Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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!Notes
!Notes
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|*[k]°rd°
|a bird of prey
|a bird of prey
|*KVrdV
|*KVrdV
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|a biting insect *CVnCV
|a biting insect
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|*CVnCV
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|a deictic element *nV
|a deictic element
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|*nV
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|a demonstrative element *nV
|a demonstrative element
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|*nV
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|a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|a horned animal
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|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
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|a k. of berry *mVrV
|a k. of berry
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|*mVrV
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|a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
|a k. of bird
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|*[č`w]VHḳV
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|a k. of bird *CVmV
|a k. of bird
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|*CVmV
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|a k. of bird *CVmV
|a k. of bird
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|*CVmV
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|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
|a k. of bird
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|*HalVḳV
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|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
|a k. of bird
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|*HalVḳV
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|a k. of bird *k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird'
|a k. of (aquatic) bird
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|*k[i̯a]ma
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|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
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|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
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|large, heavy *sUrV
|large, heavy *sUrV
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|large, heavy *sUrV
|large, heavy *sUrV
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|laugh *gUlV
|laugh *gUlV
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|laugh, merry *gUlV
|laugh, merry *gUlV
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|leaf *bolV
|leaf *bolV
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|leaf *bolV
|leaf *bolV
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|leaf *lVṗV
|leaf *lVṗV
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|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
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|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
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|leaf, bark *lVṗV
|leaf, bark *lVṗV
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|leaf, branch *HelV
|leaf, branch *HelV
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|leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
|leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
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|leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
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|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg *ɫaḳV
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|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg *ɫaḳV
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|leg, arm *ḳVwlV
|leg, arm *ḳVwlV
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|leg, limb *ḳVwlV
|leg, limb *ḳVwlV
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|level ground *ṭalV
|level ground *ṭalV
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|lick *laḳV
|lick *laḳV
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|lick *laḳV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *lašV ?
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|lick *lašV ?
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|lick *lašV
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|lick *lašV
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|lick, drink *talV
|lick, drink *talV
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|lie *ḳVwjV
|lie *ḳVwjV
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|light, burn *Howri
|light, burn *Howri
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|light, burn *Howri
|light, burn *Howri
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|light, loose *SulV
|light, loose *SulV
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|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *HVlV
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|light, shine *HVlV
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|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *jVḳV
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|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *jVḳV
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|light, shine *mVlV
|light, shine *mVlV
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|limb *ṗVHdV
|limb *ṗVHdV
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|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
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|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
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|liquid *GurV
|liquid *GurV
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|liquid *GurV
|liquid *GurV
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|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *lVṭV
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|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *lVṭV
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|liquid *sVwV
|liquid *sVwV
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|liquid *śVwV
|liquid *śVwV
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|liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
|liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
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|liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
|liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
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|liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
|liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
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|-
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|liver *ponta
|liver *ponta
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|liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
|liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
|liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow?
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|liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow
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|lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
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|lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
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|loins, groin *zVmV
|loins, groin *zVmV
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|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long *tel(ḥ)V
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|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long *tel(ḥ)V
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|long bone *śVnV
|long bone *śVnV
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|long hair, tail *[s]VPV
|long hair, tail *[s]VPV
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|long, far *ḳUlV
|long, far *ḳUlV
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|long, high *HVgU
|long, high *HVgU
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|long, wide *wVŕV
|long, wide *wVŕV
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|long, wide *wVŕV
|long, wide *wVŕV
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|loose *SulV
|loose *SulV
|loose(n) *lVCV
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|louse *pVN(T)V ?
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|loose(n) *lVCV
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|louse *pVN(T)V
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|louse *ṭäjV
|louse *ṭäjV
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|louse *ṭäjV
|louse *ṭäjV
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|louse, nit *ñejV
|louse, nit *ñejV
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|love, good *ʔVjV
|love, good *ʔVjV
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|luminary *mVnzV
|luminary *mVnzV
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|luminary *mVnʒ́V
|luminary *mVnʒ́V
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|lung, liver *pVjLV
|lung, liver *pVjLV
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|lung, spleen *pVjLV
|lung, spleen *pVjLV
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|male *gVntV
|male *gVntV
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|male *gVntV
|male *gVntV
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|male, male child *mVḳV
|male, male child *mVḳV
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|man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
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|man *mänV
|man *mänV
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|man *mänV
|man *mänV
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|many *m[o]nV
|many *m[o]nV
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|many *m[o]nV
|many *m[o]nV
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|many *ṗalV
|many *ṗalV
|many *ṗV(H)- ?
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|many, big *bVtV ?
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|many *ṗV(H)-
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|many, big *bVtV
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|many, full *ṗalV
|many, full *ṗalV
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|marsh *[sw]VjmV
|marsh *[sw]VjmV
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|marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
|marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
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|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
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|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
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|meat *ńVḳV(rV)
|meat *ńVḳV(rV)
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|meat *sUḳV
|meat *sUḳV
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|meat *ʔomsV
|meat *ʔomsV
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|meat *ʔomśV
|meat *ʔomśV
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|meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
|meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
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|meat, deer *sUḳV
|meat, deer *sUḳV
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|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
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|meat, liver *mVḳV
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|meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
|meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
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|member of the clan *ʔarV
|member of the clan *ʔarV
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|moisture *mVtV
|moisture *mVtV
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|moisture *mVtV
|moisture *mVtV
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|moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
|moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
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|moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
|moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
|morning *ṗuKdV (?)
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|morning *ṗuKdV
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|morning / evening *HamV
|morning / evening *HamV
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|morning ~ evening *SVKV
|morning ~ evening *SVKV
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|morning, clear sky *ŋańV
|morning, clear sky *ŋańV
|moth *kuńV ?
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|mother *ʔVjV ?
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|mother *ʔVjV ?
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|moth *kuńV
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|mother *ʔVjV
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|mother *ʔVjV
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|mother *ʔVmV
|mother *ʔVmV
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|mother, woman *ʔVmV
|mother, woman *ʔVmV
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|mountain *balV
|mountain *balV
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|mountain *malV
|mountain *malV
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|mountain *malV
|mountain *malV
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|mountain *wVrV
|mountain *wVrV
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|mountain *wVrV
|mountain *wVrV
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|mountain, high *TVGV
|mountain, high *TVGV
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|mountain, hill *balV
|mountain, hill *balV
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|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
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|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
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|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
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|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
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|mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
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|mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
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|mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
|mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
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|mouth *[s]UwV
|mouth *[s]UwV
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|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
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|mouth; eat *č`VmV ?
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|mouth, hole *HVwV
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|mouth; eat *č`VmV
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|mouth; speak *ʔVpV
|mouth; speak *ʔVpV
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|mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
|mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
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|mud, dung *ḳorV
|mud, dung *ḳorV
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|mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
|mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
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|multitude; be satiated *HVwV
|multitude; be satiated *HVwV
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|mushroom, fungus *pUtV
|mushroom, fungus *pUtV
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|mushroom, sponge *pUtV
|mushroom, sponge *pUtV
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|naked, take off clothes *luku
|naked, take off clothes *luku
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|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
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|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
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|name *ṗVtV
|name *ṗVtV
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|name, call *ṗVtV
|name, call *ṗVtV
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|name, shape *šamV
|name, shape *šamV
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|nape, back *[s]VKV
|nape, back *[s]VKV
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|nape, back *śVKV
|nape, back *śVKV
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|nape; back *dVgV
|nape; back *dVgV
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|narrow *č`VnV
|narrow *č`VnV
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|narrow *ṭijV
|narrow *ṭijV
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|narrow, thin *č`VnV
|narrow, thin *č`VnV
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|near *ʔVbV
|near *ʔVbV
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|neck *ḳVlV
|neck *ḳVlV
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|neck, collar *kVŋkV
|neck, collar *kVŋkV
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|neck, throat *HVŋV
|neck, throat *HVŋV
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|neck, throat *ḳVlV
|neck, throat *ḳVlV
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|neck, vertebra *nVKV
|neck, vertebra *nVKV
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|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
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|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
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|negative verb *ʔe
|negative verb *ʔe
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|new *žVjŋV
|new *žVjŋV
|new, fresh *CVrV
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|new, fresh *CVrV
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|new, good *žVjŋV
|new, good *žVjŋV
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|new, young *CVrV
|new, young *CVrV
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|new, young *wVlV
|new, young *wVlV
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|night *HUdV
|night *HUdV
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|night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
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|night *lVlV
|night *lVlV
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|night *lVlV
|night *lVlV
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|-
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|night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
|night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
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|night, sleep *HUdV
|night, sleep *HUdV
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|night, sleep *zVNV
|night, sleep *zVNV
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|-
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|night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
|night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
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|night, sleep *ʔamV
|night, sleep *ʔamV
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|nit *ñejV
|nit *ñejV
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|nit, louse *sajrV
|nit, louse *sajrV
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|nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
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|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ḳVŋV
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|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ḳVŋV
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|-
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|nose *ne(H)wRV
|nose *ne(H)wRV
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|-
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|nose *ŋVkCV
|nose *ŋVkCV
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
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|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
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|nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
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|nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
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|-
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|nose, nostril *CVxrV
|nose, nostril *CVxrV
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|-
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|nose, nostril *cwVxrV
|nose, nostril *cwVxrV
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|-
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|not *ʔVnV
|not *ʔVnV
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|-
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|not, negative particle *ʔVnV
|not, negative particle *ʔVnV
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|-
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|not, negative verb *ʔe
|not, negative verb *ʔe
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|-
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|notch, sign *gVrVbV
|notch, sign *gVrVbV
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|-
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|now; new *nVwV
|now; new *nVwV
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|-
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|now; new *nVwV
|now; new *nVwV
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|-
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|numerous, full *tVrV
|numerous, full *tVrV
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|-
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|nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
|nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
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|-
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|old *gwVrV
|old *gwVrV
|old *gwVrV
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|-
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|old *gwVrV
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|-
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|old *zVr(d)V
|old *zVr(d)V
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|-
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|one *sem-
|one *sem-
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|-
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|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔUdV
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|-
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|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔUdV
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|-
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|one *ʔVrV
|one *ʔVrV
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|-
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|one *ʔVrV
|one *ʔVrV
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|-
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|one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
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|-
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|one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
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|-
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|one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
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|-
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|onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
|onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
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|-
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|open *ṗan[c]V
|open *ṗan[c]V
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|-
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|open space *ʔVrHV
|open space *ʔVrHV
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|-
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|open space *ʔVrHV
|open space *ʔVrHV
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|-
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|open, hole *HangV
|open, hole *HangV
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|-
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|open; hole *ʔaḳa
|open; hole *ʔaḳa
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|-
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|order, custom *nerV
|order, custom *nerV
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|-
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|original place *ni̯VnV
|original place *ni̯VnV
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|-
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|other *aĺV other side
|other *aĺV other side
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|-
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|other *gUjV
|other *gUjV
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|-
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|other *gwVjV
|other *gwVjV
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|-
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|pain, wound *mVnḳV
|pain, wound *mVnḳV
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|-
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|painful state, grief *gilV
|painful state, grief *gilV
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|-
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|painful state, grief *gilV
|painful state, grief *gilV
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|-
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|pair, one of a pair *gagtV
|pair, one of a pair *gagtV
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|-
|
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
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|-
|
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
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|-
|
|palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
|palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
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|-
|
|palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
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|-
|
|palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|
|-
|
|part of face *ńVjlV
|part of face *ńVjlV
|part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|
|-
|
|part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|
|-
|
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
|
|-
|
|part of shoulder *čVKV
|part of shoulder *čVKV
|
|-
|
|part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
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|-
|
|paw, grasp *gEpSV
|paw, grasp *gEpSV
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|-
|
|paw, hand *gEpčwV
|paw, hand *gEpčwV
|
|-
|
|peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|
|-
|
|peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|
|-
|
|peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|
|-
|
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *bVĺV
|
|-
|
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *bVĺV
|
|-
|
|penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|
|-
|
|penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|
|-
|
|people, army *čVbV
|people, army *čVbV
|
|-
|
|place *baja
|place *baja
|
|-
|
|place *baja
|place *baja
|
|-
|
|pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|-
|
|plenty, abundant *malV
|plenty, abundant *malV
|
|-
|
|pond *küɫä
|pond *küɫä
|
|-
|
|pond *küɫä
|pond *küɫä
|
|-
|
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|-
|
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|
|-
|
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *ṗVdV
|
|-
|
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *ṗVdV
|
|-
|
|pot *pVNV
|pot *pVNV
|
|-
|
|pray *mVlV
|pray *mVlV
|
|-
|
|prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|
|-
|
|prohibitive particle, not *ma
|prohibitive particle, not *ma
|
|-
|
|pus, rot *[č]iru
|pus, rot *[č]iru
|
|-
|
|pus, rot *Ciru
|pus, rot *Ciru
|
|-
|
|push, move *ńukV
|push, move *ńukV
|
|-
|
|quick *ṭurV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|quick *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|rain, fog, steam *musV ?
|
|-
|
|rain, fog, steam *musV
|
|-
|
|rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
|rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
|
|-
|
|rare *HVrV
|rare *HVrV
|
|-
|
|rare, new *HVrV rare
|rare, new *HVrV rare
|
|-
|
|reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|
|-
|
|relative-in-law *tajV
|relative-in-law *tajV
|
|-
|
|ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|
|-
|
|ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|
|-
|
|rise *ŋwVkV
|rise *ŋwVkV
|
|-
|
|rise, stand up *HVgU
|rise, stand up *HVgU
|
|-
|
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road *ʔur(H)V
|
|-
|
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road *ʔur(H)V
|
|-
|
|road, walk *mVrV
|road, walk *mVrV
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|-
|
|rod, strap *lVgV
|
|-
|
|rod, strap *lVgV
|
|-
|
|roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
|root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
|root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone (?)
|
|-
|
|root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone
|
|-
|
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|-
|
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|
|-
|
|root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|
|-
|
|root, sprout *ḲurV
|root, sprout *ḲurV
|
|-
|
|root, stalk *ḲurV
|root, stalk *ḲurV
|
|-
|
|rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|-
|
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|round *ṭompV
|round *ṭompV
|round, convex *ṭompV ?
|
|rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|-
|rump, neck *nVKV
|
|round, convex *ṭompV
|
|-
|
|rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|
|-
|
|rump, neck *nVKV
|
|-
|
|run *bok[a]
|run *bok[a]
|
|-
|
|run *bok[a]
|run *bok[a]
|
|-
|
|run, drive *ʔurKV
|run, drive *ʔurKV
|
|-
|
|sack, bag *lVmV
|sack, bag *lVmV
|
|-
|
|salt *CalV
|salt *CalV
|
|-
|
|salt, bitter *sVbV
|salt, bitter *sVbV
|
|-
|
|salt, sea *čwalV
|salt, sea *čwalV
|
|-
|
|salty, sour *č`VmV
|salty, sour *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|
|-
|
|sand *ki[ǯ]V
|sand *ki[ǯ]V
|
|-
|
|sand *kiCV
|sand *kiCV
|
|-
|
|satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|
|-
|
|say *tVHV
|say *tVHV
|say, call *wVḳV
|
|-
|
|say, call *wVḳV
|
|-
|
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|-
|
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|
|-
|
|scab *pVkV
|scab *pVkV
|
|-
|
|scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|
|-
|
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|
|-
|
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|
|-
|
|scratch *wVrcwV
|scratch *wVrcwV
|
|-
|
|scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|
|-
|
|scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|
|-
|
|sea *jamV
|sea *jamV
|
|-
|
|sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|
|-
|
|sea, water *jamV
|sea, water *jamV
|
|-
|
|sea, water *sVjɣwV
|sea, water *sVjɣwV
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun *χwV
|second person pronoun *χwV
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun, thou *nV
|second person pronoun, thou *nV
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun, thou *si
|second person pronoun, thou *si
|
|-
|
|second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|
|-
|
|see, eye *ʔVnjV
|see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|-
|
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|
|-
|
|seed; to sift *sVjHV
|seed; to sift *sVjHV
|
|-
|
|seize *HamV
|seize *HamV
|
|-
|
|self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|
|-
|
|separate, split *bedV
|separate, split *bedV
|
|-
|
|settlement *aHulV
|settlement *aHulV
|
|-
|
|settlement *palVHV
|settlement *palVHV
|
|-
|
|settlement *palVHV
|settlement *palVHV
|
|-
|
|shape *šamV
|shape *šamV
|
|-
|
|sharp *Hoḳi
|sharp *Hoḳi
|
|-
|
|sharp object *CVNV
|sharp object *CVNV
|
|-
|
|sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|
|-
|
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|-
|
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|
|-
|
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|-
|
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|
|-
|
|shell *kV(n)ḳV
|shell *kV(n)ḳV
|
|-
|
|shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|
|-
|
|shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|
|-
|
|shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|
|-
|
|shine, bright *bVrḳV
|shine, bright *bVrḳV
|
|-
|
|shine, burn *mVlV
|shine, burn *mVlV
|
|-
|
|shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
|shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
|
|-
|
|shine, glitter *belV
|shine, glitter *belV
|
|-
|
|shine, glitter *laṗV
|shine, glitter *laṗV
|
|-
|
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|
|-
|
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|
|-
|
|shine; burn *leuk-
|shine; burn *leuk-
|
|-
|
|shoulder *tVlV
|shoulder *tVlV
|
|-
|
|shoulder, arm *tVlV
|shoulder, arm *tVlV
|
|-
|
|shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|
|-
|
|shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|
|-
|
|show, point at *tVjḳV
|show, point at *tVjḳV
|
|-
|
|sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|
|-
|
|side *bVḳV
|side *bVḳV
|
|-
|
|side (of body) *bVḳV
|side (of body) *bVḳV
|
|-
|
|sinew; root *SirV
|sinew; root *SirV
|
|-
|
|sinew; root *SirV
|sinew; root *SirV
|
|-
|
|single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|-
|
|single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|
|-
|
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|
|-
|
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|
|-
|
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|
|-
|
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|
|-
|
|skin *perV
|skin *perV
|skin *perV
|
|-
|
|skin *perV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṗVtV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṗVtV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|skin, bark *pVkV
|skin, bark *pVkV
|
|-
|
|skin, crust, peel *kamV
|skin, crust, peel *kamV
|
|-
|
|skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|
|-
|
|skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|
|-
|
|skin, husk *kamV
|skin, husk *kamV
|
|-
|
|skull *ḳapV
|skull *ḳapV
|
|-
|
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|-
|
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|
|-
|
|slanting *kVCV
|slanting *kVCV
|
|-
|
|sleep *ʔamV
|sleep *ʔamV
|
|-
|
|slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|
|-
|
|slime *SVlV
|slime *SVlV
|
|-
|
|slime, dirt *SVlV
|slime, dirt *SVlV
|
|-
|
|small *cVḳV
|small *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|small *CVḳV
|small *CVḳV
|
|-
|
|small *ḳVṭV
|small *ḳVṭV
|
|-
|
|small *ṭijV
|small *ṭijV
|
|-
|
|small bird *ciṗV
|small bird *ciṗV
|
|-
|
|small bird *ciṗV
|small bird *ciṗV
|
|-
|
|small female animal *ṗenV
|small female animal *ṗenV
|
|-
|
|small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|small, young *ḳVṭV
|small, young *ḳVṭV
|
|-
|
|small. child *pVwjV
|small. child *pVwjV
|
|-
|
|small. child *pVwjV
|small. child *pVwjV
|
|-
|
|smear *cwVHmV
|smear *cwVHmV
|
|-
|
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|-
|
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|
|-
|
|smear; fat *ć`ämV
|smear; fat *ć`ämV
|
|-
|
|smell *[s]VwHV
|smell *[s]VwHV
|
|-
|
|smell *ṗunV
|smell *ṗunV
|
|-
|
|smell *sun(g)V
|smell *sun(g)V
|
|-
|
|smell *śun(g)V
|smell *śun(g)V
|
|-
|
|smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|
|-
|
|smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|
|-
|
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|-
|
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|
|-
|
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|-
|
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|
|-
|
|smooth *gVlV
|smooth *gVlV
|
|-
|
|smth. sharp *CVNV
|smth. sharp *CVNV
|
|-
|
|snake *nētr- 'snake'
|snake *nētr- 'snake'
|
|-
|
|snake *ṗVjmV
|snake *ṗVjmV
|
|-
|
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake *ʔanKV
|
|-
|
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake *ʔanKV
|
|-
|
|snake, eel *lVmbV
|snake, eel *lVmbV
|
|-
|
|soft, fragile *lVmV
|soft, fragile *lVmV
|
|-
|
|soft, mild *mVlV
|soft, mild *mVlV
|
|-
|
|soft, weak *lVjńV
|soft, weak *lVjńV
|
|-
|
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|-
|
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|
|-
|
|soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|
|-
|
|sour *CVwVrV
|sour *CVwVrV
|
|-
|
|sour, bitter *č`VmV
|sour, bitter *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|
|-
|
|span *ṭVgV
|span *ṭVgV
|
|-
|
|span *ṭVgV
|span *ṭVgV
|
|-
|
|speak, say, sound *jVnV
|speak, say, sound *jVnV
|
|-
|
|speak, sound *jVnV
|speak, sound *jVnV
|
|-
|
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|-
|
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|-
|
|spirit *cwVnV
|spirit *cwVnV
|
|-
|
|spit *ṭupV
|spit *ṭupV
|
|-
|
|spit *ṭupV
|spit *ṭupV
|
|-
|
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|-
|
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|-
|
|spleen *lVṗV
|
|-
|
|spleen *lVṗV
|
|-
|
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|
|-
|
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|
|-
|
|split *cVlV
|split *cVlV
|
|-
|
|split, tear off *CVlV
|split, tear off *CVlV
|
|-
|
|spread *ṗVrjV
|spread *ṗVrjV
|
|-
|
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|
|-
|
|spread, long *pVdV
|spread, long *pVdV
|
|-
|
|spring *PVnV
|spring *PVnV
|
|-
|
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|-
|
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|-
|
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|
|-
|
|sprinkle *p`isV
|sprinkle *p`isV
|
|-
|
|stalk *kanVbV
|stalk *kanVbV
|
|-
|
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|
|-
|
|stand *čwVrV
|stand *čwVrV
|
|-
|
|star *dVštV
|star *dVštV
|
|-
|
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|star, moon *dV[š]tV ?
|
|-
|
|star, moon *dV[š]tV
|
|-
|
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|
|-
|
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|-
|
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|-
|
|stick *bVč`V
|stick *bVč`V
|
|-
|
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|stick *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|
|-
|
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|
|-
|
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|-
|
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV ?
|
|-
|
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|stone *ḳElV
|stone *ḳElV
|
|-
|
|stone *kiwV
|stone *kiwV
|
|-
|
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|-
|
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|-
|
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|-
|
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|
|-
|
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|
|-
|
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|-
|
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|-
|
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|-
|
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|-
|
|stump *ṭumgV
|stump *ṭumgV
|
|-
|
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|
|-
|
|suck *SUṗV
|suck *SUṗV
|
|-
|
|suck *zUkV
|suck *zUkV
|
|-
|
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|
|-
|
|sufficient, complete *eli
|sufficient, complete *eli
|
|-
|
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|-
|
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun'
|
|-
|
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
|
|-
|
|swamp *laHm[u]
|swamp *laHm[u]
|
|-
|
|swamp *laHm[u]
|swamp *laHm[u]
|
|-
|
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|
|-
|
|sweet *cwVtu
|sweet *cwVtu
|
|-
|
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|
|-
|
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *ḳudV
|
|-
|
|tail *ḳudV
|
|-
|
|tail *toḳE
|tail *toḳE
|
|-
|
|tail *toḳE
|tail *toḳE
|
|-
|
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|
|-
|
|tail, back *śVrV back
|tail, back *śVrV back
|
|-
|
|take *ga
|take *ga
|
|-
|
|take *ʔanV
|take *ʔanV
|
|-
|
|take, bring *gerV
|take, bring *gerV
|
|-
|
|take, bring *tVKV
|take, bring *tVKV
|
|-
|
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|take, get *gVṭV
|take, get *gVṭV
|
|-
|
|take, grasp *kantV
|take, grasp *kantV
|
|-
|
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|
|-
|
|taste *ṭVHmV
|taste *ṭVHmV
|
|-
|
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|
|-
|
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|ten, many *ṗV(H)- ?
|
|-
|
|ten, many *ṗV(H)-
|
|-
|
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|-
|
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|
|-
|
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔu
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔu
|
|-
|
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
|
|-
|
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|
|-
|
|thick *ṭVkV
|thick *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|thick, swell *bongä
|thick, swell *bongä
|
|-
|
|thick, swell *bongä
|thick, swell *bongä
|
|-
|
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh *bVgtV
|
|thigh, leg (?) *ṗVǯkV
|-
|
|thigh *bVgtV
|
|-
|
|thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
|
|-
|
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|
|-
|
|thin *cUṗV
|thin *cUṗV
|
|-
|
|thin *ṭVnV
|thin *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|
|-
|
|thing *HVdV
|thing *HVdV
|
|-
|
|thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
|thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
|
|-
|
|third person pronoun *sV
|third person pronoun *sV
|
|-
|
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|
|-
|
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|
|-
|
|this *ḳV
|this *ḳV
|
|-
|
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|-
|
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|-
|
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|
|-
|
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|
|-
|
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|
|-
|
|thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
|thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
|
|-
|
|thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
|thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
|
|-
|
|thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|
|-
|
|throat *HVŋV
|throat *HVŋV
|
|-
|
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|
|-
|
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|
|-
|
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|
|-
|
|tickle *cVḳV
|tickle *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|
|-
|
|tip, spout *CVCV
|tip, spout *CVCV
|
|-
|
|tip, spout *čVčV
|tip, spout *čVčV
|
|-
|
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|
|-
|
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|-
|
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|-
|
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|to be *buHi
|
|-
|
|to be *buHi
|
|-
|
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *woɣlV
|
|-
|
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *ʔa ?
|
|to be *ʔa ?
|-
|
|to be *ʔa
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔa
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔesA
|to be *ʔesA
|
|-
|
|to be *ʔesA
|to be *ʔesA
|
|-
|
|to be angry *kVCV
|to be angry *kVCV
|
|-
|
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|
|-
|
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|-
|
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|
|-
|
|to be visible *HwVlV
|to be visible *HwVlV
|
|-
|
|to be well *c`olHV
|to be well *c`olHV
|
|-
|
|to be well *ColHV
|to be well *ColHV
|
|-
|
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to be, live *ʔelA
|
|-
|
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to be, live *ʔelA
|
|-
|
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|
|-
|
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|
|-
|
|to bear *ṭVlV
|to bear *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|-
|
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|-
|
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|
|-
|
|to bend *büḲa
|to bend *büḲa
|
|-
|
|to bend *cVḳV
|to bend *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *Garḳu
|
|-
|
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *Garḳu
|
|-
|
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *guḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *guḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend *güpA
|to bend *güpA
|to bend *ḳVlV ?
|
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|-
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|
|to bend *ḳVlV
|
|-
|
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|
|-
|
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|
|-
|
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|
|-
|
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|
|-
|
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|
|-
|
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|
|-
|
|to bite *kikV
|to bite *kikV
|
|-
|
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|
|-
|
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|
|-
|
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|
|-
|
|to blow *dVwɣV
|to blow *dVwɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *p`uSV
|
|-
|
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *p`uSV
|
|-
|
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|-
|
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|-
|
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|-
|
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|-
|
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|
|-
|
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|
|-
|
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|
|-
|
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|
|-
|
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *HwinV
|to breathe *HwinV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|-
|
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|to burn *ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV)
|
|to burn *cwVwV (?*HVwcwV)
|-
|
|to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
|
|-
|
|to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
|
|-
|
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *dekO
|
|-
|
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *dekO
|
|-
|
|to burn *Hase
|to burn *Hase
|
|-
|
|to burn *HaSe
|to burn *HaSe
|
|-
|
|to burn *ḳVńV
|to burn *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ṭülV
|to burn *ṭülV
|
|-
|
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|-
|
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|-
|
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|
|-
|
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|
|-
|
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|
|-
|
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|
|-
|
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|to call *CVḥV (?)
|
|to call *gVjwV
|-
|
|to call *CVḥV
|
|-
|
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *gVjwV
|
|-
|
|to call *gVjwV
|
|-
|
|to call *ḳErV
|to call *ḳErV
|
|-
|
|to call *ḳErV
|to call *ḳErV
|
|-
|
|to care *č`VrV
|to care *č`VrV
|
|-
|
|to care *čVrV
|to care *čVrV
|
|-
|
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|
|-
|
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|
|-
|
|to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
|to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
|
|-
|
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, count *lVkV
|
|-
|
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, count *lVkV
|
|-
|
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|
|-
|
|to complete *muṭV
|to complete *muṭV
|
|-
|
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|
|-
|
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|-
|
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|-
|
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|
|-
|
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|
|-
|
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|
|-
|
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|
|-
|
|to cry *muɣrV
|to cry *muɣrV
|
|-
|
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|
|-
|
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|
|-
|
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|-
|
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|
|-
|
|to cut *mVc`V
|to cut *mVc`V
|to cut *ṭanV ?
|
|-
|
|to cut *ṭanV
|
|-
|
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|-
|
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, knife *kVlV ?
|
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|-
|
|to cut, knife *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|
|-
|
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|
|-
|
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|
|-
|
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|
|-
|
|to deceive *tVlV
|to deceive *tVlV
|
|-
|
|to die, kill *KolV
|to die, kill *KolV
|
|-
|
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|
|-
|
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|
|-
|
|to drink *jVgU
|to drink *jVgU
|
|-
|
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry *KVmV
|to dry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry *šwVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry *šwVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʒeGV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʒeGV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat *ʔitV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat *ʔitV
|
|-
|
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|
|-
|
|to fall *ḳVtV
|to fall *ḳVtV
|
|-
|
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|
|-
|
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|
|-
|
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|
|-
|
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|
|-
|
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|
|-
|
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|
|-
|
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|
|-
|
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|
|-
|
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|
|-
|
|to finish *ḳUdV
|
|-
|
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|
|-
|
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|
|-
|
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|-
|
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|-
|
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|
|-
|
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to get *gVṭV
|to get *gVṭV
|
|-
|
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *be[rH]u
|
|-
|
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *be[rH]u
|
|-
|
|to give *cwVHV
|to give *cwVHV
|
|-
|
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give *dwV[H]V
|
|-
|
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give birth, family *KVmV ?
|
|to gnaw *kVngV
|-
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|
|to go *meŋV
|to give birth, family *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to gnaw *kVngV
|
|-
|
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|to go *meŋV
|
|-
|
|to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
|to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
|
|-
|
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|
|-
|
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|
|-
|
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|to go, walk *mVrV
|to go, walk *mVrV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|
|-
|
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|to grow, become *buHi
|to grow, become *buHi
|
|-
|
|to hang *tajV
|to hang *tajV
|to hang down; stand (?) *[s]VŋʒwV ?
|
|-
|
|to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
|
|-
|
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|
|-
|
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|
|-
|
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|
|-
|
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|
|-
|
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|
|-
|
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|
|-
|
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|
|-
|
|to hold *gerV
|to hold *gerV
|
|-
|
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|
|-
|
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|-
|
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|-
|
|to join, together *anTV
|to join, together *anTV
|
|-
|
|to join, together *anTV
|to join, together *anTV
|to jump, run *lVKV
|
|-
|
|to jump, run *lVKV
|
|-
|
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|-
|
|to know *cwVnV
|to know *cwVnV
|
|-
|
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know *g(w)enV
|
|-
|
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know, consider *CVḥV (?)
|
|to know, think *ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV)
|-
|
|to know, consider *CVḥV
|
|-
|
|to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
|
|-
|
|to know, think *sVnV
|to know, think *sVnV
|
|-
|
|to lead *wetV
|to lead *wetV
|
|-
|
|to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
|to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
|
|-
|
|to let, agree *šVwV
|to let, agree *šVwV
|
|-
|
|to lick *l[a]pV
|to lick *l[a]pV
|
|-
|
|to lick *talV
|to lick *talV
|
|-
|
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|
|-
|
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|
|-
|
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to listen, hear *alV
|to listen, hear *alV
|
|-
|
|to listen, hear *alV
|to listen, hear *alV
|
|-
|
|to live *ḥujV
|to live *ḥujV
|
|-
|
|to live *ḥujV
|to live *ḥujV
|
|-
|
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|
|-
|
|to make *wärV
|to make *wärV
|
|-
|
|to make *wärV
|to make *wärV
|to marry *KVmV ?
|
|-
|
|to marry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|-
|
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to mix, join *kalV ?
|
|to move *SVlV
|-
|
|to mix, join *kalV
|
|-
|
|to move *SVlV
|to move *SVlV
|
|-
|
|to move *SVlV
|
|-
|
|to move quickly *ńowda
|to move quickly *ńowda
|
|-
|
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|
|-
|
|to move, push *mVqwV
|to move, push *mVqwV
|
|-
|
|to move, step *ćeKV
|to move, step *ćeKV
|
|-
|
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|
|-
|
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|
|-
|
|to peel, naked *luku
|to peel, naked *luku
|
|-
|
|to pierce *CoḳV
|to pierce *CoḳV
|to pierce *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)
|
|-
|
|to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
|
|-
|
|to plait *źVḳV
|to plait *źVḳV
|
|-
|
|to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
|to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave, rope (?) *rVCV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
|
|-
|
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|-
|
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|
|-
|
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|
|-
|
|to pour *lVHwV
|to pour *lVHwV
|
|-
|
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|
|-
|
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|
|-
|
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|
|-
|
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|-
|
|to prepare food *piCV
|
|-
|
|to prepare food *piCV
|
|-
|
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to press, seize *ńamV
|
|-
|
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to press, seize *ńamV
|
|-
|
|to pull *ṭVnV
|to pull *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|-
|
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|-
|
|to push, pull *ńukV
|to push, pull *ńukV
|
|-
|
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|-
|
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|-
|
|to put *ṗanV
|to put *ṗanV
|
|-
|
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|to rise *kVdwV ?
|
|-
|
|to rise *kVdwV
|
|-
|
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|
|-
|
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|-
|
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|-
|
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|
|-
|
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll *HUlV
|
|-
|
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll *HUlV
|
|-
|
|to roll, twist *murV
|to roll, twist *murV
|
|-
|
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|
|-
|
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|
|-
|
|to run *dwVwV
|to run *dwVwV
|
|-
|
|to run *ḳacwV
|to run *ḳacwV
|
|-
|
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ṭoKV
|
|-
|
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ṭoKV
|
|-
|
|to run *ʔurKV
|to run *ʔurKV
|
|-
|
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|to say *tVHV
|to say *tVHV
|
|-
|
|to say, call *wVḳV
|to say, call *wVḳV
|
|-
|
|to say, pray *mVlV
|to say, pray *mVlV
|
|-
|
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳirV
|to scrape *ḳirV
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|
|-
|
|to scratch *gVrV
|to scratch *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|
|-
|
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|
|-
|
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *silV
|to see, eye *silV
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|-
|
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|-
|
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|-
|
|to see, inspect *silV
|to see, inspect *silV
|
|-
|
|to see, know *šVḳV
|to see, know *šVḳV
|
|-
|
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|
|-
|
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|
|-
|
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
|
|-
|
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|
|-
|
|to shake *dVrV
|to shake *dVrV
|
|-
|
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|
|-
|
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|
|-
|
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|
|-
|
|to sift *sVjHV
|to sift *sVjHV
|
|-
|
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|
|-
|
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|
|-
|
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|-
|
|to speak *ḥVwV
|
|-
|
|to speak *ḥVwV
|
|-
|
|to speak *watV
|to speak *watV
|
|-
|
|to speak *watV
|to speak *watV
|
|-
|
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|
|-
|
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|
|-
|
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|
|-
|
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|-
|
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|
|-
|
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|
|-
|
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|
|-
|
|to spread, long *pVdV
|to spread, long *pVdV
|to spread, strew *CVχrV ?
|
|-
|
|to spread, strew *CVχrV
|
|-
|
|to stand *čwVrV
|to stand *čwVrV
|to stand (?) *sVlV
|
|to stand, hang down (?) *sVŋʒ́V
|-
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|to stand *sVlV
|
|-
|
|to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
|
|-
|
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|-
|
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|
|-
|
|to stay *menV
|to stay *menV
|
|-
|
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|-
|
|to stay, reside *menV
|to stay, reside *menV
|
|-
|
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|-
|
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|-
|
|to stir, mix *bulV
|to stir, mix *bulV
|
|-
|
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|
|-
|
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|-
|
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|-
|
|to submerge *kUdV
|to submerge *kUdV
|
|-
|
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|
|-
|
|to suck *ʔEmV
|to suck *ʔEmV
|to suck (?) *CVrbV
|
|-
|
|to suck *CVrbV
|
|-
|
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *dVwV
|to suffer *dVwV
|
|-
|
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|
|-
|
|to suffer, die *enV
|to suffer, die *enV
|
|-
|
|to suffer; pain *enV
|to suffer; pain *enV
|
|-
|
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|
|-
|
|to swallow *HVṗV
|to swallow *HVṗV
|
|-
|
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|-
|
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|-
|
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|-
|
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|-
|
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|
|-
|
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|
|-
|
|to take *bari
|to take *bari
|
|-
|
|to take *bari
|to take *bari
|
|-
|
|to take *kantV
|to take *kantV
|
|-
|
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|
|-
|
|to take, receive *HVlV
|to take, receive *HVlV
|to taste, eat *č`VmV ?
|
|-
|
|to taste, eat *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|to taste, sour *xamV
|to taste, sour *xamV
|
|-
|
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|-
|
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|-
|
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|
|-
|
|to think *manu
|to think *manu
|
|-
|
|to think *manu
|to think *manu
|
|-
|
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|
|-
|
|to touch *tVKV
|to touch *tVKV
|
|-
|
|to trace *Koki
|to trace *Koki
|
|-
|
|to trace *Koki
|to trace *Koki
|
|-
|
|to tremble *dVrV
|to tremble *dVrV
|
|-
|
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
|to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|
|-
|
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|
|-
|
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake *źwehŕa
|to wake *źwehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|to wake; see > eye (?) *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to walk, go *gVrV
|to walk, go *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to walk, run *gVrV
|to walk, run *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to walk, run *meŋV
|to walk, run *meŋV
|
|-
|
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|
|-
|
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|-
|
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|-
|
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|
|-
|
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|
|-
|
|to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|
|-
|
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|-
|
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|-
|
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|-
|
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|-
|
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|-
|
|to wish, let *šVwV
|to wish, let *šVwV
|
|-
|
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|
|-
|
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|-
|
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|-
|
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|-
|
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|-
|
|tooth *palV
|tooth *palV
|
|-
|
|tooth *palV
|tooth *palV
|
|-
|
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|
|-
|
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|-
|
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|-
|
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *ḳVḳV
|
|-
|
|top *ḳVḳV
|
|-
|
|top *mVĺV
|top *mVĺV
|
|-
|
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head *KVmPV
|
|-
|
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head *KVmPV
|
|-
|
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|
|-
|
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|
|-
|
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|
|-
|
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|
|-
|
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|touch, plaster, attach ? *ṭaṗV
|
|-
|
|touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
|
|-
|
|tramp, step *ceKV
|tramp, step *ceKV
|
|-
|
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *ṗUjV
|
|-
|
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *ṗUjV
|
|-
|
|tree *widV
|tree *widV
|
|-
|
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|-
|
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|-
|
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|twig, rod *šVṭV ?
|
|-
|
|twig, rod *šVṭV
|
|-
|
|twist *murV
|twist *murV
|
|-
|
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|
|-
|
|two *malV
|two *malV
|
|-
|
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|-
|
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|-
|
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *gagtV
|two, pair *gagtV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *jVŕV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *jVŕV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|
|-
|
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|ungulate *ʔirV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|
|-
|
|ungulate *ʔirV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|
|-
|
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|-
|
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|-
|
|valley *gowlV
|valley *gowlV
|
|-
|
|valley, deep *gowlV
|valley, deep *gowlV
|
|-
|
|vessel *kala
|vessel *kala
|
|-
|
|vessel *kala
|vessel *kala
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|
|-
|
|village *koṭV
|village *koṭV
|
|-
|
|village, house *koṭV
|village, house *koṭV
|
|-
|
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|
|-
|
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|
|-
|
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|
|-
|
|wake *ṗuKdV
|wake *ṗuKdV
|
|-
|
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|-
|
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|
|-
|
|warm *lVmV
|warm *lVmV
|
|-
|
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|-
|
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|wash *bVnV ?
|
|-
|
|wash *bVnV
|
|-
|
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|
|-
|
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|water *bVnV ?
|
|-
|
|water *bVnV
|
|-
|
|water *wetV
|water *wetV
|
|-
|
|water *wetV
|water *wetV
|
|-
|
|water *ʕEḳu
|water *ʕEḳu
|
|-
|
|water *ʕEḳu
|water *ʕEḳu
|
|-
|
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|
|-
|
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|
|-
|
|water, wet *mEwV
|water, wet *mEwV
|water, wet *mEwV
|
|-
|
|water, wet *mEwV
|
|-
|
|we (pronoun) *wV
|we (pronoun) *wV
|
|-
|
|we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
|we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
|weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV )
|
|-
|
|weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV)
|
|-
|
|weak *lVjV
|weak *lVjV
|
|-
|
|weak *ṭVrV
|weak *ṭVrV
|
|-
|
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|
|-
|
|weak, tired *HalV
|weak, tired *HalV
|
|-
|
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|
|-
|
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|
|-
|
|wear, dress *wVCV
|wear, dress *wVCV
|
|-
|
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|
|-
|
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|
|-
|
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|
|-
|
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mäŕä
|
|-
|
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mäŕä
|
|-
|
|wet *mVk`V
|wet *mVk`V
|
|-
|
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|
|-
|
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|
|-
|
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|
|-
|
|who *CV
|who *CV
|
|-
|
|who, what *ḳV
|who, what *ḳV
|
|-
|
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|
|-
|
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|
|-
|
|whole, full *ćwalV
|whole, full *ćwalV
|
|-
|
|wide *ṗaṭV
|wide *ṗaṭV
|
|-
|
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|
|-
|
|willow *čwalV
|willow *čwalV
|
|-
|
|willow *čwalV
|willow *čwalV
|wind, to blow *CalV ?
|
|-
|
|wind, to blow *CalV
|
|-
|
|wing; arm *gara
|wing; arm *gara
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|
|-
|
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|
|-
|
|winter, cold *gImV
|winter, cold *gImV
|
|-
|
|winter, cold *gImV
|winter, cold *gImV
|
|-
|
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|-
|
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|-
|
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|-
|
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman *k/u/nV
|
|-
|
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman *k/u/nV
|
|-
|
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|wood *widV
|wood *widV
|
|-
|
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *ḲorV
|
|-
|
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *ḲorV
|
|-
|
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
|
|-
|
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|worm *ṗäri
|worm *ṗäri
|
|-
|
|worm *ṗäri
|worm *ṗäri
|
|-
|
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|
|-
|
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|
|-
|
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|
|-
|
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|
|-
|
|year, old *CVnV
|year, old *CVnV
|
|-
|
|year, old *zVnV
|year, old *zVnV
|
|-
|
|you *si
|you *si
|
|-
|
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|
|-
|
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|young male *majrV
|young male *majrV
|
|-
|
|young male *majrV
|young male *majrV
|
|-
|
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|-
|
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|
Line 4,189: Line 7,480:
!Notes
!Notes
|-
|-
|*dʑoʔa
|*dʑoa
|ashes
|ashes
|*ʒ́o[a]
|*ʒ́o[a]
|-
|-
|*tsəha
|*tshaʔ
|cold
|cold
|*cha-
|*cha-
Line 4,201: Line 7,492:
|*Ha
|*Ha
|-
|-
|*tʼəʔu
|*tʼʔu
|dew
|dew
|*ǀu
|*ǀu
|-
|-
|*tɬʼə-χuɦə
|*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ
|dry
|dry
|*ǀǀXU
|*ǀǀXU
|-
|-
|*ts3uɦə
|*[ts]uɦ
|excrement
|excrement
|*CU
|*CU
|-
|-
|*ts3a(ɴə)
|*[ts]a(ɴ)
|fat
|fat
|*Ca(N)
|*Ca(N)
|-
|-
|*vuɦə
|*vuɦ
|father
|father
|*BU
|*BU
|-
|-
|*tʼə-ʁə
|*tʼʔʁ°
|hair
|hair
|*ǀʁV
|*ǀʁV
|-
|-
|*tɬaʔu
|*tɬau
|hand
|hand
|*ƛ[a]u
|*ƛ[a]u
|-
|-
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|*ɳtsʼʔuʔ
|kidney
|kidney
|*ɳ!u-
|*ɳ!u-
|-
|-
|*gətʼəʔa
|*gtʼʔa
|leaf
|leaf
|*ɡǀa
|*ɡǀa
|-
|-
|*tɬaɴə
|*tɬaɴ°
|lizard
|lizard
|*ƛaNV
|*ƛaNV
|-
|-
|*pʼə-ha
|*pʼʔha
|meat
|meat
|*ʘha
|*ʘha
|-
|-
|*ʢajə
|*ʢaj°
|mother
|mother
|*[H]aj-
|*[H]aj-
|-
|-
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ°
|shoe
|shoe
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|-
|-
|*tsʼəkʼə
|*tsʼ°kʼ°
|smoke
|smoke
|*c̣VḳV
|*c̣VḳV
|-
|-
|*ʎi
|*ʎiʔ
|to blow the nose; snot
|to blow the nose; snot
|*ʎi-
|*ʎi-
|-
|-
|*tɬək3ə
|*tɬ°[k]°
|to chop
|to chop
|*ƛVKV
|*ƛVKV
|-
|-
|*kəxe
|*kxe
|to cry, sound
|to cry, sound
|*kxe
|*kxe
|-
|-
|*kə-ŋə
|*k°ʔ°ŋ
|to know
|to know
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|-
|-
|*ʔits3a
|*i[ts]aʔ
|to steal
|to steal
|*[i]Ca-
|*[i]Ca-
|-
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|*tɬʼʔkxa
|to wash
|to wash
|*ǀǀkxa
|*ǀǀkxa
|-
|-
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|*tɬʼʔɢoʔ
|tortoise
|tortoise
|*ǀǀGo-
|*ǀǀGo-

Revision as of 11:29, 12 July 2024

Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
*[k]°rd° a bird of prey *KVrdV
a biting insect *CVnCV
a deictic element *nV
a demonstrative element *nV
a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
a k. of berry *mVrV
a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
a k. of bird *CVmV
a k. of bird *CVmV
a k. of bird *HalVḳV
a k. of bird *HalVḳV
a k. of (aquatic) bird *k[i̯a]ma
a k. of bird *kaNV
a k. of bird *kaNV
a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
a k. of bird *kVṗV
a k. of bird *kVṗV
a k. of bird *kwVtV
a k. of bird *kwVtV
a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
a k. of bird *sVgV
a k. of bird *SVlwV
a k. of bird *SVlwV
a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
a k. of bone *c`iŋu
a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
a k. of fish *č`VHmV
a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
a k. of fish *kVrV
a k. of fish *kVrV
a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
a k. of fruit *mVsV
a k. of fruit *mVsV
a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
a k. of grass *wVĺV
a k. of grass *wVĺV
a k. of grass? *cVmV
a k. of horned animal *mula
a k. of horned animal *mula
a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
a k. of insect *KUmV
a k. of insect *KUmV
a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a k. of insect *lVŋV
a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
a k. of insect *mVḳV
a k. of insect *mVḳV
a k. of insect *pUḳV
a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
a k. of liquid *c`UtV
a k. of onion *sUŋV
a k. of predator *bVrV
a k. of predator *KVrdV
a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
a k. of sack *lVmV
a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a k. of tree *kojw[a]
a k. of tree *NEḳrV
a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
a k. of ungulate *mVnV
a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
a k. of vessel *pVNV
a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
a part of leg, foot *lVlV
a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
a stinging insect *pUḳV
all *eli
all, join *kalV
an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
an insect *mVwcwV
an internal organ *CV(n)CV
an ungulate *morV
angry *jVrV
animal hair *mVńCV
animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
antelope *gujrV
antelope *gujrV
arm *gara
arm *küjnV
arm *lVlV
arm, leg *ćVḳV
armpit *ḳVwVŋV
army, people *čVbV
ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
back *dVgV
back *gedV
back *gedV
back *sVrV
back *tVbV
back *tVbV
back *ʔarV
back *ʔarV
back, rear *kuNṭV
back, side *ṗVŋV
bad *bVHCV
bad *ʔVkV
bad *ʔVkV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, evil *bVHCV
bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḳuLV
bark *ḳVrṗV
bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
bark, peel *ḳuLV
bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
basket *ḳocV
basket *ḳoćV
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
be full *ḳOṗV
be full, complete *ḳOṗV
be ill *lVχV
be ill *lVχV
be satiated *HVwV
be smooth *gVlV
be visible, see *nVkV
beat *biχV
beat *biχV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat, break *buṭV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *ṭapħa
beat, hit *ṭapħa
bee *ṗVrV
bee, insect *ṗVrV
behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
behind, buttock *SVtV
belly *wa[n]čV
belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
belly, entrails *gwVlV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, liver *gwVlV
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
below *HalV
below *HalV
bend *ḳVlV
bend *ḳVŋV
bend *ṭoŋV
berry *mVrV
big *mVkV
big *t`VwjV
big *wol[a]
big *wol[a]
big fish *ḳUlV
big fish *ḳUlV
big tree *dVnwV
big tree *dVnwV
big, full *tVdV
big, heavy *pVKV
big, large *mVkV
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *tVdV
big, very *ʔVnV
big, very *ʔVnV
bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bind *KuTV
bind *KVrV
birch *kojw[a]
bird *[č`w]VHḳV
bird *HVwjV
bird *HVwjV
bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
bite, tear *ḳVCV
biting insect *CVnCV
bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
bitter *sVbV
bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
black *ḳarV
black *ḳarV
black *ʔVbV
black *ʔVbV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *mVCHV
black, dark *nal- 'black'
black, night *sVrV
black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
blade, awl *ʔVlV
blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
blister, wound *HVlVḳV
blood *bUjlV
blood *bUjlV blood
blood *ḳVnV blood
blood *wirV
blood *ʔVsxV
blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
blood, breath *HwinV
blood, breath *ʔVsxV
blood, red *ḳurV
blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
blood; marrow *mVLV
blood; red *wirV
blue *swVNV
blue *swVNV
board, stick *ṭVlV
body *bVdV
body, belly *bVdV
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil, burn *ḳVju
bone *girV
bone *girV
bone *HV(w)[č`]V
bone *HV(w)čV
bone *ḳač`V
bone *ḳaCV
bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
bow *büḲa
bow, arc *ṭoŋV
bow, lean *tajV
brain *mVŋV
brain *mVŋV
brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
branch *rVṭV
branch, rod *rVṭV
branch, stick *HelV
branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
break, chop *cVṗV
break, split *buṭV
breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
breast *ḳerdV
breast *ṗome
breast, belly *ʔudV
breast, udder *mälgi
breast, udder *mälgi
breath, smell *sVwHV
bright *bVrḳV
bright *ʔVǯV
bright *ʔVǯV
brown *boŕa
brown *boŕa
brown, dark *KVŋV
brown, yellow *KVŋV
bug, flea *ŋalmV
build, house *dwVmV
burn *mūga 'bonfire'
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗVrV
burn *wVrV
burn *wVrV
burn, bake *buKV
burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *t`ülV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, roast *buKV
burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
burn, shine *Cajŋa
burn, shine *ʒajŋa
burst *paḳV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
buy, sell *ṗVrV
calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
cattle; horse *morV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV
cheek *ṗVlV
chest, belly *bUrV
chest, belly *bUrV
child *mVḳV
child, to bear *berV
child, to bear *berV
chin *kenV
chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)
chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
chin, jaw *kVṗV
chop *cVṗV
chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)
clan member *ʔarV
clay, mud *pVnV
clay, mud *pVnV
clothing *ḳa(j)dV
cloud *bVl(w)V
cloud *bVl(w)V
coals, burn *CuxLV
coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
cold *[z]VrV
cold *KurV
cold *KurV
cold *SVŋV
cold *ʒ́VrV
cold, frost *SVŋV
come, go; rise *Horä
coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
court, enclosure *dwVrV
cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
cover, close *ḳaṗV
cover, close *ḳaṗV
crane *kar-/*ker-
crane *kar-/*ker-
crust *c`VrV
curved, bent *ḳUrV
cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
cut *ḳUṭV
cut *ḳVc`V
cut *kVlV
cut, sharp *CarV
dark *HamV
dark *rVmV
dark *rVmV
dark *sVmV
dark *ṭVmV
dark *ṭVmV
dark, black *muṭV dark
dark, black *mVCHV
dark, black *sVmV dark
dark, cloudy *muṭV
darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
dawn *gojńV
dawn, light *gojńV
dawn, light *lVwŋV
dawn, noon *lVwŋV
day, shine *dʷVjɣV
day, shine *dʷVjɣV
day, sun, light *ŋera
decease *ŋVwV
deer *mVnV
deer *ʔelV
deer *ʔelV
deer, antilope *ʔoru
deer, he-goat *pOgV
demonstr. pronoun *mV
demonstr. pronoun *mV
demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
demonstrative pronoun *sV
dew, liquid *rVCV
die, finish *muṭV
die, starve *HwelV
die; kill *nek'-
dig, hack *ḳVṗV
direction, road *gwVCV
direction, road, pass *gwVCV
dirt *böḳa
dirt *c`VrV
dirt *c`VrV
dirt *kodV
dirt *kodV
dirt *lVḳwV
dirt, earth *magV
dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
dirt, faeces *SVḳV
dog *KUCV
dog *ḳVpV
dog *ḳVpV
dog *ŋindV
dog *ŋindV
dog *ŋVḳV
dog, wolf *bVrV
dog, wolf *KUCV
dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
dream *CVm(ŋ)V
drink *jVgU
drink, liquid *CUtV
drink, swallow *ʔEmV
drink, water *HVṗV
dry *gwVlV
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
dry *kVkV
dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
dry *KVmV
dry *ḳVs(w)V
dry *sušV
dry *śušV dry
dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
dung, mud *ḳorV
dust *bur(H)V
dust *bur(H)V
dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
dust, dirt *böḳa
dwelling *gülV
dwelling *gülV
ear *KVrWV
ear *KVrWV
early *ʔVCV
early *ʔVrV
early *ʔVrV
early, dawn *ʔVcwV
earth *DVG-
earth *DVG-
earth *magV
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
eat *tin- 'eat'
eat *UNV
eat, drink *UNV
edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
edge *Hońća
edge *HońcV
edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
edge *ṗerV
edge *PVlV
edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)
edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
edge, side *ṗerV
egg *ṭUĺV
egg *ṭUĺV
elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
elbow, knee *küjnV
elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
elder brother/sister *eńV
elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV)
elder relative *ʔaḳV
elder relative *ʔVṭV
elm *ʔilVmV
enclosure *gErV
enclosure *gVrdV
enclosure *gVrdV
enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
enclosure, yard *dwVrV
enclosure, yard *gErV
end; mouth *[s]UwV
enemy *ḳarV
enemy *ḳarV
evening *SVKV
evening *sVrV
evening *ʒwVṗV
evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
eye, see *HuḲa
eye, see *HuḲa
eye, see *HwVlV
eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
face *mVŋV
face, chin *kVṗV
face, forehead *pVNV
face, head *mVĺV
face, head *mVṭV
face, head *pVNV
face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
face, skin on head *mVṭV
fall *ḳVtV
fall, descend *HewV
fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
far; next *ḳUlV
fart *PV[s]V
fart *PVSV
fat *gwVjV
fat *gwVjV
fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
father *aṗV
father *aṗV
feather *ṗVĺV
feather, tail *ṗVĺV
female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
female *ṗenV
female genitalia *mVṭV
female genitalia *mVṭV
female in-law *kälU
female in-law *kälU
female relative *eńV
female relative *mVjNV
female relative *mVjNV
female relative *natV
female relative *natV
fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
fight, kill *HwelV
finger *pVrV
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
finger, fingernail *pVrV
finger, toe *ḳVrV
fire *CVCxV
fire *dʷVɣV
fire *dʷVɣV
fire *ṗVxwV
fire *ṗVxwV
fire *zVcwxV
fire, burn *HenkV
fire, burn *HenkV
fire, burn *nVjV
fire, burn *ŋera
fire, burn *ṗVrV
fire, burn *ʔumV
fire, burn *ʔumV
fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
fire, warmth *lVmV
first p. pron. *ŋV
first person pronoun *mV
first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
fish *č`VHmV
fish *dVgV
fish *dVgV
fist *mVǯHV
fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
fist, wrist *kompV
fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
flat *lVṗV
flat *lVṗV
flat *ṭaPV
flat *ṭaPV
flat, level *ṗVlHV
flat, level *ṗVlHV
flat, plain *ṭalV
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
flesh, fat *c`ebV
flesh, fat *swVĺV
flow *ńVjrV
flow *ńVjrV
flow, gush *bVlV
flow, gush *bVlV
fly *ṗarV
fly *ṗarV
fly, flea *ṗVlV
fly, midge *ṗVlV
fog *musV
food *HVlV
food, eat *HVlV
foolish, deceive *tVlV
foot, knee *bVl(m)V
foot, sole *ṗVHdV
foot, toe *ḳVrV
forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
four *NVlV
fox *[čw]VlɣV
fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
fragile *lVmV
fringe, thread *sVŋV
fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
frog *gwVrV
frog *gwVrV
front *HalV
front *HanṭV
front *HanṭV
front *ʔedV front, breast
front, breast *mVńV
front, breast *mVńV
front, breast *ʔedV
front, nose *newRV
front, outside *HalV
frost, cold *pič`V
frozen snow *čVgV
frozen snow *čVgV
fruit *bVrq̇wV
fruit *bVrq̇wV
full *HVp`V
full *HVPVTV
full *malV
full *ṭVngV
full *ṭVngV
full *tVrV
full, all *wV(n)CV
full, all *wV(n)CV
full, fill *ṭVmV
furrow *HarV
furrow, hoe *HarV
gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
genitalia *ḳUṭV
genitalia *ḳUṭV
get in pairs, pair > two *malV
get, obtain *ga
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
give *ćwVHV
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
glue *[c]VbV
glue, join *ćabV
go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
go, come *HVjV
go, follow *HVjV
goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
goat, deer *ʔoru
goat, ram, deer *pOgV
good *mVlV
good *näḳi
good (of soul) *näḳi
good, big *bVtV
good, fit *dUgV
good, new *wVlV
good, proper *ʔVjV
good, take care *ʔVjsV
goose *ĺVkĺVkV
grain *SVrV
grain *SVrV
grasp *kamV
grasp *kamV
grasp, seize, press *HamV
grass *kuCu
grass, reed *ćVmV
grass, twigs *c`UlV
grass, vegetables *kuč`u
grey *c'VjrV
grey *c'VjrV
grind *nVq̇V
grind *nVq̇V
gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums
guts, inside *oŕV
hack *ṭanV
hair *cVḳV
hair *k`VSV
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
hair *nVwrV
hair *nVwrV
hair *ŋVjV
hair *p`un(́)V
hair *p`un(́)V
hair *pUdV
hair *sVHrV
hair *sVHrV
hair *ṭVrV
hair *ṭVrV
hair *k`VSV
hair, beard *Ḳila
hair, eyebrow *burV
hair, feather *pUdV (*HapUdV)
hair, hair of head *burV
hair, head *q̇irV
hair, rope *ŋVjV
hair, stalk *Ḳila
hair, tail *sVPV
half, part *palV
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
hand(ful) *kompV
hand, arm *bVgu
hand, arm *udV
hand, bone *ŋVlV
hand, elbow *ŋVlV
hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
hand, limb *udV
hard *ḳVmV
hard, bone *ḳVmV
hard, firm *pVKV
harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
harsh, ragged *c`VrV
head *q̇irV
head, back of head *ḳapV
hear *sVmV
hear *SVmV
hear, ear *ḳiwlV
hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'
heart *sVʎV(mV)
heart *śVʎV(mV)
heart, breast *ḳerdV
heat *[H]indV
heavy, labour *mVnḳV
herd *cVčV
high *berg[i]
high *berg[i]
high *TVGV
hill *tujpV
hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
hill, top *tujpV
hit *wVdV
hit *wVdV
hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)
hole *k`VCV
hole *ḳUrV
hole *wonkV
hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
hole, empty *gop`a
hole, empty *gop`a
hole, mouth *k`VCV
hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
hollow *HVlwV
hollow, cavity *HVlwV
hoof *ḳäṗV
hoof *ḳäṗV
hoof *sUdV
hoof *ṭUṗV
hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof
hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
horn *ḳirV
horn *mVrgV
horn; root *mVrgV
horned animal *bVrV
horned animal *bVrV
hot, warm *ṗäḳV
house *pVrV
house *ʔU[ṭ]V
house, village *ḳojmV village, hut
humid, wet *mVk`V
I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV
ice, cold *jVkV
ice, cold *jVkV
ill, die *m[ä]rV
ill, die *m[ä]rV
insect, vermine *tVkV
insect, vermine *tVkV
insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
insect, worm *lVŋV
inside, stomach *ʔudV
interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV
interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV
interrogative pronoun *ḳV
interrogative pronoun *mV
intestine *[c']VlV
intestine *ć'VlV
intestine *ḳUʒwV
intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines
intestines *lVŋ(d)V
intestines *oŕV
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
joint, limb *bVgu
joy *bVjV
joy, desire *bVjV
juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
jump, run *lVKV
kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
kill *KolV
kill *ḳVwχV
knee *bVl(m)V
knee, ankle *sVnV
knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
know *ṭanV
know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know
know, name *nerV
large fish *lVmbV
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
large, heavy *sUrV
large, heavy *sUrV
laugh *gUlV
laugh, merry *gUlV
leaf *bolV
leaf *bolV
leaf *lVṗV
leaf tree *ṗVlV
leaf tree *ṗVlV
leaf, bark *lVṗV
leaf, branch *HelV
leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
leg *ɫaḳV
leg *ɫaḳV
leg, arm *ḳVwlV
leg, limb *ḳVwlV
level ground *ṭalV
lick *laḳV
lick *laḳV
lick *lašV
lick *lašV
lick, drink *talV
lie *ḳVwjV
light, burn *Howri
light, burn *Howri
light, loose *SulV
light, shine *HVlV
light, shine *HVlV
light, shine *jVḳV
light, shine *jVḳV
light, shine *mVlV
limb *ṗVHdV
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
liquid *GurV
liquid *GurV
liquid *lVṭV
liquid *lVṭV
liquid *sVwV
liquid *śVwV
liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
liver *ponta
liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow
lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
loins, groin *zVmV
long *tel(ḥ)V
long *tel(ḥ)V
long bone *śVnV
long hair, tail *[s]VPV
long, far *ḳUlV
long, high *HVgU
long, wide *wVŕV
long, wide *wVŕV
loose *SulV
loose(n) *lVCV
louse *pVN(T)V
louse *ṭäjV
louse *ṭäjV
louse, nit *ñejV
love, good *ʔVjV
luminary *mVnzV
luminary *mVnʒ́V
lung, liver *pVjLV
lung, spleen *pVjLV
male *gVntV
male *gVntV
male, male child *mVḳV
man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
man *mänV
man *mänV
many *m[o]nV
many *m[o]nV
many *ṗalV
many *ṗV(H)-
many, big *bVtV
many, full *ṗalV
marsh *[sw]VjmV
marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
marten *ḳ[u]nV
marten *ḳ[u]nV
meat *ńVḳV(rV)
meat *sUḳV
meat *ʔomsV
meat *ʔomśV
meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
meat, deer *sUḳV
meat, liver *mVḳV
meat, liver *mVḳV
meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
member of the clan *ʔarV
moisture *mVtV
moisture *mVtV
moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
morning *ṗuKdV
morning / evening *HamV
morning ~ evening *SVKV
morning, clear sky *ŋańV
moth *kuńV
mother *ʔVjV
mother *ʔVjV
mother *ʔVmV
mother, woman *ʔVmV
mountain *balV
mountain *malV
mountain *malV
mountain *wVrV
mountain *wVrV
mountain, high *TVGV
mountain, hill *balV
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
mountain, top *ṗVrV
mountain, top *ṗVrV
mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
mouth *[s]UwV
mouth, hole *HVwV
mouth, hole *HVwV
mouth; eat *č`VmV
mouth; speak *ʔVpV
mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
mud, dung *ḳorV
mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
multitude; be satiated *HVwV
mushroom, fungus *pUtV
mushroom, sponge *pUtV
naked, take off clothes *luku
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
name *ṗVtV
name, call *ṗVtV
name, shape *šamV
nape, back *[s]VKV
nape, back *śVKV
nape; back *dVgV
narrow *č`VnV
narrow *ṭijV
narrow, thin *č`VnV
near *ʔVbV
neck *ḳVlV
neck, collar *kVŋkV
neck, throat *HVŋV
neck, throat *ḳVlV
neck, vertebra *nVKV
negative particle *ʔVlV
negative particle *ʔVlV
negative verb *ʔe
new *žVjŋV
new, fresh *CVrV
new, good *žVjŋV
new, young *CVrV
new, young *wVlV
night *HUdV
night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
night *lVlV
night *lVlV
night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
night, sleep *HUdV
night, sleep *zVNV
night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
night, sleep *ʔamV
nit *ñejV
nit, louse *sajrV
nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
nose *ḳVŋV
nose *ḳVŋV
nose *ne(H)wRV
nose *ŋVkCV
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
nose, nostril *CVxrV
nose, nostril *cwVxrV
not *ʔVnV
not, negative particle *ʔVnV
not, negative verb *ʔe
notch, sign *gVrVbV
now; new *nVwV
now; new *nVwV
numerous, full *tVrV
nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
old *gwVrV
old *gwVrV
old *zVr(d)V
one *sem-
one *ʔUdV
one *ʔUdV
one *ʔVrV
one *ʔVrV
one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
open *ṗan[c]V
open space *ʔVrHV
open space *ʔVrHV
open, hole *HangV
open; hole *ʔaḳa
order, custom *nerV
original place *ni̯VnV
other *aĺV other side
other *gUjV
other *gwVjV
pain, wound *mVnḳV
painful state, grief *gilV
painful state, grief *gilV
pair, one of a pair *gagtV
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
part of face *ńVjlV
part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
part of shoulder *čVKV
part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
paw, grasp *gEpSV
paw, hand *gEpčwV
peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
peg, root *ḳUjḳV
penis *bVĺV
penis *bVĺV
penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
people, army *čVbV
place *baja
place *baja
pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
plenty, abundant *malV
pond *küɫä
pond *küɫä
pool, low ground *laḳwV
pool, low ground *laḳwV
pot *ṗVdV
pot *ṗVdV
pot *pVNV
pray *mVlV
prohibitive / negative particle *ma
prohibitive particle, not *ma
pus, rot *[č]iru
pus, rot *Ciru
push, move *ńukV
quick *ṭurV
quick *ṭurV
quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
rain, fog, steam *musV
rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
rare *HVrV
rare, new *HVrV rare
reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
relative-in-law *tajV
ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
ring, spool *ḳVč`V
rise *ŋwVkV
rise, stand up *HVgU
rise, up *ʔVpV
rise, up *ʔVpV
road *ʔur(H)V
road *ʔur(H)V
road, walk *mVrV
rod, strap *lVgV
rod, strap *lVgV
roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone
root, herb *wVr[t]V
root, herb *wVr[t]V
root, seed > settlement *aHulV
root, sprout *ḲurV
root, stalk *ḲurV
rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
round *ḳoĺV
round *ḳoĺV
round *ṭompV
round, convex *ṭompV
rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
rump, neck *nVKV
run *bok[a]
run *bok[a]
run, drive *ʔurKV
sack, bag *lVmV
salt *CalV
salt, bitter *sVbV
salt, sea *čwalV
salty, sour *č`VmV
salty, sour *cwVwVrV
sand *ki[ǯ]V
sand *kiCV
satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
say *tVHV
say, call *wVḳV
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
scab *pVkV
scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
scratch *wVrcwV
scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
sea *jamV
sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
sea, water *jamV
sea, water *sVjɣwV
second person pronoun *χwV
second person pronoun, thou *nV
second person pronoun, thou *si
second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
see, eye *ʔVnjV
seed, kin *ṗVrV
seed, kin *ṗVrV
seed; to sift *sVjHV
seize *HamV
self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
separate, split *bedV
settlement *aHulV
settlement *palVHV
settlement *palVHV
shape *šamV
sharp *Hoḳi
sharp object *CVNV
sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
sharp stick *c`iĺV
sharp stick *c`iĺV
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
shell *kV(n)ḳV
shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
shin, shank *ḳVnčV
shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
shine, bright *bVrḳV
shine, burn *mVlV
shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
shine, glitter *belV
shine, glitter *laṗV
shine, light *bVɣV
shine, light *bVɣV
shine; burn *leuk-
shoulder *tVlV
shoulder, arm *tVlV
shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
show, point at *tVjḳV
sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
side *bVḳV
side (of body) *bVḳV
sinew; root *SirV
sinew; root *SirV
single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
sister, woman? *SäwCV
sister, woman? *SäwCV
skin *ḲaĺV
skin *ḲaĺV
skin *perV
skin *perV
skin *ṗVtV
skin *ṗVtV
skin *ṭVlV
skin *ṭVlV
skin, bark *pVkV
skin, crust, peel *kamV
skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
skin, husk *kamV
skull *ḳapV
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
slanting *kVCV
sleep *ʔamV
slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
slime *SVlV
slime, dirt *SVlV
small *cVḳV
small *CVḳV
small *ḳVṭV
small *ṭijV
small bird *ciṗV
small bird *ciṗV
small female animal *ṗenV
small, thin, short *ṭVnV
small, young *ḳVṭV
small. child *pVwjV
small. child *pVwjV
smear *cwVHmV
smear, fat *mVjrV
smear, fat *mVjrV
smear; fat *ć`ämV
smell *[s]VwHV
smell *ṗunV
smell *sun(g)V
smell *śun(g)V
smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
smoke *ǯun[k]V
smoke *ǯun[k]V
smoke, cloud *nVbV
smoke, cloud *nVbV
smooth *gVlV
smth. sharp *CVNV
snake *nētr- 'snake'
snake *ṗVjmV
snake *ʔanKV
snake *ʔanKV
snake, eel *lVmbV
soft, fragile *lVmV
soft, mild *mVlV
soft, weak *lVjńV
soft, wet *LVṗV
soft, wet *LVṗV
soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
sour *CVwVrV
sour, bitter *č`VmV
sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
span *ṭVgV
span *ṭVgV
speak, say, sound *jVnV
speak, sound *jVnV
spin, twist *ṗuNV
spin, twist *ṗuNV
spirit *cwVnV
spit *ṭupV
spit *ṭupV
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
spleen *lVṗV
spleen *lVṗV
spleen *tV(H)ʎV
spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
split *cVlV
split, tear off *CVlV
spread *ṗVrjV
spread, extend *CVχrV
spread, long *pVdV
spring *PVnV
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
sprinkle *p`iSV
sprinkle *p`isV
stalk *kanVbV
stalk, peg *kanVbV
stand *čwVrV
star *dVštV
star, luminary *HVzwVrV
star, moon *dV[š]tV
star, shine *HVźVrV
stem, board *ṭVlV
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
stick *bVč`V
stick *ḳVlV
stick *ḳVlV
stick into, pierce *bedV
stick, pole *bVč`V
stick, tree *ḳUrV
stick, tree *ḳUrV
stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
stone *ḳElV
stone *kiwV
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
stone, mountain *kiwV
stone, rock *ḳElV
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
stream, flow of water *Huwa
stream, flow of water *Huwa
stump *ṭumgV
stump, trunk *ṭumgV
suck *SUṗV
suck *zUkV
suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
sufficient, complete *eli
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
swamp *laHm[u]
swamp *laHm[u]
sweep *šwxVjṗV
sweet *cwVtu
sweet, tasty *cwVtu
tail *ḳudV
tail *ḳudV
tail *toḳE
tail *toḳE
tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
tail, back *śVrV back
take *ga
take *ʔanV
take, bring *gerV
take, bring *tVKV
take, carry *ʔVpV
take, get *gVṭV
take, grasp *kantV
take, seize *ʔVpV
taste *ṭVHmV
taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
ten, many *ṗV(H)-
tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
testicle *ḳoĺV
testiculus *ḳoĺV
that, that near *ʔVbV
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
that, this *ʔu
that, this *ʔu
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
thick *ṭVkV
thick, full *ṭVkV
thick, swell *bongä
thick, swell *bongä
thigh *bVgtV
thigh *bVgtV
thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
thin *cUṗV
thin *ṭVnV
thin, narrow *ćUṗV
thing *HVdV
thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
third person pronoun *sV
this *cV ( ~ č-)
this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
this *ḳV
this *ʔi (*hi)
this *ʔi (*hi)
thorn *ʒwVgV
thorn *ʒ́wVgV
thorny bush *NEḳrV
thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
throat *HVŋV
throat, intestines *kUṭV
throat, swallow *kUlV
throat, to swallow *kUlV
tickle *cVḳV
tie, weave *tVḳV
tip, spout *CVCV
tip, spout *čVčV
to approach, follow *ŋāńi
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
to bare teeth *mUCV
to be *buHi
to be *woɣlV
to be *woɣlV
to be *ʔa
to be *ʔa
to be *ʔesA
to be *ʔesA
to be angry *kVCV
to be angry, hostile *kVCV
to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
to be mad, stupid *buḳV
to be visible *HwVlV
to be well *c`olHV
to be well *ColHV
to be, live *ʔelA
to be, live *ʔelA
to bear *š[e]wV
to bear *š[e]wV
to bear *ṭVlV
to bear, lift *ṭVlV
to beat *ṗVṭV
to beat *ṗVṭV
to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
to bend *büḲa
to bend *cVḳV
to bend *Garḳu
to bend *Garḳu
to bend *guḳa
to bend *guḳa
to bend *güpA
to bend *ḳVlV
to bend *ḳVŋV
to bend *ɫoŋḳa
to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
to bend, turn *KUrV
to bend; hump, heap *güpA
to bind, girdle *KuTV
to bind, harness *taxlwV
to bite *kikV
to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
to blink, shine, shade *CajV
to blow *dVwɣV
to blow *p`uSV
to blow *p`uSV
to blow *ṗuɣV
to blow *ṗuɣV
to blow, shake *dVwɣV
to blow, winnow *Hewa
to blow, winnow *Hewa
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
to boil, roast *gVbV
to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
to bow, bend *cVḳV
to break, crumble *ṗVSV
to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
to breathe *HwinV
to breathe *ʔanqV
to breathe *ʔanqV
to burn */ḳ/alV
to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
to burn *dekO
to burn *dekO
to burn *Hase
to burn *HaSe
to burn *ḳVńV
to burn *ṗVdwV
to burn *ṭülV
to burn, bake *kVwrV
to burn, bake *kVwrV
to burn, boil *ḳVju
to burn, flash *CVlV
to burn, heat *gVbV
to burn, sun *nVjV
to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
to call *CVḥV
to call *gVjwV
to call *gVjwV
to call *ḳErV
to call *ḳErV
to care *č`VrV
to care *čVrV
to change, borrow *HVrV
to change, distribute *HVrV
to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
to collect, count *lVkV
to collect, count *lVkV
to collect, put *ṗanV
to complete *muṭV
to cover *ḳa(j)dV
to cover, protect *ḳVrV
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
to cross, other side *aĺV
to crush *pi(u)čV
to crush, press *ṗVjńV
to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
to cry *muɣrV
to cry, shout *ḳVwV
to curse, be angry *jVrV
to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
to cut *ḳVć`V
to cut *mVc`V
to cut *ṭanV
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
to cut, knife *kVlV
to cut, sharp *CarV
to cut, split *sVḳV
to cut, split *śVḳV
to cut, tear *mVCV
to deceive *tVlV
to die, kill *KolV
to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
to divide, cut in half *palV
to drink *jVgU
to drink, flow *tVrV
to dry *KVmV
to dry *šwVrV
to dry *šwVrV
to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
to eat *ʒeGV
to eat *ʒeGV
to eat *ʔitV
to eat *ʔitV
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
to enter, go *ŋēni
to fall *ḳVtV
to fall *ṗeṭV
to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
to fear, be angry *belHi
to fear, be scared *belHi
to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
to finish *ḳUdV
to finish *ḳUdV
to fit, be good *dUgV
to fit, be good *ḳVnV
to flash, shine *CVlV
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
to flow, pour *tUKV
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
to get *gVṭV
to give *be[rH]u
to give *be[rH]u
to give *cwVHV
to give *dwV[H]V
to give *dwV[H]V
to give birth, family *KVmV
to gnaw *kVngV
to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
to go *meŋV
to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
to go, walk *mVrV
to grasp *HaṗV
to grasp *HaṗV
to grasp *ḳaṗV
to grasp *ḳaṗV
to grasp, seize *[p]itV
to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
to grow, become *buHi
to hang *tajV
to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
to hear *ḳiwlV
to hide, protect *ḳVrV
to hide, secret *KuĺV
to hit, break *ḳVkV
to hit, push *mVqwV
to hold *gerV
to hold, seize *ʔanV
to howl, cry *wVlV
to howl, cry *wVlV
to join, together *anTV
to join, together *anTV
to jump, run *lVKV
to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
to know *cwVnV
to know *g(w)enV
to know *g(w)enV
to know, consider *CVḥV
to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
to know, think *sVnV
to lead *wetV
to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
to let, agree *šVwV
to lick *l[a]pV
to lick *talV
to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
to lick; lip *l[a]pV
to lie *ḳVwjV
to lie, fall down *kVlV
to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
to listen, hear *alV
to listen, hear *alV
to live *ḥujV
to live *ḥujV
to look, show *tVjḳV
to lose, hide *KuĺV
to make *wärV
to make *wärV
to marry *KVmV
to match, fit *ḳVnV
to melt, flow *dVnV
to melt, flow *dVnV
to mix, join *kalV
to move *SVlV
to move *SVlV
to move quickly *ńowda
to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
to move, push *mVqwV
to move, step *ćeKV
to open, spread *ṗanCV
to open, spread *ʔaḳa
to peel, naked *luku
to pierce *CoḳV
to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
to plait *źVḳV
to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
to plait, weave *HUbV
to plait, weave *HUbV
to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
to plant vertically *tIgwV
to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
to pour *L[ä]jV
to pour *lVHwV
to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
to pour, drink *ṗVHV
to pour, drop *tUKV
to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
to prepare food *piCV
to prepare food *piCV
to press, seize *ńamV
to press, seize *ńamV
to pull *ṭVnV
to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
to push, beat *nVq̇V
to push, beat *nVq̇V
to push, pull *ńukV
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
to put *ṗanV
to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
to rise *kVdwV
to rise *kVdwV to rise
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
to rise; move, go *Horä
to roll *HUlV
to roll *HUlV
to roll, twist *murV
to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
to run *dwVwV
to run *ḳacwV
to run *ṭoKV
to run *ṭoKV
to run *ʔurKV
to run, road *ṭVŕgV
to say *tVHV
to say, call *wVḳV
to say, pray *mVlV
to scatter *s(w)VcwV
to scrape *ḳirV
to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
to scratch *gVrV
to scratch *xVḳV
to scratch *xVḳV
to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
to see, eye *silV
to see, eye *wEdwV
to see, eye *ʔVnjV
to see, guard *HwVjV
to see, guard *HwVjV
to see, inspect *silV
to see, know *šVḳV
to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
to see, know, search *wEdwV
to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
to seize, press *[p]itV
to shake *dVrV
to shine, be visible *nVkV
to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
to shout, sound *ḳVwV
to sift *sVjHV
to sink *č`VṗV
to sink *č`VṗV
to slide, creep *ʒVlV
to speak *ḥVwV
to speak *ḥVwV
to speak *watV
to speak *watV
to speak, shout *sVjwV
to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
to speak, sound *muɣrV
to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
to spin, wind *KVrV
to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
to spread *ṗVrjV
to spread, long *pVdV
to spread, strew *CVχrV
to stand *čwVrV
to stand *sVlV
to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
to stay *menV
to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
to stay, reside *menV
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
to stir, mix *bulV
to stir, puddle *bulV
to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
to submerge *kUdV
to suck *[c`w]VṗV
to suck *ʔEmV
to suck *CVrbV
to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
to suffer *C(w)VHrV
to suffer *c`VHrV
to suffer *dVwV
to suffer, die *dVwV
to suffer, die *enV
to suffer; pain *enV
to suffice, be full *cwalV
to swallow *HVṗV
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
to swallow *Sem[H]V
to swallow *Sem[H]V
to swallow, drink *tVrV
to swallow, gobble *muḳV
to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
to sweep *swxVjṗV
to take *bari
to take *bari
to take *kantV
to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
to take, receive *HVlV
to taste, eat *č`VmV
to taste, sour *xamV
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
to think *manu
to think *manu
to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
to tie, net *taxlwV
to touch *tVKV
to trace *Koki
to trace *Koki
to tremble *dVrV
to turn round *ṭurV
to turn round *ṭurV
to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
to understand, see *gUrV
to understand, see *gUrV
to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
to wake *[š]ehŕa
to wake *źwehŕa
to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
to walk, go *gVrV
to walk, run *gVrV
to walk, run *meŋV
to wash, soak *lVHwV
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
to wear, put on *wVc`V
to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
to wish *h/a/wV
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
to wish *h/a/wV
to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
to wish, let *šVwV
to worry, be stupid *buḳV
to wound, kill *ʔewV
to wound, kill *ʔewV
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
tooth *palV
tooth *palV
tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
top *ḳVḳV
top *ḳVḳV
top *mVĺV
top of head *KVmPV
top of head *KVmPV
top of head, hair *TUmV
top of head, hair of head *TUmV
top of head, horn *ḳirV
top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
tramp, step *ceKV
tree *ṗUjV
tree *ṗUjV
tree *widV
tree, wood *dʷirV
tree, wood *dʷirV
twig, branch *c`UlV
twig, rod *šVṭV
twist *murV
twist, weave *tVḳV
two *malV
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
two / four / eight *NVlV
two, pair *gagtV
two, pair *jVŕV
two, pair *jVŕV
understand, brain *ʔVŋV
ungulate *ʔirV
ungulate *ʔirV
upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
valley *gowlV
valley, deep *gowlV
vessel *kala
vessel *kala
vessel *ḳaṗV
vessel *ḳaṗV
vessel *ḳVwKV
village *koṭV
village, house *koṭV
village, hut *ḳojmV
vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
wake *ṗuKdV
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
warm *kačV 'warm'
warm *lVmV
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
wash *bVnV
wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
water *bVnV
water *wetV
water *wetV
water *ʕEḳu
water *ʕEḳu
water, pour *ʒwVHlV
water, to submerge *kUdV
water, wet *mEwV
water, wet *mEwV
we (pronoun) *wV
we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV)
weak *lVjV
weak *ṭVrV
weak, lax *lVjńV
weak, tired *HalV
weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
weak, young *ṭVrV
wear, dress *wVCV
weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
wet *(H)wiɫV
wet *(H)wiɫV wet
wet *mäŕä
wet *mäŕä
wet *mVk`V
what, interrogative pronoun *mV
white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
who *CV
who, what *ḳV
whole *ḳVĺwV
whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
whole, full *ćwalV
wide *ṗaṭV
wide, open *ṗaṭV
willow *čwalV
willow *čwalV
wind, to blow *CalV
wing; arm *gara
winter ~ spring *PVnV
winter, cold *gImV
winter, cold *gImV
wish *ʔVnV(jV)
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
woman *k/u/nV
woman *k/u/nV
woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
wood *widV
worm *ḲorV
worm *ḲorV
worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
worm *mVṭV
worm *mVṭV
worm *ṗäri
worm *ṗäri
worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
worm, insect *ŋalmV
year *w[e]ṭV
year *w[e]ṭV
year, old *CVnV
year, old *zVnV
you *si
young *bāla 'child, young'
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
young male *majrV
young male *majrV
young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young, child *ḲanV
young, child *ḲanV

Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic

Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian

Etymologies possibly linked to Austric

Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
*dʑoa ashes *ʒ́o[a]
*tshaʔ cold *cha-
*ʢa deictic stem *Ha
*tʼʔu dew *ǀu
*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ dry *ǀǀXU
*[ts]uɦ excrement *CU
*[ts]a(ɴ) fat *Ca(N)
*vuɦ father *BU
*tʼʔʁ° hair *ǀʁV
*tɬau hand *ƛ[a]u
*ɳtsʼʔuʔ kidney *ɳ!u-
*gtʼʔa leaf *ɡǀa
*tɬaɴ° lizard *ƛaNV
*pʼʔha meat *ʘha
*ʢaj° mother *[H]aj-
*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ° shoe *ƛ̣aḳVNV
*tsʼ°kʼ° smoke *c̣VḳV
*ʎiʔ to blow the nose; snot *ʎi-
*tɬ°[k]° to chop *ƛVKV
*kxe to cry, sound *kxe
*k°ʔ°ŋ to know *kVʔV[ŋ]
*i[ts]aʔ to steal *[i]Ca-
*tɬʼʔkxa to wash *ǀǀkxa
*tɬʼʔɢoʔ tortoise *ǀǀGo-
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