nose, mouth *mVŋV face, skin on head *mVṭV fall *ḳVtV fall, descend *HewV fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV) far; next *ḳUlV fart *PV[s]V fart *PVSV fat *gwVjV fat *gwVjV fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-) father *aṗV father *aṗV feather *ṗVĺV feather, tail *ṗVĺV female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) female *ṗenV female genitalia *mVṭV female genitalia *mVṭV female in-law *kälU female in-law *kälU female relative *eńV female relative *mVjNV female relative *mVjNV female relative *natV female relative *natV fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-) fight, kill *HwelV finger *pVrV finger, claw *č`wVṗV finger, claw *č`wVṗV finger, fingernail *pVrV finger, toe *ḳVrV fire *CVCxV fire *dʷVɣV fire *dʷVɣV fire *ṗVxwV fire *ṗVxwV fire *zVcwxV fire, burn *HenkV fire, burn *HenkV fire, burn *nVjV fire, burn *ŋera fire, burn *ṗVrV fire, burn *ʔumV ? fire, burn *ʔumV ? fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-) fire, warmth *lVmV first p. pron. *ŋV first person pronoun *mV first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV fish *č`VHmV fish *dVgV fish *dVgV fist *mVǯHV fist, handle *ṗVnḳV fist, wrist *kompV fist; ? squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV flat *lVṗV flat *lVṗV flat *ṭaPV flat *ṭaPV flat, level *ṗVlHV flat, level *ṗVlHV flat, plain *ṭalV flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV) flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat flesh, fat *c`ebV flesh, fat *swVĺV flow *ńVjrV flow *ńVjrV flow, gush *bVlV flow, gush *bVlV fly *ṗarV fly *ṗarV fly, flea *ṗVlV fly, midge *ṗVlV fog *musV food *HVlV food, eat *HVlV foolish, deceive *tVlV foot, knee *bVl(m)V foot, sole *ṗVHdV foot, toe *ḳVrV forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV four *NVlV fox *[čw]VlɣV fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV fragile *lVmV fringe, thread *sVŋV fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-) frog *gwVrV frog *gwVrV front *HalV front *HanṭV front *HanṭV front *ʔedV front, breast front, breast *mVńV front, breast *mVńV front, breast *ʔedV front, nose *newRV front, outside *HalV frost, cold *pič`V frozen snow *čVgV frozen snow *čVgV fruit *bVrq̇wV fruit *bVrq̇wV full *HVp`V ? full *HVPVTV full *malV full *ṭVngV full *ṭVngV full *tVrV full, all *wV(n)CV full, all *wV(n)CV full, fill *ṭVmV furrow *HarV furrow, hoe *HarV gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble genitalia *ḳUṭV genitalia *ḳUṭV get in pairs, pair > two *malV get, obtain *ga gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV? gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV? give *ćwVHV glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu glue *[c]VbV glue, join *ćabV go astray, fall apart *HVŕV go, come *HVjV go, follow *HVjV goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV) goat, deer *ʔoru goat, ram, deer *pOgV good *mVlV good *näḳi good (of soul) *näḳi good, big *bVtV ? good, fit *dUgV good, new *wVlV good, proper *ʔVjV good, take care ? *ʔVjsV goose *ĺVkĺVkV grain *SVrV grain *SVrV grasp *kamV grasp *kamV grasp, seize, press *HamV grass *kuCu grass, reed *ćVmV grass, twigs *c`UlV grass, vegetables *kuč`u grey *c'VjrV grey *c'VjrV grind *nVq̇V grind *nVq̇V gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums guts, inside *oŕV hack *ṭanV hair *cVḳV hair *k`VSV hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV] hair *nVwrV hair *nVwrV hair *ŋVjV hair *p`un(́)V hair *p`un(́)V hair *pUdV hair *sVHrV hair *sVHrV hair *ṭVrV hair *ṭVrV hair ? *k`VSV hair, beard *Ḳila hair, eyebrow *burV hair, feather *pUdV (? *HapUdV) hair, hair of head *burV hair, head *q̇irV hair, rope *ŋVjV hair, stalk *Ḳila hair, tail *sVPV half, part *palV hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?) hand(ful) *kompV hand, arm *bVgu hand, arm *udV hand, bone *ŋVlV ? hand, elbow *ŋVlV ? hand, fist *ṗVnḳV hand, limb *udV hard *ḳVmV ? hard, bone *ḳVmV ? hard, firm *pVKV harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-) harsh, ragged *c`VrV head *q̇irV head, back of head *ḳapV hear *sVmV hear *SVmV hear, ear *ḳiwlV hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear' heart *sVʎV(mV) heart *śVʎV(mV) heart, breast *ḳerdV heat *[H]indV heavy, labour *mVnḳV herd *cVčV high *berg[i] high *berg[i] high *TVGV hill *tujpV hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) hill, top *tujpV hit *wVdV hit *wVdV hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV) hole *k`VCV hole *ḳUrV hole *wonkV hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV hole, empty *gop`a hole, empty *gop`a hole, mouth *k`VCV hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V hollow *HVlwV hollow, cavity *HVlwV hoof *ḳäṗV hoof *ḳäṗV hoof *sUdV hoof *ṭUṗV hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV horn *ḳirV horn *mVrgV horn; root *mVrgV horned animal *bVrV horned animal *bVrV hot, warm *ṗäḳV house *pVrV house *ʔU[ṭ]V house, village *ḳojmV village, hut humid, wet *mVk`V I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV) I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV ice, cold *jVkV ice, cold *jVkV ill, die *m[ä]rV ill, die *m[ä]rV insect, vermine *tVkV insect, vermine *tVkV insect, worm *ḳwVŋV insect, worm *lVŋV inside, stomach *ʔudV interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV interrogative pronoun *ḳV interrogative pronoun *mV intestine *[c']VlV intestine *ć'VlV intestine *ḳUʒwV intestines *ḳUʒ́wV intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines ? intestines *lVŋ(d)V intestines *oŕV jaw, palate *ʔVŋV jaw, palate *ʔVŋV joint, limb *bVgu joy *bVjV joy, desire *bVjV juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-) jump, run *lVKV kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V kill *KolV kill *ḳVwχV knee *bVl(m)V knee, ankle *sVnV knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V know *ṭanV know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know know, name *nerV large fish *lVmbV large predator *zīwe(ŋkV) large predator *zīwe(ŋkV) large, heavy *sUrV large, heavy *sUrV laugh *gUlV laugh, merry *gUlV leaf *bolV leaf *bolV leaf *lVṗV leaf tree *ṗVlV leaf tree *ṗVlV leaf, bark *lVṗV leaf, branch *HelV leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud' leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) leg *ɫaḳV leg *ɫaḳV leg, arm *ḳVwlV leg, limb *ḳVwlV level ground *ṭalV lick *laḳV lick *laḳV lick *lašV ? lick *lašV ? lick, drink *talV lie *ḳVwjV light, burn *Howri light, burn *Howri light, loose *SulV light, shine *HVlV light, shine *HVlV light, shine *jVḳV light, shine *jVḳV light, shine *mVlV limb *ṗVHdV lip, soft excrescence *kanpV lip, soft excrescence *kanpV liquid *GurV liquid *GurV liquid *lVṭV liquid *lVṭV liquid *sVwV liquid *śVwV liquid, dirt *lVḳwV liquid, flow *L[ä]jV liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver liver *ponta liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV) liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow? lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV) loins, groin *zVmV long *tel(ḥ)V long *tel(ḥ)V long bone *śVnV long hair, tail *[s]VPV long, far *ḳUlV long, high *HVgU long, wide *wVŕV long, wide *wVŕV loose *SulV loose(n) *lVCV louse *pVN(T)V ? louse *ṭäjV louse *ṭäjV louse, nit *ñejV love, good *ʔVjV luminary *mVnzV luminary *mVnʒ́V lung, liver *pVjLV lung, spleen *pVjLV male *gVntV male *gVntV male, male child *mVḳV man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-) man *mänV man *mänV many *m[o]nV many *m[o]nV many *ṗalV many *ṗV(H)- ? many, big *bVtV ? many, full *ṗalV marsh *[sw]VjmV marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV marten *ḳ[u]nV marten *ḳ[u]nV meat *ńVḳV(rV) meat *sUḳV meat *ʔomsV meat *ʔomśV meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV meat, deer *sUḳV meat, liver *mVḳV meat, liver *mVḳV meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV) member of the clan *ʔarV moisture *mVtV moisture *mVtV moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV) moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV) morning *ṗuKdV (?) morning / evening *HamV morning ~ evening *SVKV morning, clear sky *ŋańV moth *kuńV ? mother *ʔVjV ? mother *ʔVjV ? mother *ʔVmV mother, woman *ʔVmV mountain *balV mountain *malV mountain *malV mountain *wVrV mountain *wVrV mountain, high *TVGV mountain, hill *balV mountain, hill *gʷVrV mountain, hill *gʷVrV mountain, top *ṗVrV mountain, top *ṗVrV mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-) mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)) mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV mouth *[s]UwV mouth, hole *HVwV mouth, hole *HVwV mouth; eat *č`VmV ? mouth; speak *ʔVpV mouth; to speak *ʔVpV mud, dung *ḳorV mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV multitude; be satiated *HVwV mushroom, fungus *pUtV mushroom, sponge *pUtV naked, take off clothes *luku name *ĺVm(ŋ)V name *ĺVm(ŋ)V name *ṗVtV name, call *ṗVtV name, shape *šamV nape, back *[s]VKV nape, back *śVKV nape; back *dVgV narrow *č`VnV narrow *ṭijV narrow, thin *č`VnV near *ʔVbV neck *ḳVlV neck, collar *kVŋkV neck, throat *HVŋV neck, throat *ḳVlV neck, vertebra *nVKV negative particle *ʔVlV negative particle *ʔVlV negative verb *ʔe new *žVjŋV new, fresh *CVrV new, good *žVjŋV new, young *CVrV new, young *wVlV night *HUdV night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-) night *lVlV night *lVlV night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky' night, sleep *HUdV night, sleep *zVNV night, sleep *ʒ́iNV night, sleep *ʔamV nit *ñejV nit, louse *sajrV nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-) nose *ḳVŋV nose *ḳVŋV nose *ne(H)wRV nose *ŋVkCV nose *wiKV (?*ujKV) nose *wiKV (?*ujKV) nose, nostril *CVxrV nose, nostril *cwVxrV not *ʔVnV not, negative particle *ʔVnV not, negative verb *ʔe notch, sign *gVrVbV now; new *nVwV now; new *nVwV numerous, full *tVrV nut, fruit *ar- 'nut' old *gwVrV old *gwVrV old *zVr(d)V one *sem- one *ʔUdV one *ʔUdV one *ʔVrV one *ʔVrV one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV onion, odorous grass *sUŋV open *ṗan[c]V open space *ʔVrHV open space *ʔVrHV open, hole *HangV open; hole *ʔaḳa order, custom *nerV original place *ni̯VnV other *aĺV other side other *gUjV other *gwVjV pain, wound *mVnḳV painful state, grief *gilV painful state, grief *gilV pair, one of a pair *gagtV palate, tongue *ŋVnV palate, tongue *ŋVnV palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV part of face *ńVjlV part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose part of shoulder *čVKV part of shoulder, joint *čVKV paw, grasp *gEpSV paw, hand *gEpčwV peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck') peg, root *ḳUjḳV penis *bVĺV penis *bVĺV penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-) penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)) people, army *čVbV place *baja place *baja pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV plenty, abundant *malV pond *küɫä pond *küɫä pool, low ground *laḳwV pool, low ground *laḳwV pot *ṗVdV pot *ṗVdV pot *pVNV pray *mVlV prohibitive / negative particle *ma prohibitive particle, not *ma pus, rot *[č]iru pus, rot *Ciru push, move *ńukV quick *ṭurV quick *ṭurV quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V rain, fog, steam *musV ? rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV) rare *HVrV rare, new *HVrV rare reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV) relative-in-law *tajV ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV) ring, spool *ḳVč`V rise *ŋwVkV rise, stand up *HVgU rise, up *ʔVpV rise, up *ʔVpV road *ʔur(H)V road *ʔur(H)V road, walk *mVrV rod, strap *lVgV ? rod, strap *lVgV ? roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV) root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone (?) root, herb *wVr[t]V root, herb *wVr[t]V root, seed > settlement *aHulV root, sprout *ḲurV root, stalk *ḲurV rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) round *ḳoĺV round *ḳoĺV round *ṭompV round, convex *ṭompV ? rump, buttocks *kuNṭV rump, neck *nVKV run *bok[a] run *bok[a] run, drive *ʔurKV sack, bag *lVmV salt *CalV salt, bitter *sVbV salt, sea *čwalV salty, sour *č`VmV salty, sour *cwVwVrV sand *ki[ǯ]V sand *kiCV satisfaction *ṭVrṗV say *tVHV say, call *wVḳV say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-) say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-) scab *pVkV scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV scratch *wVrcwV scratch, scrape *ḳVSV scratch, scrape *wVrcwV sea *jamV sea, shallow *sVjɣwV sea, water *jamV sea, water *sVjɣwV second person pronoun *χwV second person pronoun, thou *nV second person pronoun, thou *si second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u] see, eye *ʔVnjV seed, kin *ṗVrV seed, kin *ṗVrV seed; to sift *sVjHV seize *HamV self *ʔo(ŋ)nV separate, split *bedV settlement *aHulV settlement *palVHV settlement *palVHV shape *šamV sharp *Hoḳi sharp object *CVNV sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi sharp stick *c`iĺV sharp stick *c`iĺV sharp, to whet *pVxwV sharp, to whet *pVxwV shell *kV(n)ḳV shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV shin, shank *ḳVnčV shin, thigh *ḳVnčV shine, bright *bVrḳV shine, burn *mVlV shine, burn (several roots?) *belV shine, glitter *belV shine, glitter *laṗV shine, light *bVɣV shine, light *bVɣV shine; burn *leuk- shoulder *tVlV shoulder, arm *tVlV shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV shout *rewǝ- shout, roar show, point at *tVjḳV sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-) side *bVḳV side (of body) *bVḳV sinew; root *SirV sinew; root *SirV single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-) sister, woman? *SäwCV sister, woman? *SäwCV skin *ḲaĺV skin *ḲaĺV skin *perV skin *perV skin *ṗVtV skin *ṗVtV skin *ṭVlV skin *ṭVlV skin, bark *pVkV skin, crust, peel *kamV skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V skin, husk *kamV skull *ḳapV sky, cloud *HaḳumV sky, cloud *HaḳumV slanting *kVCV sleep *ʔamV slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV slime *SVlV slime, dirt *SVlV small *cVḳV small *CVḳV small *ḳVṭV small *ṭijV small bird *ciṗV small bird *ciṗV small female animal *ṗenV small, thin, short *ṭVnV small, young *ḳVṭV small. child *pVwjV small. child *pVwjV smear *cwVHmV smear, fat *mVjrV smear, fat *mVjrV smear; fat *ć`ämV smell *[s]VwHV smell *ṗunV smell *sun(g)V smell *śun(g)V smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-) smoke *ǯun[k]V smoke *ǯun[k]V smoke, cloud *nVbV smoke, cloud *nVbV smooth *gVlV smth. sharp *CVNV snake *nētr- 'snake' snake *ṗVjmV snake *ʔanKV snake *ʔanKV snake, eel *lVmbV soft, fragile *lVmV soft, mild *mVlV soft, weak *lVjńV soft, wet *LVṗV soft, wet *LVṗV soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit' sour *CVwVrV sour, bitter *č`VmV sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-) span *ṭVgV span *ṭVgV speak, say, sound *jVnV speak, sound *jVnV spin, twist *ṗuNV spin, twist *ṗuNV spirit *cwVnV spit *ṭupV spit *ṭupV spit, fang *ḳiwHV spit, fang *ḳiwHV spleen *lVṗV ? spleen *lVṗV ? spleen *tV(H)ʎV spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV split *cVlV split, tear off *CVlV spread *ṗVrjV spread, extend *CVχrV spread, long *pVdV spring *PVnV spring, flow *bira (*bujra) spring, flow *bira (*bujra) sprinkle *p`iSV sprinkle *p`isV stalk *kanVbV stalk, peg *kanVbV stand *čwVrV star *dVštV star, luminary *HVzwVrV star, moon *dV[š]tV ? star, shine *HVźVrV stem, board *ṭVlV steppe, valley, meadow *ColV steppe, valley, meadow *ColV stick *bVč`V stick *ḳVlV stick *ḳVlV stick into, pierce *bedV stick, pole *bVč`V stick, tree *ḳUrV stick, tree *ḳUrV stomach, intestines *ḳVmV ? stone *ḳElV stone *kiwV stone *ṭ/aj/lV stone *ṭ/aj/lV stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-) stone, mountain *kiwV stone, rock *ḳElV storm *burV ( >> *p-) storm *burV ( >> *p-) stream, flow of water *Huwa stream, flow of water *Huwa stump *ṭumgV stump, trunk *ṭumgV suck *SUṗV suck *zUkV suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble sufficient, complete *eli sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-) sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun' swamp *laHm[u] swamp *laHm[u] sweep *šwxVjṗV sweet *cwVtu sweet, tasty *cwVtu tail *ḳudV tail *ḳudV tail *toḳE tail *toḳE tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-) tail, back *śVrV back take *ga take *ʔanV take, bring *gerV take, bring *tVKV take, carry *ʔVpV take, get *gVṭV take, grasp *kantV take, seize *ʔVpV taste *ṭVHmV taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth' temple, hair on temple *cVḳV ten, many *ṗV(H)- ? tent *ʔU[ṭ]V testicle *ḳoĺV testiculus *ḳoĺV that, that near *ʔVbV that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) that, this *ʔu that, this *ʔu that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this) thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV) thick *ṭVkV thick, full *ṭVkV thick, swell *bongä thick, swell *bongä thigh *bVgtV thigh *bVgtV thigh, leg (?) *ṗVǯkV thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV thin *cUṗV thin *ṭVnV thin, narrow *ćUṗV thing *HVdV thing; interrog. stem *HVdV third person pronoun *sV this *cV ( ~ č-) this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-) this *ḳV this *ʔi (*hi) this *ʔi (*hi) thorn *ʒwVgV thorn *ʒ́wVgV thorny bush *NEḳrV thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u] throat *HVŋV throat, intestines *kUṭV throat, swallow *kUlV throat, to swallow *kUlV tickle *cVḳV tie, weave *tVḳV tip, spout *CVCV tip, spout *čVčV to approach, follow *ŋāńi to ask, pray *ṗVrXV to ask, pray *ṗVrXV to bare teeth *mUCV to be *buHi to be *woɣlV to be *woɣlV to be *ʔa ? to be *ʔa ? to be *ʔesA to be *ʔesA to be angry *kVCV to be angry, hostile *kVCV to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV to be mad, stupid *buḳV to be visible *HwVlV to be well *c`olHV to be well *ColHV to be, live *ʔelA to be, live *ʔelA to bear *š[e]wV to bear *š[e]wV to bear *ṭVlV to bear, lift *ṭVlV to beat *ṗVṭV to beat *ṗVṭV to beat, hit *ḳVwχV to bend *büḲa to bend *cVḳV to bend *Garḳu to bend *Garḳu to bend *guḳa to bend *guḳa to bend *güpA to bend *ḳVlV ? to bend *ḳVŋV to bend *ɫoŋḳa to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa to bend, turn *KUrV to bend; hump, heap *güpA to bind, girdle *KuTV to bind, harness *taxlwV to bite *kikV to bite, taste *ṭVHmV to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV to blink, shine, shade *CajV to blow *dVwɣV to blow *p`uSV to blow *p`uSV to blow *ṗuɣV to blow *ṗuɣV to blow, shake *dVwɣV to blow, winnow *Hewa to blow, winnow *Hewa to boil, foam *ḳüpä to boil, foam *ḳüpä to boil, roast *gVbV to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V to bow, bend *cVḳV to break, crumble *ṗVSV to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV to breathe *HwinV to breathe *ʔanqV to breathe *ʔanqV to burn */ḳ/alV to burn *ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV) to burn *cwVwV (?*HVwcwV) to burn *dekO to burn *dekO to burn *Hase to burn *HaSe to burn *ḳVńV to burn *ṗVdwV to burn *ṭülV to burn, bake *kVwrV to burn, bake *kVwrV to burn, boil *ḳVju to burn, flash *CVlV to burn, heat *gVbV to burn, sun *nVjV to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV to call *CVḥV (?) to call *gVjwV to call *gVjwV to call *ḳErV to call *ḳErV to care *č`VrV to care *čVrV to change, borrow *HVrV to change, distribute *HVrV to chew *käjwV (?-b-) to collect, count *lVkV to collect, count *lVkV to collect, put *ṗanV to complete *muṭV to cover *ḳa(j)dV to cover, protect *ḳVrV to covet sexually *gʷVnV to covet sexually *gʷVnV to cross, other side *aĺV to crush *pi(u)čV to crush, press *ṗVjńV to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV to cry *muɣrV to cry, shout *ḳVwV to curse, be angry *jVrV to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-) to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-) to cut *ḳVć`V to cut *mVc`V to cut *ṭanV ? to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV to cut, knife *kVlV ? to cut, sharp *CarV to cut, split *sVḳV to cut, split *śVḳV to cut, tear *mVCV to deceive *tVlV to die, kill *KolV to dig, hack *ḳVṗV to divide, cut in half *palV to drink *jVgU to drink, flow *tVrV to dry *KVmV to dry *šwVrV to dry *šwVrV to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-) to eat *ʒeGV to eat *ʒeGV to eat *ʔitV to eat *ʔitV to eat, gulp *ḳVmV to eat, gulp *ḳVmV to enter, go *ŋēni to fall *ḳVtV to fall *ṗeṭV to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV to fall, fly *ṗVjlV to fall, soar *ṗVjlV to fear, be angry *belHi to fear, be scared *belHi to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV to fill, stuff *ṭVmV to finish *ḳUdV to finish *ḳUdV to fit, be good *dUgV to fit, be good *ḳVnV to flash, shine *CVlV to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV to flow, pour *tUKV to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV to get *gVṭV to give *be[rH]u to give *be[rH]u to give *cwVHV to give *dwV[H]V to give *dwV[H]V to give birth, family *KVmV ? to gnaw *kVngV to go *gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go *meŋV to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi) to go, come *ʒ́wVHV to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV (?) to go, walk *mVrV to grasp *HaṗV to grasp *HaṗV to grasp *ḳaṗV to grasp *ḳaṗV to grasp, seize *[p]itV to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-) to grow, become *buHi to hang *tajV to hang down; stand (?) *[s]VŋʒwV ? to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V to hate, be annoyed *CVrV to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV to hear *ḳiwlV to hide, protect *ḳVrV to hide, secret *KuĺV to hit, break *ḳVkV to hit, push *mVqwV to hold *gerV to hold, seize *ʔanV to howl, cry *wVlV to howl, cry *wVlV to join, together *anTV to join, together *anTV to jump, run *lVKV to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V to know *cwVnV to know *g(w)enV to know *g(w)enV to know, consider *CVḥV (?) to know, think *ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV) to know, think *sVnV to lead *wetV to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run') to let, agree *šVwV to lick *l[a]pV to lick *talV to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V to lick; lip *l[a]pV to lie *ḳVwjV to lie, fall down *kVlV to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV to listen, hear *alV to listen, hear *alV to live *ḥujV to live *ḥujV to look, show *tVjḳV to lose, hide *KuĺV to make *wärV to make *wärV to marry *KVmV ? to match, fit *ḳVnV to melt, flow *dVnV to melt, flow *dVnV to mix, join *kalV ? to move *SVlV to move *SVlV to move quickly *ńowda to move quickly, pursue *ńowda to move, push *mVqwV to move, step *ćeKV to open, spread *ṗanCV to open, spread *ʔaḳa to peel, naked *luku to pierce *CoḳV to pierce *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV) to plait *źVḳV to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV to plait, weave *HUbV to plait, weave *HUbV to plait, weave, rope (?) *rVCV to plant vertically *tIgwV to polish, rub *ṗIḳV to pour *L[ä]jV to pour *lVHwV to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink to pour, drink *ṗVHV to pour, drop *tUKV to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV to prepare food *piCV ? to prepare food *piCV ? to press, seize *ńamV to press, seize *ńamV to pull *ṭVnV to pull, stretch *ṭVnV to push, beat *nVq̇V to push, beat *nVq̇V to push, pull *ńukV to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV) to put *ṗanV to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV to rise *kVdwV ? to rise *kVdwV to rise to rise, raise *ḲaLi to rise, raise *ḲaLi to rise; move, go *Horä to roll *HUlV to roll *HUlV to roll, twist *murV to rub, crumble *ṗVšV to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV to run *dwVwV to run *ḳacwV to run *ṭoKV to run *ṭoKV to run *ʔurKV to run, road *ṭVŕgV to say *tVHV to say, call *wVḳV to say, pray *mVlV to scatter *s(w)VcwV to scrape *ḳirV to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign to scrape *ḳV[sw]V to scratch *gVrV to scratch *xVḳV to scratch *xVḳV to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV) to see, eye *silV to see, eye *wEdwV to see, eye *ʔVnjV to see, guard *HwVjV to see, guard *HwVjV to see, inspect *silV to see, know *šVḳV to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-) to see, know, search *wEdwV to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV) to seize, press *[p]itV to shake *dVrV to shine, be visible *nVkV to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV to shout, sound *ḳVwV to sift *sVjHV to sink *č`VṗV to sink *č`VṗV to slide, creep *ʒVlV to speak *ḥVwV (?) to speak *ḥVwV (?) to speak *watV to speak *watV to speak, shout *sVjwV to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-) to speak, sound *muɣrV to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV) to spin, wind *KVrV to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V to spread *ṗVrjV to spread, long *pVdV to spread, strew *CVχrV ? to stand *čwVrV to stand (?) *sVlV to stand, hang down (?) *sVŋʒ́V to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV to stand, rise *ŋwVkV to stay *menV to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV to stay, reside *menV to stick in, pierce *NEgV to stick in, pierce *NEgV to stir, mix *bulV to stir, puddle *bulV to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-) to submerge *kUdV to suck *[c`w]VṗV to suck *ʔEmV to suck (?) *CVrbV to suck, leech *[c]VrbV to suffer *C(w)VHrV to suffer *c`VHrV to suffer *dVwV to suffer, die *dVwV to suffer, die *enV to suffer; pain *enV to suffice, be full *cwalV to swallow *HVṗV to swallow *L[ü]ḳa to swallow *L[ü]ḳa to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V to swallow *Sem[H]V to swallow *Sem[H]V to swallow, drink *tVrV to swallow, gobble *muḳV to swallow, throat *balʕ[u] to swallow, throat *gwVrV to swallow, throat *gwVrV to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u] to sweep *swxVjṗV to take *bari to take *bari to take *kantV to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV to take, receive *HVlV to taste, eat *č`VmV ? to taste, sour *xamV to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a] to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a] to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V to think *manu to think *manu to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V to tie, bind *ḳVńV to tie, bind *ḳVńV to tie, net *taxlwV to touch *tVKV to trace *Koki to trace *Koki to tremble *dVrV to turn round *ṭurV to turn round *ṭurV to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV to understand, see *gUrV to understand, see *gUrV to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-) to wake *[š]ehŕa to wake *źwehŕa to wake, become clear *ṭVlV to wake; see > eye (?) *ṭVlV to walk, go *gVrV to walk, run *gVrV to walk, run *meŋV to wash, soak *lVHwV to weaken, disappear *mVjV to weaken, disappear *mVjV to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV to wear, put on *wVc`V to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-) to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV to wish *h/a/wV to wish *wiʎ/g/V to wish *wiʎ/g/V to wish *h/a/wV to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV) to wish, let *šVwV to worry, be stupid *buḳV to wound, kill *ʔewV to wound, kill *ʔewV tongue *tilV(ŋV) tongue *tilV(ŋV) tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä tooth *palV tooth *palV tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV top *ḳVḳV top *ḳVḳV top *mVĺV top of head *KVmPV top of head *KVmPV top of head, hair *TUmV top of head, hair of head *TUmV top of head, horn *ḳirV top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-) touch, plaster *ṭaṗV touch, plaster, attach ? *ṭaṗV tramp, step *ceKV tree *ṗUjV tree *ṗUjV tree *widV tree, wood *dʷirV tree, wood *dʷirV twig, branch *c`UlV twig, rod *šVṭV ? twist *murV twist, weave *tVḳV two *malV two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V) two / four / eight *NVlV two, pair *gagtV two, pair *jVŕV two, pair *jVŕV understand, brain *ʔVŋV ungulate *ʔirV ungulate *ʔirV upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-) valley *gowlV valley, deep *gowlV vessel *kala vessel *kala vessel *ḳaṗV vessel *ḳaṗV vessel *ḳVwKV village *koṭV village, house *koṭV village, hut *ḳojmV vulva *p`u[ṭ]V vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-) wake *ṗuKdV walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) *ṭVŕgV warm *kačV 'warm' warm *lVmV warm *ṭ[ä]pV warm *ṭ[ä]pV wash *bVnV ? wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-) wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-) wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-) water *bVnV ? water *wetV water *wetV water *ʕEḳu water *ʕEḳu water, pour *ʒwVHlV water, to submerge *kUdV water, wet *mEwV water, wet *mEwV we (pronoun) *wV we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV ) weak *lVjV weak *ṭVrV weak, lax *lVjńV weak, tired *HalV weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV weak, young *ṭVrV wear, dress *wVCV weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-) wet *(H)wiɫV wet *(H)wiɫV wet wet *mäŕä wet *mäŕä wet *mVk`V what, interrogative pronoun *mV white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-) white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-) who *CV who, what *ḳV whole *ḳVĺwV whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV whole, full *ćwalV wide *ṗaṭV wide, open *ṗaṭV willow *čwalV willow *čwalV wind, to blow *CalV ? wing; arm *gara winter ~ spring *PVnV winter, cold *gImV winter, cold *gImV wish *ʔVnV(jV) wolf, dog *ḲüjnA wolf, dog *ḲüjnA woman *k/u/nV woman *k/u/nV woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-) wood *widV worm *ḲorV worm *ḲorV worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?) worm *mVṭV worm *mVṭV worm *ṗäri worm *ṗäri worm, insect *ḳwVŋV worm, insect *ŋalmV year *w[e]ṭV year *w[e]ṭV year, old *CVnV year, old *zVnV you *si young *bāla 'child, young' young animal, plant *ṭVlV young animal, plant *ṭVlV young male *majrV young male *majrV young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-) young of animals *ḳʷVŕV young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young, child *ḲanV
young, child *ḲanV

Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic

Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian

Etymologies possibly linked to Austric

Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
*dʑoʔa ashes *ʒ́o[a]
*tsəha cold *cha-
*ʢa deictic stem *Ha
*tʼəʔu dew *ǀu
*tɬʼə-χuɦə dry *ǀǀXU
*ts3uɦə excrement *CU
*ts3a(ɴə) fat *Ca(N)
*vuɦə father *BU
*tʼə-ʁə hair *ǀʁV
*tɬaʔu hand *ƛ[a]u
*ɳətsʼəʔu kidney *ɳ!u-
*gətʼəʔa leaf *ɡǀa
*tɬaɴə lizard *ƛaNV
*pʼə-ha meat *ʘha
*ʢajə mother *[H]aj-
*tɬʼakʼəɴə shoe *ƛ̣aḳVNV
*tsʼəkʼə smoke *c̣VḳV
*ʎi to blow the nose; snot *ʎi-
*tɬək3ə to chop *ƛVKV
*kəxe to cry, sound *kxe
*kə-ŋə to know *kVʔV[ŋ]
*ʔits3a to steal *[i]Ca-
*tɬʼə-kəxa to wash *ǀǀkxa
*tɬʼə-ɢo tortoise *ǀǀGo-
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