Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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|bosom *ʔVṗV
|bosom
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|*ʔVṗV
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|bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
|bovine; horse
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|*luwV (*luɣV)
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|-
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|bow *büḲa
|bow
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|*büḲa
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|bow, arc *ṭoŋV
|bow, arc
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|*ṭoŋV
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|-
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|bow, lean *tajV
|bow, lean
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|*tajV
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|-
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|brain *mVŋV
|brain
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|*mVŋV
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|-
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|brain *mVŋV
|brain
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|*mVŋV
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|-
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|brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
|brain, head
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|*wVṭV(mV)
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|-
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|brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
|brain, marrow; head
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|*wVṭV(mV)
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|-
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|branch *rVṭV
|branch
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|*rVṭV
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|-
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|branch, rod *rVṭV
|branch, rod
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|*rVṭV
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|-
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|branch, stick *HelV
|branch, stick
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|*HelV
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|-
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|branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
|branch, twig, rod
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|*šVṭV
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|-
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|break, chop *cVṗV
|break, chop
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|*cVṗV
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|-
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|break, split *buṭV
|break, split
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|*buṭV
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|-
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|breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
|breast
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|*[c]V(n)ʒwV
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|-
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|breast *ḳerdV
|breast
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|*ḳerdV
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|-
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|breast *ṗome
|breast
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|*ṗome
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|-
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|breast, belly *ʔudV
|breast, belly
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|*ʔudV
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|-
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|breast, udder *mälgi
|breast, udder
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|*mälgi
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|-
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|breast, udder *mälgi
|breast, udder
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|*mälgi
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|-
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|breath, smell *sVwHV
|breath, smell
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|*sVwHV
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|-
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|bright *bVrḳV
|bright
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|*bVrḳV
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|-
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|bright *ʔVǯV
|bright
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|*ʔVǯV
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|-
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|bright *ʔVǯV
|bright
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|*ʔVǯV
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|-
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|brown *boŕa
|brown
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|*boŕa
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|-
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|brown *boŕa
|brown
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|*boŕa
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|-
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|brown, dark *KVŋV
|brown, dark
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|*KVŋV
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|-
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|brown, yellow *KVŋV
|brown, yellow
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|*KVŋV
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|-
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|bug, flea *ŋalmV
|bug, flea
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|*ŋalmV
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|-
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|build, house *dwVmV
|build, house
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|*dwVmV
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|burn *mūga 'bonfire'
|burn; bonfire
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|*mūga
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|-
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|burn *ṗaĺV
|burn
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|*ṗaĺV
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|-
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|burn *ṗaĺV
|burn
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|*ṗaĺV
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|-
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|burn *ṗVrV
|burn
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|*ṗVrV
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|-
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|burn *wVrV
|burn
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|*wVrV
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|-
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|burn *wVrV
|burn
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|*wVrV
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|-
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|burn, bake *buKV
|burn, bake
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|*buKV
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|-
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|burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
|burn, boil; burn, kindle
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|*t`èmo ( ~ t-)
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|-
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|burn, fire *qoṭi
|burn, fire
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|*qoṭi
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|-
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|burn, fire *qoṭi
|burn, fire
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|*qoṭi
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|-
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|burn, fire *t`ülV
|burn, fire
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|*t`ülV
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|-
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|burn, hot coals *gUrV
|burn, hot coals
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|*gUrV
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|-
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|burn, hot coals *gUrV
|burn, hot coals
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|*gUrV
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|-
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|burn, roast *buKV
|burn, roast
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|*buKV
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|-
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|burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
|burn, roast, dry
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|*ḳVńV
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|-
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|burn, shine *Cajŋa
|burn, shine
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|*Cajŋa
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|-
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|burn, shine *ʒajŋa
|burn, shine
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|*ʒajŋa
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|burst *paḳV
|burst
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|*paḳV
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|-
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|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
|butterfly
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|*ṗVrṗVlV
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|-
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|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
|butterfly
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|*ṗVrṗVlV
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|buy, sell *ṗVrV
|buy, sell
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|*ṗVrV
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|calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|calf
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|*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
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|-
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|calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|calf, bull
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|*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
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|cattle; horse *morV
|cattle; horse
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|*morV
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|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|cave, hole
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|*ḳVjwV
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|-
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|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|cave, hole
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|*ḳVjwV
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|-
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|cheek *ṗVlV
|cheek
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|*ṗVlV
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|-
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|chest, belly *bUrV
|chest, belly
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|*bUrV
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|chest, belly *bUrV
|chest, belly
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|*bUrV
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|child *mVḳV
|child
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|*mVḳV
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|child, to bear *berV
|child, to bear
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|*berV
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|child, to bear *berV
|child, to bear
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|*berV
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|chin *kenV
|chin
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|*kenV
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|chin *kenV (also *kVngV)
|chin
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|*kenV (*kVngV)
|-
|-
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|chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
|chin, beard; cheek bone
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|*čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-)
|-
|-
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|chin, jaw *kVṗV
|chin, jaw
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|*kVṗV
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|-
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|chop *cVṗV
|chop
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|*cVṗV
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|-
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|chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (also *ḳVtV)
|chopped piece, to cut
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|*ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV)
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|-
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|clan member *ʔarV
|clan member
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|*ʔarV
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|-
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|clay, mud *pVnV
|clay, mud
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|*pVnV
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|-
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|clay, mud *pVnV
|clay, mud
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|*pVnV
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|-
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|clothing *ḳa(j)dV
|clothing
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|*ḳa(j)dV
|-
|-
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|cloud *bVl(w)V
|cloud
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|*bVl(w)V
|-
|-
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|cloud *bVl(w)V
|cloud
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|*bVl(w)V
|-
|-
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|coals, burn *CuxLV
|coals, burn
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|*CuxLV
|-
|-
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|coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
|coals, soot, burn
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|*CuxLV
|-
|-
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|cold *[z]VrV
|cold
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|*[z]VrV
|-
|-
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|cold *KurV
|cold
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|*KurV
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|-
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|cold *KurV
|cold
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|*KurV
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|-
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|cold *SVŋV
|cold
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|*SVŋV
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|-
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|cold *ʒ́VrV
|cold
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|*ʒ́VrV
|-
|-
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|cold, frost *SVŋV
|cold, frost
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|*SVŋV
|-
|-
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|come, go; rise *Horä
|come, go; rise
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|*Horä
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|coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
|coniferous tree
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|*pVnč`wV
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|-
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|coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
|coniferous tree, resin
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|*pVnč`wV
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|corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
|corner, enclosure
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|*ḳVnVṭV
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|-
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|corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
|corner, wall
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|*ḳVnVṭV
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|-
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|court, enclosure *dwVrV
|court, enclosure
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|*dwVrV
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|cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|cover
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|*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|-
|-
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|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|cover, close
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|*ḳaṗV
|-
|-
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|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|cover, close
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|*ḳaṗV
|-
|-
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|crane *kar-/*ker-
|crane
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|*kar-/*ker-
|-
|-
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|crane *kar-/*ker-
|crane
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|*kar-/*ker-
|-
|-
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|crust *c`VrV
|crust
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|*c`VrV
|-
|-
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|curved, bent *ḳUrV
|curved, bent
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|*ḳUrV
|-
|-
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|cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|cut
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|*čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|-
|-
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|cut *ḳUṭV
|cut
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|*ḳUṭV
|-
|-
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|cut *ḳVc`V
|cut
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|*ḳVc`V
|-
|-
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|cut *kVlV
|cut
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|*kVlV
|-
|-
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|cut, sharp *CarV
|cut, sharp
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|*CarV
|-
|-
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|dark *HamV
|dark
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|*HamV
|-
|-
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|dark *rVmV
|dark
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|*rVmV
|-
|-
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|dark *rVmV
|dark
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|*rVmV
|-
|-
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|dark *sVmV
|dark
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|*sVmV
|-
|-
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|dark *ṭVmV
|dark
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|*ṭVmV
|-
|-
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|dark *ṭVmV
|dark
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|*ṭVmV
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|dark, black *muṭV dark
|dark, black; dark
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|*muṭV
|-
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|dark, black *mVCHV
|dark, black
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|*mVCHV
|-
|-
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|dark, black *sVmV dark
|dark, black; dark
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|*sVmV
|-
|-
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|dark, cloudy *muṭV
|dark, cloudy
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|*muṭV
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|-
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|darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|darkness, night
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|*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|-
|-
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|dawn *gojńV
|dawn
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|*gojńV
|-
|-
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|dawn, light *gojńV
|dawn, light
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|*gojńV
|-
|-
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|dawn, light *lVwŋV
|dawn, light
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|*lVwŋV
|-
|-
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|dawn, noon *lVwŋV
|dawn, noon
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|*lVwŋV
|-
|-
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|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|day, shine
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|*dʷVjɣV
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|-
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|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|day, shine
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|*dʷVjɣV
|-
|-
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|day, sun, light *ŋera
|day, sun, light
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|*ŋera
|-
|-
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|decease *ŋVwV
|decease
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|*ŋVwV
|-
|-
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|deer *mVnV
|deer
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|*mVnV
|-
|-
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|deer *ʔelV
|deer
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|*ʔelV
|-
|-
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|deer *ʔelV
|deer
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|*ʔelV
|-
|-
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|deer, antilope *ʔoru
|deer, antilope
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|*ʔoru
|-
|-
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|deer, he-goat *pOgV
|deer, he-goat
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|*pOgV
|-
|-
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|demonstrative pronoun *mV
|demonstrative pronoun
|
|*mV
|-
|-
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|demonstrative pronoun *mV
|demonstrative pronoun
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|*mV
|-
|-
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|demonstrative pronoun *ṭV
|demonstrative pronoun
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|*ṭV
|-
|-
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|demonstrative pronoun *ṭV
|demonstrative pronoun
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|*ṭV
|-
|-
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|demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
|demonstrative pronoun
|
|*ḳV
|-
|-
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|demonstrative pronoun *sV
|demonstrative pronoun
|
|*sV
|-
|-
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|dew, liquid *rVCV
|dew, liquid
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|*rVCV
|-
|-
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|die, finish *muṭV
|die, finish
|
|*muṭV
|-
|-
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|die, starve *HwelV
|die, starve
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|*HwelV
|-
|-
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|die; kill *nek'-
|die; kill
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|*nek'-
|-
|-
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|dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|dig, hack
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|*ḳVṗV
|-
|-
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|direction, road *gwVCV
|direction, road
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|*gwVCV
|-
|-
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|direction, road, pass *gwVCV
|direction, road, pass
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|*gwVCV
|-
|-
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|dirt *böḳa
|dirt
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|*böḳa
|-
|-
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|dirt *c`VrV
|dirt
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|*c`VrV
|-
|-
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|dirt *c`VrV
|dirt
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|*c`VrV
|-
|-
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|dirt *kodV
|dirt
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|*kodV
|-
|-
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|dirt *kodV
|dirt
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|*kodV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *lVḳwV
|dirt
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|*lVḳwV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt, earth *magV
|dirt, earth
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|*magV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
|dirt, faeces
|
|*[ʒ]VḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt, faeces *SVḳV
|dirt, faeces
|
|*SVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *KUCV
|dog
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|*KUCV
|-
|-
|
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|dog *ḳVpV
|dog
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|*ḳVpV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ḳVpV
|dog
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|*ḳVpV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ŋindV
|dog
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|*ŋindV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ŋindV
|dog
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|*ŋindV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ŋVḳV
|dog
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|*ŋVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf *bVrV
|dog, wolf
|
|*bVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf *KUCV
|dog, wolf
|
|*KUCV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
|dog, wolf
|
|*ŋVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dream *CVm(ŋ)V
|dream
|
|*CVm(ŋ)V
|-
|-
|
|
|drink *jVgU
|drink
|
|*jVgU
|-
|-
|
|
|drink, liquid *CUtV
|drink, liquid
|
|*CUtV
|-
|-
|
|
|drink, swallow *ʔEmV
|drink, swallow
|
|*ʔEmV
|-
|-
|
|
|drink, water *HVṗV
|drink, water
|
|*HVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *gwVlV
|dry
|
|*gwVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|dry
|
|*ḳVjwV(rV)
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|dry
|
|*ḳVjwV(rV)
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *kVkV
|dry
|
|*kVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
|dry
|
|*kVk𝑉𝑘V
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *KVmV
|dry
|
|*KVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *ḳVs(w)V
|dry
|
|*ḳVs(w)V
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *sušV
|dry
|
|*sušV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *śušV dry
|dry
|
|*śušV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry, burn *gwVlV (also */ḳ/alV)
|dry, burn
|
|*gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV)
|-
|-
|
|
|dung, mud *ḳorV
|dung, mud
|
|*ḳorV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust *bur(H)V
|dust
|
|*bur(H)V
|-
|-
|
|
|dust *bur(H)V
|dust
|
|*bur(H)V
|-
|-
|
|
|dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
|dust, ashes
|
|*ṭVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
|dust, ashes, smoke
|
|*ṭVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust, dirt *böḳa
|dust, dirt
|
|*böḳa
|-
|-
|
|
|dwelling *gülV
|dwelling
|
|*gülV
|-
|-
|
|
|dwelling *gülV
|dwelling
|
|*gülV
|-
|-
|
|
|ear *KVrWV
|ear
|
|*KVrWV
|-
|-
|
|
|ear *KVrWV
|ear
|
|*KVrWV
|-
|-
|
|
|early *ʔVCV
|early
|
|*ʔVCV
|-
|-
|
|
|early *ʔVrV
|early
|
|*ʔVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|early *ʔVrV
|early
|
|*ʔVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|early, dawn *ʔVcwV
|early, dawn
|
|*ʔVcwV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth *DVG-
|earth
|
|*DVG-
|-
|-
|
|
|earth *DVG-
|earth
|
|*DVG-
|-
|-
|
|
|earth *magV
|earth
|
|*magV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|earth, dust
|
|*ṭVŕV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|earth, dust
|
|*ṭVŕV
|-
|-
|
|
|eat *tin- 'eat'
|eat
|
|*tin-
|-
|-
|
|
|eat *UNV
|eat
|
|*UNV
|-
|-
|
|
|eat, drink *UNV
|eat, drink
|
|*UNV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
|edge; top, summit
|
|*cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *Hońća
|edge
|
|*Hońća
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *HońcV
|edge
|
|*HońcV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|edge
|
|*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *ṗerV
|edge
|
|*ṗerV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *PVlV
|edge
|
|*PVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *PVlV (but also *ṗVlV)
|edge
|
|*PVlV (*ṗVlV)
|-
|-
|
|
|edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|edge, side
|
|*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|edge, side *ṗerV
|edge, side
|
|*ṗerV
|-
|-
|
|
|egg *ṭUĺV
|egg
|
|*ṭUĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|egg *ṭUĺV
|egg
|
|*ṭUĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
|elbow, forearm
|
|*c`VjḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|elbow, knee *küjnV
|elbow, knee
|
|*küjnV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
|elder brother or sister
|
|*ʔaḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder brother/sister *eńV
|elder brother/sister
|
|*eńV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (also *tajV)
|elder male relative, father
|
|*ʔVṭV (*tajV)
|-
|-
|
|
|elder relative *ʔaḳV
|elder relative
|
|*ʔaḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder relative *ʔVṭV
|elder relative
|
|*ʔVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|elm *ʔilVmV
|elm
|
|*ʔilVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *gErV
|enclosure
|
|*gErV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *gVrdV
|enclosure
|
|*gVrdV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *gVrdV
|enclosure
|
|*gVrdV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|enclosure
|
|*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure, yard *dwVrV
|enclosure, yard
|
|*dwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure, yard *gErV
|enclosure, yard
|
|*gErV
|-
|-
|
|
|end; mouth *[s]UwV
|end; mouth
|
|*[s]UwV
|-
|-
|
|
|enemy *ḳarV
|enemy
|
|*ḳarV
|-
|-
|
|
|enemy *ḳarV
|enemy
|
|*ḳarV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening *SVKV
|evening
|
|*SVKV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening *sVrV
|evening
|
|*sVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening *ʒwVṗV
|evening
|
|*ʒwVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
|evening, sleep
|
|*ʒwVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
|extinguish
|
|*sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-)
|-
|-
|
|
|eye, see *HuḲa
|eye, see
|
|*HuḲa
|-
|-
|
|
|eye, see *HuḲa
|eye, see
|
|*HuḲa
|-
|-
|
|
|eye, see *HwVlV
|eye, see
|
|*HwVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head
|
|*SVmrV
|-
|-
|
|
|face *mVŋV
|face
|
|*mVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, chin *kVṗV
|face, chin
|
|*kVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, forehead *pVNV
|face, forehead
|
|*pVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, head *mVĺV
|face, head
|
|*mVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, head *mVṭV
|face, head
|
|*mVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, head *pVNV
|face, head
|
|*pVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
|face, nose, mouth
|
|*mVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, skin on head *mVṭV
|face, skin on head
|
|*mVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|fall *ḳVtV
|fall
|
|*ḳVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|fall, descend *HewV
|fall, descend
|
|*HewV
|-
|-
|
|
|fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
|fall, descend, disappear
|
|*HewV(jV)
|-
|-
|
|
|far; next *ḳUlV
|far; next
|
|*ḳUlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fart *PV[s]V
|fart
|
|*PV[s]V
|-
|-
|
|
|fart *PVSV
|fart
|
|*PVSV
|-
|-
|
|
|fat *gwVjV
|fat
|
|*gwVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|fat *gwVjV
|fat
|
|*gwVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|fat, intestines  
|
|*sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|-
|-
|
|
|father *aṗV
|father
|
|*aṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|father *aṗV
|father
|
|*aṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|feather *ṗVĺV
|feather
|
|*ṗVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|feather, tail *ṗVĺV
|feather, tail
|
|*ṗVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|female
|
|*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|-
|-
|
|
|female *ṗenV
|female
|
|*ṗenV
|-
|-
|
|
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|female genitalia
|
|*mVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|female genitalia
|
|*mVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|female in-law *kälU
|female in-law
|
|*kälU
|-
|-
|
|
|female in-law *kälU
|female in-law
|
|*kälU
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *eńV
|female relative
|
|*eńV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *mVjNV
|female relative
|
|*mVjNV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *mVjNV
|female relative
|
|*mVjNV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *natV
|female relative
|
|*natV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *natV
|female relative
|
|*natV
|-
|-
|
|
|fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|fence, enclosure
|
|*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|-
|-
|
|
|fight, kill *HwelV
|fight, kill
|
|*HwelV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger *pVrV
|finger
|
|*pVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|finger, claw
|
|*č`wVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|finger, claw
|
|*č`wVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, fingernail *pVrV
|finger, fingernail
|
|*pVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, toe *ḳVrV
|finger, toe
|
|*ḳVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *CVCxV
|fire
|
|*CVCxV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *dʷVɣV
|fire
|
|*dʷVɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *dʷVɣV
|fire
|
|*dʷVɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *ṗVxwV
|fire
|
|*ṗVxwV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *ṗVxwV
|fire
|
|*ṗVxwV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *zVcwxV
|fire
|
|*zVcwxV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *HenkV
|fire, burn
|
|*HenkV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *HenkV
|fire, burn
|
|*HenkV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *nVjV
|fire, burn
|
|*nVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ŋera
|fire, burn
|
|*ŋera
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ṗVrV
|fire, burn
|
|*ṗVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ʔumV
|fire, burn
|
|*ʔumV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ʔumV
|fire, burn
|
|*ʔumV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|fire, to strike fire
|
|*cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, warmth *lVmV
|fire, warmth
|
|*lVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun *ŋV
|first person pronoun
|
|*ŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun *mV
|first person pronoun
|
|*mV
|-
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
|first person pronoun (exclusive?)
|
|*ŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|fish *č`VHmV
|fish
|
|*č`VHmV
|-
|-
|
|
|fish *dVgV
|fish
|
|*dVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|fish *dVgV
|fish
|
|*dVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist *mVǯHV
|fist
|
|*mVǯHV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
|fist, handle
|
|*ṗVnḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist, wrist *kompV
|fist, wrist
|
|*kompV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
|fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple
|
|*mVǯHV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *lVṗV
|flat
|
|*lVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *lVṗV
|flat
|
|*lVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *ṭaPV
|flat
|
|*ṭaPV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *ṭaPV
|flat
|
|*ṭaPV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|flat, level
|
|*ṗVlHV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|flat, level
|
|*ṗVlHV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat, plain *ṭalV
|flat, plain
|
|*ṭalV
|-
|-
|
|
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|flea
|
|*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|-
|-
|
|
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|flea
|
|*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|-
|-
|
|
|flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
|flesh, blood; flesh, fat
|
|*SVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|flesh, fat *c`ebV
|flesh, fat
|
|*c`ebV
|-
|-
|
|
|flesh, fat *swVĺV
|flesh, fat
|
|*swVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow *ńVjrV
|flow
|
|*ńVjrV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow *ńVjrV
|flow
|
|*ńVjrV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow, gush *bVlV
|flow, gush
|
|*bVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow, gush *bVlV
|flow, gush
|
|*bVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly *ṗarV
|fly
|
|*ṗarV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly *ṗarV
|fly
|
|*ṗarV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly, flea *ṗVlV
|fly, flea
|
|*ṗVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly, midge *ṗVlV
|fly, midge
|
|*ṗVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fog *musV
|fog
|
|*musV
|-
|-
|
|
|food *HVlV
|food
|
|*HVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|food, eat *HVlV
|food, eat
|
|*HVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|foolish, deceive *tVlV
|foolish, deceive
|
|*tVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|foot, knee *bVl(m)V
|foot, knee
|
|*bVl(m)V
|-
|-
|
|
|foot, sole *ṗVHdV
|foot, sole
|
|*ṗVHdV
|-
|-
|
|
|foot, toe *ḳVrV
|foot, toe
|
|*ḳVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
|forest, wilderness
|
|*ni̯VnV
|-
|-
|
|
|four *NVlV
|four
|
|*NVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fox *[čw]VlɣV
|fox
|
|*[čw]VlɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
|fox, weasel
|
|*[čw]VlɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|fragile *lVmV
|fragile
|
|*lVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|fringe, thread *sVŋV
|fringe, thread
|
|*sVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|fringe, thread
|
|*śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|frog *gwVrV
|frog
|
|*gwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|frog *gwVrV
|frog
|
|*gwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *HalV
|front
|
|*HalV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *HanṭV
|front
|
|*HanṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *HanṭV
|front
|
|*HanṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *ʔedV front, breast
|front; front, breast
|
|*ʔedV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, breast *mVńV
|front, breast
|
|*mVńV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, breast *mVńV
|front, breast
|
|*mVńV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, breast *ʔedV
|front, breast
|
|*ʔedV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, nose *newRV
|front, nose
|
|*newRV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, outside *HalV
|front, outside
|
|*HalV
|-
|-
|
|
|frost, cold *pič`V
|frost, cold
|
|*pič`V
|-
|-
|
|
|frozen snow *čVgV
|frozen snow
|
|*čVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|frozen snow *čVgV
|frozen snow
|
|*čVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|fruit
|
|*bVrq̇wV
|-
|-
|
|
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|fruit
|
|*bVrq̇wV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *HVp`V
|full
|
|*HVp`V
|-
|-
|
|
|full *HVPVTV
|full
|
|*HVPVTV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *malV
|full
|
|*malV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *ṭVngV
|full
|
|*ṭVngV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *ṭVngV
|full
|
|*ṭVngV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *tVrV
|full
|
|*tVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|full, all
|
|*wV(n)CV
|-
|-
|
|
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|full, all
|
|*wV(n)CV
|-
|-
|
|
|full, fill *ṭVmV
|full, fill
|
|*ṭVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|furrow *HarV
|furrow
|
|*HarV
|-
|-
|
|
|furrow, hoe *HarV
|furrow, hoe
|
|*HarV
|-
|-
|
|

Revision as of 17:27, 12 July 2024

Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Eurasiatic
*[k]°rd° a bird of prey *KVrdV
*[ts]°n[ts]° a biting insect *CVnCV
*n° a deictic element *nV
*n° a demonstrative element *nV
*tʼ°k° *dw°kʼ° a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
*m°r° a kind of berry *mVrV
*tʃʼw°ʢkʼ° a kind of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
*[ts]°m° a kind of bird *CVmV
*[ts]°m° a kind of bird *CVmV
*ʢal°kʼ° a kind of bird *HalVḳV
*ʢal°kʼ° a kind of bird *HalVḳV
*kjama a kind of (aquatic) bird *k[i̯a]ma
*kaɴ° a kind of bird *kaNV
*kaɴ° a kind of bird *kaNV
*kʼuɦʎ° a kind of bird *ḳUĺV
*kʼuɦʎ° a kind of bird *ḳUĺV
*k°pʼ° a kind of bird *kVṗV
a kind of bird *kVṗV
a kind of bird *kwVtV
a kind of bird *kwVtV
a kind of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
a kind of bird *sVgV
a kind of bird *SVlwV
a kind of bird *SVlwV
a kind of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
a kind of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
a kind of bone *c`iŋu
a kind of cereal *lVnṭV
a kind of cereal *lVnṭV
a kind of duck *ṭVḳV
a kind of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
a kind of fish *č`VHmV
(a) kind of fish *kećä
a kind of fish *kVrV
a kind of fish *kVrV
a kind of fish; salmon *ńowŋa
a kind of fruit *mVsV
a kind of fruit *mVsV
a kind of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
a kind of grass *wVĺV
a kind of grass *wVĺV
a kind of grass *cVmV
a kind of horned animal *mula
a kind of horned animal *mula
*tʃjuːppa *tʃjuːppu a kind of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
*[k]uɦm° a kind of insect *KUmV
*[k]uɦm° a kind of insect *KUmV
a kind of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a kind of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a kind of insect *lVŋV
a kind of insect *m[a]ŋi
a kind of insect *mVḳV
a kind of insect *mVḳV
a kind of insect *pUḳV
a kind of insect *pVN(T)V
a kind of insect *ṗVnǯV
a kind of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
a kind of liquid *c`UtV
a kind of onion *sUŋV
a kind of predator *bVrV
a kind of predator *KVrdV
a kind of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
a kind of sack *lVmV
a kind of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a kind of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a kind of tree *kojw[a]
a kind of tree *NEḳrV
a kind of tree *ʔilVmV
a kind of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
a kind of ungulate *CVxnV
a kind of ungulate *mVnV
a kind of vessel *ḳVwKV
a kind of vessel *pVNV
a kind of water bird (gull) *sVgV
a part of leg, foot *lVlV
a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
a stinging insect *pUḳV
all *eli
all, join *kalV
*tʃakiː an insect; a kind of insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i
an insect *mVwcwV
an internal organ *CV(n)CV
an ungulate *morV
angry *jVrV
animal hair *mVńCV
animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
antelope *gujrV
antelope *gujrV
arm *gara
arm *küjnV
arm *lVlV
arm, leg *ćVḳV
armpit *ḳVwVŋV
army, people *čVbV
ashes, burn 1; light 2 *ṗVdwV 1; *pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 2
ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
back *dVgV
back *gedV
back *gedV
back *sVrV
back *tVbV
back *tVbV
back *ʔarV
back *ʔarV
back, rear *kuNṭV
back, side *ṗVŋV
bad *bVHCV
bad *ʔVkV
bad *ʔVkV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, evil *bVHCV
bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḳuLV
bark *ḳVrṗV
bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
bark, peel *ḳuLV
bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
basket *ḳocV
basket *ḳoćV
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
be full *ḳOṗV
be full, complete *ḳOṗV
be ill *lVχV
be ill *lVχV
be satiated *HVwV
be smooth *gVlV
be visible, see *nVkV
beat *biχV
beat *biχV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat, break *buṭV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *ṭapħa
beat, hit *ṭapħa
bee *ṗVrV
bee, insect *ṗVrV
behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
behind, buttock *SVtV
belly *wa[n]čV
belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
belly, entrails *gwVlV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, liver *gwVlV
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
below *HalV
below *HalV
bend *ḳVlV
bend *ḳVŋV
bend *ṭoŋV
berry *mVrV
big *mVkV
big *t`VwjV
big *wol[a]
big *wol[a]
big fish *ḳUlV
big fish *ḳUlV
big tree *dVnwV
big tree *dVnwV
big, full *tVdV
big, heavy *pVKV
big, large *mVkV
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *tVdV
big, very *ʔVnV
big, very *ʔVnV
bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bind *KuTV
bind *KVrV
birch *kojw[a]
bird *[č`w]VHḳV
bird *HVwjV
bird *HVwjV
bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
bite, chew *käjwV (-b-)
bite, tear *ḳVCV
biting insect *CVnCV
bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
bitter *sVbV
bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
black *ḳarV
black *ḳarV
black *ʔVbV
black *ʔVbV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *mVCHV
black, dark; black *nal-
black, night *sVrV
black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
blade, awl *ʔVlV
blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
blister, wound *HVlVḳV
blood *bUjlV
blood *bUjlV
blood *ḳVnV
blood *wirV
blood *ʔVsxV
blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
blood, breath *HwinV
blood, breath *ʔVsxV
blood, red *ḳurV
blood, red *ḳurV
blood, spirit; spirit; blood *cwVnV
blood; marrow *mVLV
blood; red *wirV
blue *swVNV
blue *swVNV
board, stick *ṭVlV
body *bVdV
body, belly *bVdV
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil, burn *ḳVju
bone *girV
bone *girV
bone *HV(w)[č`]V
bone *HV(w)čV
bone *ḳač`V
bone *ḳaCV
bone *ʒ́VmV (*c`iŋu)
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bovine; horse *luwV (*luɣV)
bow *büḲa
bow, arc *ṭoŋV
bow, lean *tajV
brain *mVŋV
brain *mVŋV
brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
branch *rVṭV
branch, rod *rVṭV
branch, stick *HelV
branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
break, chop *cVṗV
break, split *buṭV
breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
breast *ḳerdV
breast *ṗome
breast, belly *ʔudV
breast, udder *mälgi
breast, udder *mälgi
breath, smell *sVwHV
bright *bVrḳV
bright *ʔVǯV
bright *ʔVǯV
brown *boŕa
brown *boŕa
brown, dark *KVŋV
brown, yellow *KVŋV
bug, flea *ŋalmV
build, house *dwVmV
burn; bonfire *mūga
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗVrV
burn *wVrV
burn *wVrV
burn, bake *buKV
burn, boil; burn, kindle *t`èmo ( ~ t-)
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *t`ülV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, roast *buKV
burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
burn, shine *Cajŋa
burn, shine *ʒajŋa
burst *paḳV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
buy, sell *ṗVrV
calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
cattle; horse *morV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV
cheek *ṗVlV
chest, belly *bUrV
chest, belly *bUrV
child *mVḳV
child, to bear *berV
child, to bear *berV
chin *kenV
chin *kenV (*kVngV)
chin, beard; cheek bone *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-)
chin, jaw *kVṗV
chop *cVṗV
chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV)
clan member *ʔarV
clay, mud *pVnV
clay, mud *pVnV
clothing *ḳa(j)dV
cloud *bVl(w)V
cloud *bVl(w)V
coals, burn *CuxLV
coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
cold *[z]VrV
cold *KurV
cold *KurV
cold *SVŋV
cold *ʒ́VrV
cold, frost *SVŋV
come, go; rise *Horä
coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
corner, enclosure *ḳVnVṭV
corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
court, enclosure *dwVrV
cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
cover, close *ḳaṗV
cover, close *ḳaṗV
crane *kar-/*ker-
crane *kar-/*ker-
crust *c`VrV
curved, bent *ḳUrV
cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
cut *ḳUṭV
cut *ḳVc`V
cut *kVlV
cut, sharp *CarV
dark *HamV
dark *rVmV
dark *rVmV
dark *sVmV
dark *ṭVmV
dark *ṭVmV
dark, black; dark *muṭV
dark, black *mVCHV
dark, black; dark *sVmV
dark, cloudy *muṭV
darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
dawn *gojńV
dawn, light *gojńV
dawn, light *lVwŋV
dawn, noon *lVwŋV
day, shine *dʷVjɣV
day, shine *dʷVjɣV
day, sun, light *ŋera
decease *ŋVwV
deer *mVnV
deer *ʔelV
deer *ʔelV
deer, antilope *ʔoru
deer, he-goat *pOgV
demonstrative pronoun *mV
demonstrative pronoun *mV
demonstrative pronoun *ṭV
demonstrative pronoun *ṭV
demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
demonstrative pronoun *sV
dew, liquid *rVCV
die, finish *muṭV
die, starve *HwelV
die; kill *nek'-
dig, hack *ḳVṗV
direction, road *gwVCV
direction, road, pass *gwVCV
dirt *böḳa
dirt *c`VrV
dirt *c`VrV
dirt *kodV
dirt *kodV
dirt *lVḳwV
dirt, earth *magV
dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
dirt, faeces *SVḳV
dog *KUCV
dog *ḳVpV
dog *ḳVpV
dog *ŋindV
dog *ŋindV
dog *ŋVḳV
dog, wolf *bVrV
dog, wolf *KUCV
dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
dream *CVm(ŋ)V
drink *jVgU
drink, liquid *CUtV
drink, swallow *ʔEmV
drink, water *HVṗV
dry *gwVlV
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
dry *kVkV
dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
dry *KVmV
dry *ḳVs(w)V
dry *sušV
dry *śušV
dry, burn *gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV)
dung, mud *ḳorV
dust *bur(H)V
dust *bur(H)V
dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
dust, dirt *böḳa
dwelling *gülV
dwelling *gülV
ear *KVrWV
ear *KVrWV
early *ʔVCV
early *ʔVrV
early *ʔVrV
early, dawn *ʔVcwV
earth *DVG-
earth *DVG-
earth *magV
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
eat *tin-
eat *UNV
eat, drink *UNV
edge; top, summit *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-)
edge *Hońća
edge *HońcV
edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
edge *ṗerV
edge *PVlV
edge *PVlV (*ṗVlV)
edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
edge, side *ṗerV
egg *ṭUĺV
egg *ṭUĺV
elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
elbow, knee *küjnV
elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
elder brother/sister *eńV
elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (*tajV)
elder relative *ʔaḳV
elder relative *ʔVṭV
elm *ʔilVmV
enclosure *gErV
enclosure *gVrdV
enclosure *gVrdV
enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
enclosure, yard *dwVrV
enclosure, yard *gErV
end; mouth *[s]UwV
enemy *ḳarV
enemy *ḳarV
evening *SVKV
evening *sVrV
evening *ʒwVṗV
evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-)
eye, see *HuḲa
eye, see *HuḲa
eye, see *HwVlV
eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
face *mVŋV
face, chin *kVṗV
face, forehead *pVNV
face, head *mVĺV
face, head *mVṭV
face, head *pVNV
face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
face, skin on head *mVṭV
fall *ḳVtV
fall, descend *HewV
fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
far; next *ḳUlV
fart *PV[s]V
fart *PVSV
fat *gwVjV
fat *gwVjV
fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
father *aṗV
father *aṗV
feather *ṗVĺV
feather, tail *ṗVĺV
female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
female *ṗenV
female genitalia *mVṭV
female genitalia *mVṭV
female in-law *kälU
female in-law *kälU
female relative *eńV
female relative *mVjNV
female relative *mVjNV
female relative *natV
female relative *natV
fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
fight, kill *HwelV
finger *pVrV
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
finger, fingernail *pVrV
finger, toe *ḳVrV
fire *CVCxV
fire *dʷVɣV
fire *dʷVɣV
fire *ṗVxwV
fire *ṗVxwV
fire *zVcwxV
fire, burn *HenkV
fire, burn *HenkV
fire, burn *nVjV
fire, burn *ŋera
fire, burn *ṗVrV
fire, burn *ʔumV
fire, burn *ʔumV
fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
fire, warmth *lVmV
first person pronoun *ŋV
first person pronoun *mV
first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
fish *č`VHmV
fish *dVgV
fish *dVgV
fist *mVǯHV
fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
fist, wrist *kompV
fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
flat *lVṗV
flat *lVṗV
flat *ṭaPV
flat *ṭaPV
flat, level *ṗVlHV
flat, level *ṗVlHV
flat, plain *ṭalV
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
flesh, blood; flesh, fat *SVĺV
flesh, fat *c`ebV
flesh, fat *swVĺV
flow *ńVjrV
flow *ńVjrV
flow, gush *bVlV
flow, gush *bVlV
fly *ṗarV
fly *ṗarV
fly, flea *ṗVlV
fly, midge *ṗVlV
fog *musV
food *HVlV
food, eat *HVlV
foolish, deceive *tVlV
foot, knee *bVl(m)V
foot, sole *ṗVHdV
foot, toe *ḳVrV
forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
four *NVlV
fox *[čw]VlɣV
fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
fragile *lVmV
fringe, thread *sVŋV
fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
frog *gwVrV
frog *gwVrV
front *HalV
front *HanṭV
front *HanṭV
front; front, breast *ʔedV
front, breast *mVńV
front, breast *mVńV
front, breast *ʔedV
front, nose *newRV
front, outside *HalV
frost, cold *pič`V
frozen snow *čVgV
frozen snow *čVgV
fruit *bVrq̇wV
fruit *bVrq̇wV
full *HVp`V
full *HVPVTV
full *malV
full *ṭVngV
full *ṭVngV
full *tVrV
full, all *wV(n)CV
full, all *wV(n)CV
full, fill *ṭVmV
furrow *HarV
furrow, hoe *HarV
gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
genitalia *ḳUṭV
genitalia *ḳUṭV
get in pairs, pair > two *malV
get, obtain *ga
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
give *ćwVHV
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
glue *[c]VbV
glue, join *ćabV
go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
go, come *HVjV
go, follow *HVjV
goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
goat, deer *ʔoru
goat, ram, deer *pOgV
good *mVlV
good *näḳi
good (of soul) *näḳi
good, big *bVtV
good, fit *dUgV
good, new *wVlV
good, proper *ʔVjV
good, take care *ʔVjsV
goose *ĺVkĺVkV
grain *SVrV
grain *SVrV
grasp *kamV
grasp *kamV
grasp, seize, press *HamV
grass *kuCu
grass, reed *ćVmV
grass, twigs *c`UlV
grass, vegetables *kuč`u
grey *c'VjrV
grey *c'VjrV
grind *nVq̇V
grind *nVq̇V
gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums
guts, inside *oŕV
hack *ṭanV
hair *cVḳV
hair *k`VSV
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
hair *nVwrV
hair *nVwrV
hair *ŋVjV
hair *p`un(́)V
hair *p`un(́)V
hair *pUdV
hair *sVHrV
hair *sVHrV
hair *ṭVrV
hair *ṭVrV
hair *k`VSV
hair, beard *Ḳila
hair, eyebrow *burV
hair, feather *pUdV (*HapUdV)
hair, hair of head *burV
hair, head *q̇irV
hair, rope *ŋVjV
hair, stalk *Ḳila
hair, tail *sVPV
half, part *palV
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
hand(ful) *kompV
hand, arm *bVgu
hand, arm *udV
hand, bone *ŋVlV
hand, elbow *ŋVlV
hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
hand, limb *udV
hard *ḳVmV
hard, bone *ḳVmV
hard, firm *pVKV
harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
harsh, ragged *c`VrV
head *q̇irV
head, back of head *ḳapV
hear *sVmV
hear *SVmV
hear, ear *ḳiwlV
hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'
heart *sVʎV(mV)
heart *śVʎV(mV)
heart, breast *ḳerdV
heat *[H]indV
heavy, labour *mVnḳV
herd *cVčV
high *berg[i]
high *berg[i]
high *TVGV
hill *tujpV
hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
hill, top *tujpV
hit *wVdV
hit *wVdV
hole *HangV (also *wonkV)
hole *k`VCV
hole *ḳUrV
hole *wonkV
hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
hole, empty *gop`a
hole, empty *gop`a
hole, mouth *k`VCV
hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
hollow *HVlwV
hollow, cavity *HVlwV
hoof *ḳäṗV
hoof *ḳäṗV
hoof *sUdV
hoof *ṭUṗV
hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof
hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
horn *ḳirV
horn *mVrgV
horn; root *mVrgV
horned animal *bVrV
horned animal *bVrV
hot, warm *ṗäḳV
house *pVrV
house *ʔU[ṭ]V
house, village *ḳojmV village, hut
humid, wet *mVk`V
I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
I, myself; we [first person pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
I, we [first person pronoun] *mV
ice, cold *jVkV
ice, cold *jVkV
ill, die *m[ä]rV
ill, die *m[ä]rV
insect, vermine *tVkV
insect, vermine *tVkV
insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
insect, worm *lVŋV
inside, stomach *ʔudV
interrogative or relative pronoun *ŋiV
interrogative or relative pronoun *ŋiV
interrogative pronoun *ḳV
interrogative pronoun *mV
intestine *[c']VlV
intestine *ć'VlV
intestine *ḳUʒwV
intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines
intestines *lVŋ(d)V
intestines *oŕV
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
joint, limb *bVgu
joy *bVjV
joy, desire *bVjV
juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
jump, run *lVKV
kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
kill *KolV
kill *ḳVwχV
knee *bVl(m)V
knee, ankle *sVnV
knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
know *ṭanV
know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know
know, name *nerV
large fish *lVmbV
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
large, heavy *sUrV
large, heavy *sUrV
laugh *gUlV
laugh, merry *gUlV
leaf *bolV
leaf *bolV
leaf *lVṗV
leaf tree *ṗVlV
leaf tree *ṗVlV
leaf, bark *lVṗV
leaf, branch *HelV
leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
leg *ɫaḳV
leg *ɫaḳV
leg, arm *ḳVwlV
leg, limb *ḳVwlV
level ground *ṭalV
lick *laḳV
lick *laḳV
lick *lašV
lick *lašV
lick, drink *talV
lie *ḳVwjV
light, burn *Howri
light, burn *Howri
light, loose *SulV
light, shine *HVlV
light, shine *HVlV
light, shine *jVḳV
light, shine *jVḳV
light, shine *mVlV
limb *ṗVHdV
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
liquid *GurV
liquid *GurV
liquid *lVṭV
liquid *lVṭV
liquid *sVwV
liquid *śVwV
liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
liver *ponta
liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow
lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
loins, groin *zVmV
long *tel(ḥ)V
long *tel(ḥ)V
long bone *śVnV
long hair, tail *[s]VPV
long, far *ḳUlV
long, high *HVgU
long, wide *wVŕV
long, wide *wVŕV
loose *SulV
loose(n) *lVCV
louse *pVN(T)V
louse *ṭäjV
louse *ṭäjV
louse, nit *ñejV
love, good *ʔVjV
luminary *mVnzV
luminary *mVnʒ́V
lung, liver *pVjLV
lung, spleen *pVjLV
male *gVntV
male *gVntV
male, male child *mVḳV
man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
man *mänV
man *mänV
many *m[o]nV
many *m[o]nV
many *ṗalV
many *ṗV(H)-
many, big *bVtV
many, full *ṗalV
marsh *[sw]VjmV
marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
marten *ḳ[u]nV
marten *ḳ[u]nV
meat *ńVḳV(rV)
meat *sUḳV
meat *ʔomsV
meat *ʔomśV
meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
meat, deer *sUḳV
meat, liver *mVḳV
meat, liver *mVḳV
meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
member of the clan *ʔarV
moisture *mVtV
moisture *mVtV
moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
morning *ṗuKdV
morning / evening *HamV
morning ~ evening *SVKV
morning, clear sky *ŋańV
moth *kuńV
mother *ʔVjV
mother *ʔVjV
mother *ʔVmV
mother, woman *ʔVmV
mountain *balV
mountain *malV
mountain *malV
mountain *wVrV
mountain *wVrV
mountain, high *TVGV
mountain, hill *balV
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
mountain, top *ṗVrV
mountain, top *ṗVrV
mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
mouth *[s]UwV
mouth, hole *HVwV
mouth, hole *HVwV
mouth; eat *č`VmV
mouth; speak *ʔVpV
mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
mud, dung *ḳorV
mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
multitude; be satiated *HVwV
mushroom, fungus *pUtV
mushroom, sponge *pUtV
naked, take off clothes *luku
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
name *ṗVtV
name, call *ṗVtV
name, shape *šamV
nape, back *[s]VKV
nape, back *śVKV
nape; back *dVgV
narrow *č`VnV
narrow *ṭijV
narrow, thin *č`VnV
near *ʔVbV
neck *ḳVlV
neck, collar *kVŋkV
neck, throat *HVŋV
neck, throat *ḳVlV
neck, vertebra *nVKV
negative particle *ʔVlV
negative particle *ʔVlV
negative verb *ʔe
new *žVjŋV
new, fresh *CVrV
new, good *žVjŋV
new, young *CVrV
new, young *wVlV
night *HUdV
night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
night *lVlV
night *lVlV
night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
night, sleep *HUdV
night, sleep *zVNV
night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
night, sleep *ʔamV
nit *ñejV
nit, louse *sajrV
nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
nose *ḳVŋV
nose *ḳVŋV
nose *ne(H)wRV
nose *ŋVkCV
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
nose, nostril *CVxrV
nose, nostril *cwVxrV
not *ʔVnV
not, negative particle *ʔVnV
not, negative verb *ʔe
notch, sign *gVrVbV
now; new *nVwV
now; new *nVwV
numerous, full *tVrV
nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
old *gwVrV
old *gwVrV
old *zVr(d)V
one *sem-
one *ʔUdV
one *ʔUdV
one *ʔVrV
one *ʔVrV
one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
open *ṗan[c]V
open space *ʔVrHV
open space *ʔVrHV
open, hole *HangV
open; hole *ʔaḳa
order, custom *nerV
original place *ni̯VnV
other *aĺV other side
other *gUjV
other *gwVjV
pain, wound *mVnḳV
painful state, grief *gilV
painful state, grief *gilV
pair, one of a pair *gagtV
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, *cälmǝ palm
palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
part of face *ńVjlV
part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
part of shoulder *čVKV
part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
paw, grasp *gEpSV
paw, hand *gEpčwV
peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
peg, root *ḳUjḳV
penis *bVĺV
penis *bVĺV
penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
people, army *čVbV
place *baja
place *baja
pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
plenty, abundant *malV
pond *küɫä
pond *küɫä
pool, low ground *laḳwV
pool, low ground *laḳwV
pot *ṗVdV
pot *ṗVdV
pot *pVNV
pray *mVlV
prohibitive / negative particle *ma
prohibitive particle, not *ma
pus, rot *[č]iru
pus, rot *Ciru
push, move *ńukV
quick *ṭurV
quick *ṭurV
quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
rain, fog, steam *musV
rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (also *rVCV)
rare *HVrV
rare, new *HVrV rare
reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
relative-in-law *tajV
ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
ring, spool *ḳVč`V
rise *ŋwVkV
rise, stand up *HVgU
rise, up *ʔVpV
rise, up *ʔVpV
road *ʔur(H)V
road *ʔur(H)V
road, walk *mVrV
rod, strap *lVgV
rod, strap *lVgV
roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone
root, herb *wVr[t]V
root, herb *wVr[t]V
root, seed > settlement *aHulV
root, sprout *ḲurV
root, stalk *ḲurV
rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
round *ḳoĺV
round *ḳoĺV
round *ṭompV
round, convex *ṭompV
rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
rump, neck *nVKV
run *bok[a]
run *bok[a]
run, drive *ʔurKV
sack, bag *lVmV
salt *CalV
salt, bitter *sVbV
salt, sea *čwalV
salty, sour *č`VmV
salty, sour *cwVwVrV
sand *ki[ǯ]V
sand *kiCV
satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
say *tVHV
say, call *wVḳV
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
scab *pVkV
scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
scratch *wVrcwV
scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
sea *jamV
sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
sea, water *jamV
sea, water *sVjɣwV
second person pronoun *χwV
second person pronoun, thou *nV
second person pronoun, thou *si
second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
see, eye *ʔVnjV
seed, kin *ṗVrV
seed, kin *ṗVrV
seed; to sift *sVjHV
seize *HamV
self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
separate, split *bedV
settlement *aHulV
settlement *palVHV
settlement *palVHV
shape *šamV
sharp *Hoḳi
sharp object *CVNV
sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
sharp stick *c`iĺV
sharp stick *c`iĺV
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
shell *kV(n)ḳV
shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
shin, shank *ḳVnčV
shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
shine, bright *bVrḳV
shine, burn *mVlV
shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
shine, glitter *belV
shine, glitter *laṗV
shine, light *bVɣV
shine, light *bVɣV
shine; burn *leuk-
shoulder *tVlV
shoulder, arm *tVlV
shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
show, point at *tVjḳV
sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
side *bVḳV
side (of body) *bVḳV
sinew; root *SirV
sinew; root *SirV
single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
sister, woman? *SäwCV
sister, woman? *SäwCV
skin *ḲaĺV
skin *ḲaĺV
skin *perV
skin *perV
skin *ṗVtV
skin *ṗVtV
skin *ṭVlV
skin *ṭVlV
skin, bark *pVkV
skin, crust, peel *kamV
skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
skin, husk *kamV
skull *ḳapV
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
slanting *kVCV
sleep *ʔamV
slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
slime *SVlV
slime, dirt *SVlV
small *cVḳV
small *CVḳV
small *ḳVṭV
small *ṭijV
small bird *ciṗV
small bird *ciṗV
small female animal *ṗenV
small, thin, short *ṭVnV
small, young *ḳVṭV
small; child *pVwjV
small; child *pVwjV
smear *cwVHmV
smear, fat *mVjrV
smear, fat *mVjrV
smear; fat *ć`ämV
smell *[s]VwHV
smell *ṗunV
smell *sun(g)V
smell *śun(g)V
smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
smoke *ǯun[k]V
smoke *ǯun[k]V
smoke, cloud *nVbV
smoke, cloud *nVbV
smooth *gVlV
something sharp *CVNV
snake *nētr- 'snake'
snake *ṗVjmV
snake *ʔanKV
snake *ʔanKV
snake, eel *lVmbV
soft, fragile *lVmV
soft, mild *mVlV
soft, weak *lVjńV
soft, wet *LVṗV
soft, wet *LVṗV
soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
sour *CVwVrV
sour, bitter *č`VmV
sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
span *ṭVgV
span *ṭVgV
speak, say, sound *jVnV
speak, sound *jVnV
spin, twist *ṗuNV
spin, twist *ṗuNV
spirit *cwVnV
spit *ṭupV
spit *ṭupV
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
spleen *lVṗV
spleen *lVṗV
spleen *tV(H)ʎV
spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
split *cVlV
split, tear off *CVlV
spread *ṗVrjV
spread, extend *CVχrV
spread, long *pVdV
spring *PVnV
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
sprinkle *p`iSV
sprinkle *p`isV
stalk *kanVbV
stalk, peg *kanVbV
stand *čwVrV
star *dVštV
star, luminary *HVzwVrV
star, moon *dV[š]tV
star, shine *HVźVrV
stem, board *ṭVlV
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
stick *bVč`V
stick *ḳVlV
stick *ḳVlV
stick into, pierce *bedV
stick, pole *bVč`V
stick, tree *ḳUrV
stick, tree *ḳUrV
stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
stone *ḳElV
stone *kiwV
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
stone, mountain *kiwV
stone, rock *ḳElV
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
stream, flow of water *Huwa
stream, flow of water *Huwa
stump *ṭumgV
stump, trunk *ṭumgV
suck *SUṗV
suck *zUkV
suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
sufficient, complete *eli
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
swamp *laHm[u]
swamp *laHm[u]
sweep *šwxVjṗV
sweet *cwVtu
sweet, tasty *cwVtu
tail *ḳudV
tail *ḳudV
tail *toḳE
tail *toḳE
tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
tail, back *śVrV back
take *ga
take *ʔanV
take, bring *gerV
take, bring *tVKV
take, carry *ʔVpV
take, get *gVṭV
take, grasp *kantV
take, seize *ʔVpV
taste *ṭVHmV
taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
ten, many *ṗV(H)-
tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
testicle *ḳoĺV
testiculus *ḳoĺV
that, that near *ʔVbV
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
that, this *ʔu
that, this *ʔu
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (probably *Ha that, *He this)
thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
thick *ṭVkV
thick, full *ṭVkV
thick, swell *bongä
thick, swell *bongä
thigh *bVgtV
thigh *bVgtV
thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
thin *cUṗV
thin *ṭVnV
thin, narrow *ćUṗV
thing *HVdV
thing; interrogative stem *HVdV
third person pronoun *sV
this *cV ( ~ č-)
this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
this *ḳV
this *ʔi (*hi)
this *ʔi (*hi)
thorn *ʒwVgV
thorn *ʒ́wVgV
thorny bush *NEḳrV
thou (oblique forms) [second person pronoun] *χwV
thou [second person pronoun] *nV thou
thou [second person pronoun] *ṭ[u]
throat *HVŋV
throat, intestines *kUṭV
throat, swallow *kUlV
throat, to swallow *kUlV
tickle *cVḳV
tie, weave *tVḳV
tip, spout *CVCV
tip, spout *čVčV
to approach, follow *ŋāńi
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
to bare teeth *mUCV
to be *buHi
to be *woɣlV
to be *woɣlV
to be *ʔa
to be *ʔa
to be *ʔesA
to be *ʔesA
to be angry *kVCV
to be angry, hostile *kVCV
to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
to be mad, stupid *buḳV
to be visible *HwVlV
to be well *c`olHV
to be well *ColHV
to be, live *ʔelA
to be, live *ʔelA
to bear *š[e]wV
to bear *š[e]wV
to bear *ṭVlV
to bear, lift *ṭVlV
to beat *ṗVṭV
to beat *ṗVṭV
to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
to bend *büḲa
to bend *cVḳV
to bend *Garḳu
to bend *Garḳu
to bend *guḳa
to bend *guḳa
to bend *güpA
to bend *ḳVlV
to bend *ḳVŋV
to bend *ɫoŋḳa
to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
to bend, turn *KUrV
to bend; hump, heap *güpA
to bind, girdle *KuTV
to bind, harness *taxlwV
to bite *kikV
to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
to blink, shine, shade *CajV
to blow *dVwɣV
to blow *p`uSV
to blow *p`uSV
to blow *ṗuɣV
to blow *ṗuɣV
to blow, shake *dVwɣV
to blow, winnow *Hewa
to blow, winnow *Hewa
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
to boil, roast *gVbV
to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
to bow, bend *cVḳV
to break, crumble *ṗVSV
to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
to breathe *HwinV
to breathe *ʔanqV
to breathe *ʔanqV
to burn */ḳ/alV
to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
to burn *dekO
to burn *dekO
to burn *Hase
to burn *HaSe
to burn *ḳVńV
to burn *ṗVdwV
to burn *ṭülV
to burn, bake *kVwrV
to burn, bake *kVwrV
to burn, boil *ḳVju
to burn, flash *CVlV
to burn, heat *gVbV
to burn, sun *nVjV
to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
to call *CVḥV
to call *gVjwV
to call *gVjwV
to call *ḳErV
to call *ḳErV
to care *č`VrV
to care *čVrV
to change, borrow *HVrV
to change, distribute *HVrV
to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
to collect, count *lVkV
to collect, count *lVkV
to collect, put *ṗanV
to complete *muṭV
to cover *ḳa(j)dV
to cover, protect *ḳVrV
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
to cross, other side *aĺV
to crush *pi(u)čV
to crush, press *ṗVjńV
to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
to cry *muɣrV
to cry, shout *ḳVwV
to curse, be angry *jVrV
to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
to cut *ḳVć`V
to cut *mVc`V
to cut *ṭanV
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
to cut, knife *kVlV
to cut, sharp *CarV
to cut, split *sVḳV
to cut, split *śVḳV
to cut, tear *mVCV
to deceive *tVlV
to die, kill *KolV
to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
to divide, cut in half *palV
to drink *jVgU
to drink, flow *tVrV
to dry *KVmV
to dry *šwVrV
to dry *šwVrV
to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
to eat *ʒeGV
to eat *ʒeGV
to eat *ʔitV
to eat *ʔitV
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
to enter, go *ŋēni
to fall *ḳVtV
to fall *ṗeṭV
to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
to fear, be angry *belHi
to fear, be scared *belHi
to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
to finish *ḳUdV
to finish *ḳUdV
to fit, be good *dUgV
to fit, be good *ḳVnV
to flash, shine *CVlV
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
to flow, pour *tUKV
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
to get *gVṭV
to give *be[rH]u
to give *be[rH]u
to give *cwVHV
to give *dwV[H]V
to give *dwV[H]V
to give birth, family *KVmV
to gnaw *kVngV
to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
to go *meŋV
to go, come *ŋēni (also *ŋāńi)
to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
to go, walk *mVrV
to grasp *HaṗV
to grasp *HaṗV
to grasp *ḳaṗV
to grasp *ḳaṗV
to grasp, seize *[p]itV
to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
to grow, become *buHi
to hang *tajV
to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
to hear *ḳiwlV
to hide, protect *ḳVrV
to hide, secret *KuĺV
to hit, break *ḳVkV
to hit, push *mVqwV
to hold *gerV
to hold, seize *ʔanV
to howl, cry *wVlV
to howl, cry *wVlV
to join, together *anTV
to join, together *anTV
to jump, run *lVKV
to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
to know *cwVnV
to know *g(w)enV
to know *g(w)enV
to know, consider *CVḥV
to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
to know, think *sVnV
to lead *wetV
to lead, to go *wetV (also *dwVwV 'run')
to let, agree *šVwV
to lick *l[a]pV
to lick *talV
to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
to lick; lip *l[a]pV
to lie *ḳVwjV
to lie, fall down *kVlV
to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
to listen, hear *alV
to listen, hear *alV
to live *ḥujV
to live *ḥujV
to look, show *tVjḳV
to lose, hide *KuĺV
to make *wärV
to make *wärV
to marry *KVmV
to match, fit *ḳVnV
to melt, flow *dVnV
to melt, flow *dVnV
to mix, join *kalV
to move *SVlV
to move *SVlV
to move quickly *ńowda
to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
to move, push *mVqwV
to move, step *ćeKV
to open, spread *ṗanCV
to open, spread *ʔaḳa
to peel, naked *luku
to pierce *CoḳV
to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
to plait *źVḳV
to plait, something plaited *zVḳV
to plait, weave *HUbV
to plait, weave *HUbV
to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
to plant vertically *tIgwV
to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
to pour *L[ä]jV
to pour *lVHwV
to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
to pour, drink *ṗVHV
to pour, drop *tUKV
to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
to prepare food *piCV
to prepare food *piCV
to press, seize *ńamV
to press, seize *ńamV
to pull *ṭVnV
to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
to push, beat *nVq̇V
to push, beat *nVq̇V
to push, pull *ńukV
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
to put *ṗanV
to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
to rise *kVdwV
to rise *kVdwV to rise
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
to rise; move, go *Horä
to roll *HUlV
to roll *HUlV
to roll, twist *murV
to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
to run *dwVwV
to run *ḳacwV
to run *ṭoKV
to run *ṭoKV
to run *ʔurKV
to run, road *ṭVŕgV
to say *tVHV
to say, call *wVḳV
to say, pray *mVlV
to scatter *s(w)VcwV
to scrape *ḳirV
to scrape *ḳirV; also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
to scratch *gVrV
to scratch *xVḳV
to scratch *xVḳV
to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
to see, eye *silV
to see, eye *wEdwV
to see, eye *ʔVnjV
to see, guard *HwVjV
to see, guard *HwVjV
to see, inspect *silV
to see, know *šVḳV
to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
to see, know, search *wEdwV
to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (also *ʔincV)
to seize, press *[p]itV
to shake *dVrV
to shine, be visible *nVkV
to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
to shout, sound *ḳVwV
to sift *sVjHV
to sink *č`VṗV
to sink *č`VṗV
to slide, creep *ʒVlV
to speak *ḥVwV
to speak *ḥVwV
to speak *watV
to speak *watV
to speak, shout *sVjwV
to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
to speak, sound *muɣrV
to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
to spin, wind *KVrV
to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
to spread *ṗVrjV
to spread, long *pVdV
to spread, strew *CVχrV
to stand *čwVrV
to stand *sVlV
to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
to stay *menV
to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
to stay, reside *menV
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
to stir, mix *bulV
to stir, puddle *bulV
to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
to submerge *kUdV
to suck *[c`w]VṗV
to suck *ʔEmV
to suck *CVrbV
to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
to suffer *C(w)VHrV
to suffer *c`VHrV
to suffer *dVwV
to suffer, die *dVwV
to suffer, die *enV
to suffer; pain *enV
to suffice, be full *cwalV
to swallow *HVṗV
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
to swallow *Sem[H]V
to swallow *Sem[H]V
to swallow, drink *tVrV
to swallow, gobble *muḳV
to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
to sweep *swxVjṗV
to take *bari
to take *bari
to take *kantV
to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
to take, receive *HVlV
to taste, eat *č`VmV
to taste, sour *xamV
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
to think *manu
to think *manu
to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
to tie, net *taxlwV
to touch *tVKV
to trace *Koki
to trace *Koki
to tremble *dVrV
to turn round *ṭurV
to turn round *ṭurV
to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
to understand, see *gUrV
to understand, see *gUrV
to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
to wake *[š]ehŕa
to wake *źwehŕa
to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
to walk, go *gVrV
to walk, run *gVrV
to walk, run *meŋV
to wash, soak *lVHwV
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
to wear, put on *wVc`V
to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
to wish *h/a/wV
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
to wish *h/a/wV
to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
to wish, let *šVwV
to worry, be stupid *buḳV
to wound, kill *ʔewV
to wound, kill *ʔewV
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
tooth *palV
tooth *palV
tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
top *ḳVḳV
top *ḳVḳV
top *mVĺV
top of head *KVmPV
top of head *KVmPV
top of head, hair *TUmV
top of head, hair of head *TUmV
top of head, horn *ḳirV
top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
tramp, step *ceKV
tree *ṗUjV
tree *ṗUjV
tree *widV
tree, wood *dʷirV
tree, wood *dʷirV
twig, branch *c`UlV
twig, rod *šVṭV
twist *murV
twist, weave *tVḳV
two *malV
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
two / four / eight *NVlV
two, pair *gagtV
two, pair *jVŕV
two, pair *jVŕV
understand, brain *ʔVŋV
ungulate *ʔirV
ungulate *ʔirV
upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
valley *gowlV
valley, deep *gowlV
vessel *kala
vessel *kala
vessel *ḳaṗV
vessel *ḳaṗV
vessel *ḳVwKV
village *koṭV
village, house *koṭV
village, hut *ḳojmV
vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
wake *ṗuKdV
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
warm *kačV 'warm'
warm *lVmV
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
wash *bVnV
wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
water *bVnV
water *wetV
water *wetV
water *ʕEḳu
water *ʕEḳu
water, pour *ʒwVHlV
water, to submerge *kUdV
water, wet *mEwV
water, wet *mEwV
we (pronoun) *wV
we, I [first person pronoun] *wV we
weak *HalV (also *lVjV)
weak *lVjV
weak *ṭVrV
weak, lax *lVjńV
weak, tired *HalV
weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
weak, young *ṭVrV
wear, dress *wVCV
weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
wet *(H)wiɫV
wet *(H)wiɫV wet
wet *mäŕä
wet *mäŕä
wet *mVk`V
what, interrogative pronoun *mV
white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
who *CV
who, what *ḳV
whole *ḳVĺwV
whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
whole, full *ćwalV
wide *ṗaṭV
wide, open *ṗaṭV
willow *čwalV
willow *čwalV
wind, to blow *CalV
wing; arm *gara
winter ~ spring *PVnV
winter, cold *gImV
winter, cold *gImV
wish *ʔVnV(jV)
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
woman *k/u/nV
woman *k/u/nV
woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
wood *widV
worm *ḲorV
worm *ḲorV
worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
worm *mVṭV
worm *mVṭV
worm *ṗäri
worm *ṗäri
worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
worm, insect *ŋalmV
year *w[e]ṭV
year *w[e]ṭV
year, old *CVnV
year, old *zVnV
you *si
young *bāla 'child, young'
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
young male *majrV
young male *majrV
young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young, child *ḲanV
young, child *ḲanV

Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic

Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian

Etymologies possibly linked to Austric

Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Notes
*dʑoa ashes *ʒ́o[a]
*tshaʔ cold *cha-
*ʢa deictic stem *Ha
*tʼʔu dew *ǀu
*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ dry *ǀǀXU
*[ts]uɦ excrement *CU
*[ts]a(ɴ) fat *Ca(N)
*vuɦ father *BU
*tʼʔʁ° hair *ǀʁV
*tɬau hand *ƛ[a]u
*ɳtsʼʔuʔ kidney *ɳ!u-
*gtʼʔa leaf *ɡǀa
*tɬaɴ° lizard *ƛaNV
*pʼʔha meat *ʘha
*ʢaj° mother *[H]aj-
*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ° shoe *ƛ̣aḳVNV
*tsʼ°kʼ° smoke *c̣VḳV
*ʎiʔ to blow the nose; snot *ʎi-
*tɬ°[k]° to chop *ƛVKV
*kxe to cry, sound *kxe
*k°ʔ°ŋ to know *kVʔV[ŋ]
*i[ts]aʔ to steal *[i]Ca-
*tɬʼʔkxa to wash *ǀǀkxa
*tɬʼʔɢoʔ tortoise *ǀǀGo-