Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon: Difference between revisions

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!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Notes
!Eurasiatic
|-
|-
|
|*[k]°rd°
|a bird of prey
|a bird of prey
|*KVrdV
|*KVrdV
|-
|*[ts]°n[ts]°
|a biting insect
|*CVnCV
|-
|*n°
|a deictic element
|*nV
|-
|*n°
|a demonstrative element
|*nV
|-
|*tʼ°k° *dw°kʼ°
|a horned animal
|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|-
|*m°r°
|a kind of berry
|*mVrV
|-
|*tʃʼw°ʢkʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*[č`w]VHḳV
|-
|*[ts]°m°
|a kind of bird
|*CVmV
|-
|*[ts]°m°
|a kind of bird
|*CVmV
|-
|*ʢal°kʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*HalVḳV
|-
|*ʢal°kʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*HalVḳV
|-
|*kjama
|a kind of (aquatic) bird
|*k[i̯a]ma
|-
|*kaɴ°
|a kind of bird
|*kaNV
|-
|*kaɴ°
|a kind of bird
|*kaNV
|-
|*kʼuɦʎ°
|a kind of bird
|*ḳUĺV
|-
|*kʼuɦʎ°
|a kind of bird
|*ḳUĺV
|-
|*k°pʼ°
|a kind of bird
|*kVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|a biting insect *CVnCV
|a kind of bird
|*kVṗV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*kwVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|a deictic element *nV
|a kind of bird
|*kwVtV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*ĺVkĺVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|a demonstrative element *nV
|a kind of bird
|*sVgV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*SVlwV
|-
|-
|
|
|a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|a kind of bird
|*SVlwV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bird
|*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of berry *mVrV
|a kind of bird (gallinacean)
|*KVwrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of bone
|*c`iŋu
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
|a kind of cereal
|*lVnṭV
|-
|
|
|a kind of cereal
|*lVnṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *CVmV
|a kind of duck
|*ṭVḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of duck or hen
|*ṭVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *CVmV
|a kind of fish
|*č`VHmV
|-
|
|
|(a) kind of fish
|*kećä
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
|a kind of fish
|*kVrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of fish
|*kVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *HalVḳV
|a kind of fish; salmon
|*ńowŋa
|-
|
|
|a kind of fruit
|*mVsV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird'
|a kind of fruit
|*mVsV
|-
|
|
|a kind of gallinacean bird
|*KVwrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kaNV
|a kind of grass
|*wVĺV
|-
|
|
|a kind of grass
|*wVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kaNV
|a kind of grass
|*cVmV
|-
|
|
|a kind of horned animal
|*mula
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
|a kind of horned animal
|*mula
|-
|*tʃjuːppa *tʃjuːppu
|a kind of insect
|*či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
|-
|*[k]uɦm°
|a kind of insect
|*KUmV
|-
|*[k]uɦm°
|a kind of insect
|*KUmV
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*ḳUṭḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
|a kind of insect
|*ḳUṭḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*lVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kVṗV
|a kind of insect
|*m[a]ŋi
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*mVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kVṗV
|a kind of insect
|*mVḳV
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*pUḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kwVtV
|a kind of insect
|*pVN(T)V
|-
|
|
|a kind of insect
|*ṗVnǯV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *kwVtV
|a kind of insect, louse
|*ṗVnǯV
|-
|
|
|a kind of liquid
|*c`UtV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
|a kind of onion
|*sUŋV
|-
|
|
|a kind of predator
|*bVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *sVgV
|a kind of predator
|*KVrdV
|-
|
|
|a kind of rodent
|*[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *SVlwV
|a kind of sack
|*lVmV
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *SVlwV
|a kind of tree
|*jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*kojw[a]
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|a kind of tree
|*NEḳrV
|-
|
|
|a kind of tree
|*ʔilVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
|a kind of ungulate
|*cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
|-
|
|
|a kind of ungulate
|*CVxnV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of bone *c`iŋu
|a kind of ungulate
|*mVnV
|-
|
|
|a kind of vessel
|*ḳVwKV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
|a kind of vessel
|*pVNV
|-
|
|
|a kind of water bird (gull)
|*sVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
|a part of leg, foot
|*lVlV
|-
|
|
|a small animal
|*cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
|a stinging insect
|*mVwć`wV
|-
|
|
|a stinging insect
|*pUḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
|all
|*eli
|-
|
|
|all, join
|*kalV
|-
|*tʃakiː
|an insect; a kind of insect
|*čă k𝑎̆𝑘i
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *č`VHmV
|an insect
|*mVwcwV
|-
|
|
|an internal organ
|*CV(n)CV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
|an ungulate
|*morV
|-
|
|
|angry
|*jVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *kVrV
|animal hair
|*mVńCV
|-
|
|
|animal hair
|*mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *kVrV
|antelope
|*gujrV
|-
|
|
|antelope
|*gujrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
|arm
|*gara
|-
|
|
|arm
|*küjnV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fruit *mVsV
|arm
|*lVlV
|-
|
|
|arm, leg
|*ćVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of fruit *mVsV
|armpit
|*ḳVwVŋV
|-
|
|
|army, people
|*čVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
|ashes, burn 1; light 2
|*ṗVdwV 1; *pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 2
|-
|
|
|ashes, dirt
|*ṗVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of grass *wVĺV
|back
|*dVgV
|-
|
|
|back
|*gedV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of grass *wVĺV
|back
|*gedV
|-
|
|
|back
|*sVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of grass? *cVmV
|back
|*tVbV
|-
|
|
|back
|*tVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of horned animal *mula
|back
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|
|back
|*ʔarV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of horned animal *mula
|back, rear
|*kuNṭV
|-
|
|
|back, side
|*ṗVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
|bad
|*bVHCV
|-
|
|
|bad
|*ʔVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *KUmV
|bad
|*ʔVkV
|-
|
|
|bad, dirty
|*darV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *KUmV
|bad, dirty
|*darV
|-
|
|
|bad, evil
|*bVHCV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
|bad, harm
|*sogwV ( ~ š-)
|-
|
|
|bark
|*ḳerV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
|bark
|*ḳerV
|-
|
|
|bark
|*ḲopV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *lVŋV
|bark
|*ḲopV
|-
|
|
|bark
|*ḳuLV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
|bark
|*ḳVrṗV
|-
|
|
|bark, cover
|*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *mVḳV
|bark, peel
|*ḳuLV
|-
|
|
|bark, skin
|*ḳVrṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *mVḳV
|basket
|*ḳocV
|-
|
|
|basket
|*ḳoćV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *pUḳV
|be angry
|*kwVrV (~ gw)
|-
|
|
|be angry
|*kwVrV (~ gw)
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
|be destroyed, fall apart
|*HVŕV
|-
|
|
|be full
|*ḳOṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
|be full, complete
|*ḳOṗV
|-
|
|
|be ill
|*lVχV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
|be ill
|*lVχV
|-
|
|
|be satiated
|*HVwV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of liquid *c`UtV
|be smooth
|*gVlV
|-
|
|
|be visible, see
|*nVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of onion *sUŋV
|beat
|*biχV
|-
|
|
|beat
|*biχV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of predator *bVrV
|beat
|*ṭoḳV
|-
|
|
|beat
|*ṭoḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of predator *KVrdV
|beat, break
|*buṭV
|-
|
|
|beat, hit
|*SUTV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
|beat, hit
|*SUTV
|-
|
|
|beat, hit
|*ṭapħa
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of sack *lVmV
|beat, hit
|*ṭapħa
|-
|
|
|bee
|*ṗVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|bee, insect
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|
|behind, buttock
|*[šw]VtV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
|behind, buttock
|*SVtV
|-
|
|
|belly
|*wa[n]čV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of tree *kojw[a]
|belly
|*wa[n]ʒ́wV
|-
|
|
|belly, entrails
|*gwVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of tree *NEḳrV
|belly, heart
|*kuŋV
|-
|
|
|belly, heart
|*kuŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
|belly, intestines
|*gUtV / *kUtV
|-
|
|
|belly, intestines
|*gUtV / *kUtV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
|belly, liver
|*gwVlV
|-
|
|
|belly, stomach
|*Ḳarbi
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
|belly, stomach
|*Ḳarbi
|-
|
|
|below
|*HalV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of ungulate *mVnV
|below
|*HalV
|-
|
|
|bend
|*ḳVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
|bend
|*ḳVŋV
|-
|
|
|bend
|*ṭoŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of vessel *pVNV
|berry
|*mVrV
|-
|
|
|big
|*mVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
|big
|*t`VwjV
|-
|
|
|big
|*wol[a]
|-
|-
|
|
|a part of leg, foot *lVlV
|big
|*wol[a]
|-
|
|
|big fish
|*ḳUlV
|-
|-
|
|
|a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
|big fish
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|
|big tree
|*dVnwV
|-
|-
|
|
|a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
|big tree
|*dVnwV
|-
|
|
|big, full
|*tVdV
|-
|-
|
|
|a stinging insect *pUḳV
|big, heavy
|*pVKV
|-
|
|
|big, large
|*mVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|all *eli
|big, thick
|*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|-
|
|
|big, thick
|*č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|-
|-
|
|
|all, join *kalV
|big, thick
|*tVdV
|-
|
|
|big, very
|*ʔVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
|big, very
|*ʔVnV
|-
|
|
|bile
|*bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|an insect *mVwcwV
|bind
|*KuTV
|-
|
|
|bind
|*KVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|an internal organ *CV(n)CV
|birch
|*kojw[a]
|-
|
|
|bird
|*[č`w]VHḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|an ungulate *morV
|bird
|*HVwjV
|-
|
|
|bird
|*HVwjV
|-
|-
|
|
|angry *jVrV
|bird's tail
|*ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
|-
|
|
|bite, chew
|*käjwV (-b-)
|-
|-
|
|
|animal hair *mVńCV
|bite, tear
|*ḳVCV
|-
|
|
|biting insect
|*CVnCV
|-
|-
|
|
|animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
|bitter
|*gVcwV(~-čw-)
|-
|
|
|bitter
|*sVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|antelope *gujrV
|bitter, gall
|*bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|-
|
|
|bitter, sour
|*gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
|-
|-
|
|
|antelope *gujrV
|black
|*ḳarV
|-
|
|
|black
|*ḳarV
|-
|-
|
|
|arm *gara
|black
|*ʔVbV
|-
|
|
|black
|*ʔVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|arm *küjnV
|black, dark
|*ḳUmV
|-
|
|
|black, dark
|*ḳUmV
|-
|-
|
|
|arm *lVlV
|black, dark
|*mVCHV
|-
|
|
|black, dark; black
|*nal-
|-
|-
|
|
|arm, leg *ćVḳV
|black, night
|*sVrV
|-
|
|
|black-cock
|*ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|armpit *ḳVwVŋV
|blade, awl
|*ʔVlV
|-
|
|
|blade, whetstone
|*ʔVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|army, people *čVbV
|blister, abscess
|*HVlVḳV
|-
|
|
|blister, wound
|*HVlVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
|blood
|*bUjlV
|-
|
|
|blood
|*bUjlV
|-
|-
|
|
|ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
|blood
|*ḳVnV
|-
|
|
|blood
|*wirV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *dVgV
|blood
|*ʔVsxV
|-
|
|
|blood, blood vessel
|*ḳVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *gedV
|blood, breath
|*HwinV
|-
|
|
|blood, breath
|*ʔVsxV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *gedV
|blood, red
|*ḳurV
|-
|
|
|blood, red
|*ḳurV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *sVrV
|blood, spirit; spirit; blood
|*cwVnV
|-
|
|
|blood; marrow
|*mVLV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *tVbV
|blood; red
|*wirV
|-
|
|
|blue
|*swVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *tVbV
|blue
|*swVNV
|-
|
|
|board, stick
|*ṭVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *ʔarV
|body
|*bVdV
|-
|
|
|body, belly
|*bVdV
|-
|-
|
|
|back *ʔarV
|boil
|*borV, *buŕa
|-
|
|
|boil
|*borV, *buŕa
|-
|-
|
|
|back, rear *kuNṭV
|boil, burn
|*ḳVju
|-
|
|
|bone
|*girV
|-
|-
|
|
|back, side *ṗVŋV
|bone
|*girV
|-
|
|
|bone
|*HV(w)[č`]V
|-
|-
|
|
|bad *bVHCV
|bone
|*HV(w)čV
|-
|
|
|bone
|*ḳač`V
|-
|-
|
|
|bad *ʔVkV
|bone
|*ḳaCV
|-
|
|
|bone
|*ʒ́VmV (*c`iŋu)
|-
|-
|
|
|bad *ʔVkV
|bone, tooth
|*ṗVjNV
|-
|
|
|bone, tooth
|*ṗVjNV
|-
|-
|
|
|bad, dirty *darV
|bosom
|*ʔVṗV
|-
|
|
|bosom
|*ʔVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|bad, dirty *darV
|bovine; horse
|*luwV (*luɣV)
|-
|
|
|bow
|*büḲa
|-
|-
|
|
|bad, evil *bVHCV
|bow, arc
|*ṭoŋV
|-
|
|
|bow, lean
|*tajV
|-
|-
|
|
|bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
|brain
|*mVŋV
|-
|
|
|brain
|*mVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḳerV
|brain, head
|*wVṭV(mV)
|-
|
|
|brain, marrow; head
|*wVṭV(mV)
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḳerV
|branch
|*rVṭV
|-
|
|
|branch, rod
|*rVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḲopV
|branch, stick
|*HelV
|-
|
|
|branch, twig, rod
|*šVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḲopV
|break, chop
|*cVṗV
|-
|
|
|break, split
|*buṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḳuLV
|breast
|*[c]V(n)ʒwV
|-
|
|
|breast
|*ḳerdV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark *ḳVrṗV
|breast
|*ṗome
|-
|
|
|breast, belly
|*ʔudV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|breast, udder
|*mälgi
|-
|
|
|breast, udder
|*mälgi
|-
|-
|
|
|bark, peel *ḳuLV
|breath, smell
|*sVwHV
|-
|
|
|bright
|*bVrḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
|bright
|*ʔVǯV
|-
|
|
|bright
|*ʔVǯV
|-
|-
|
|
|basket *ḳocV
|brown
|*boŕa
|-
|
|
|brown
|*boŕa
|-
|-
|
|
|basket *ḳoćV
|brown, dark
|*KVŋV
|-
|
|
|brown, yellow
|*KVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
|bug, flea
|*ŋalmV
|-
|
|
|build, house
|*dwVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
|burn; bonfire
|*mūga
|-
|
|
|burn
|*ṗaĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
|burn
|*ṗaĺV
|-
|
|
|burn
|*ṗVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|be full *ḳOṗV
|burn
|*wVrV
|-
|
|
|burn
|*wVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|be full, complete *ḳOṗV
|burn, bake
|*buKV
|-
|
|
|burn, boil; burn, kindle
|*t`èmo ( ~ t-)
|-
|-
|
|
|be ill *lVχV
|burn, fire
|*qoṭi
|-
|
|
|burn, fire
|*qoṭi
|-
|-
|
|
|be ill *lVχV
|burn, fire
|*t`ülV
|-
|
|
|burn, hot coals
|*gUrV
|-
|-
|
|
|be satiated *HVwV
|burn, hot coals
|*gUrV
|-
|
|
|burn, roast
|*buKV
|-
|-
|
|
|be smooth *gVlV
|burn, roast, dry
|*ḳVńV
|-
|
|
|burn, shine
|*Cajŋa
|-
|-
|
|
|be visible, see *nVkV
|burn, shine
|*ʒajŋa
|-
|
|
|burst
|*paḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat *biχV
|butterfly
|*ṗVrṗVlV
|-
|
|
|butterfly
|*ṗVrṗVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat *biχV
|buy, sell
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|
|calf
|*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|-
|-
|
|
|beat *ṭoḳV
|calf, bull
|*ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|-
|
|
|cattle; horse
|*morV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat *ṭoḳV
|cave, hole
|*ḳVjwV
|-
|
|
|cave, hole
|*ḳVjwV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat, break *buṭV
|cheek
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|
|chest, belly
|*bUrV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat, hit *SUTV
|chest, belly
|*bUrV
|-
|
|
|child
|*mVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat, hit *SUTV
|child, to bear
|*berV
|-
|
|
|child, to bear
|*berV
|-
|-
|
|
|beat, hit *ṭapħa
|chin
|*kenV
|-
|
|
|chin
|*kenV (*kVngV)
|-
|-
|
|
|beat, hit *ṭapħa
|chin, beard; cheek bone
|*čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-)
|-
|
|
|chin, jaw
|*kVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|bee *ṗVrV
|chop
|*cVṗV
|-
|
|
|chopped piece, to cut
|*ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV)
|-
|-
|
|
|bee, insect *ṗVrV
|clan member
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|
|clay, mud
|*pVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
|clay, mud
|*pVnV
|-
|
|
|clothing
|*ḳa(j)dV
|-
|-
|
|
|behind, buttock *SVtV
|cloud
|*bVl(w)V
|-
|
|
|cloud
|*bVl(w)V
|-
|-
|
|
|belly *wa[n]čV
|coals, burn
|*CuxLV
|-
|
|
|coals, soot, burn
|*CuxLV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
|cold
|*[z]VrV
|-
|
|
|cold
|*KurV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, entrails *gwVlV
|cold
|*KurV
|-
|
|
|cold
|*SVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, heart *kuŋV
|cold
|*ʒ́VrV
|-
|
|
|cold, frost
|*SVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, heart *kuŋV
|come, go; rise
|*Horä
|-
|
|
|coniferous tree
|*pVnč`wV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
|coniferous tree, resin
|*pVnč`wV
|-
|
|
|corner, enclosure
|*ḳVnVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
|corner, wall
|*ḳVnVṭV
|-
|
|
|court, enclosure
|*dwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, liver *gwVlV
|cover
|*ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|-
|
|
|cover, close
|*ḳaṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
|cover, close
|*ḳaṗV
|-
|
|
|crane
|*kar-/*ker-
|-
|-
|
|
|belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
|crane
|*kar-/*ker-
|-
|
|
|crust
|*c`VrV
|-
|-
|
|
|below *HalV
|curved, bent
|*ḳUrV
|-
|
|
|cut
|*čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|below *HalV
|cut
|*ḳUṭV
|-
|
|
|cut
|*ḳVc`V
|-
|-
|
|
|bend *ḳVlV
|cut
|*kVlV
|-
|
|
|cut, sharp
|*CarV
|-
|-
|
|
|bend *ḳVŋV
|dark
|*HamV
|-
|
|
|dark
|*rVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|bend *ṭoŋV
|dark
|*rVmV
|-
|
|
|dark
|*sVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|berry *mVrV
|dark
|*ṭVmV
|-
|
|
|dark
|*ṭVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|big *mVkV
|dark, black; dark
|*muṭV
|-
|
|
|dark, black
|*mVCHV
|-
|-
|
|
|big *t`VwjV
|dark, black; dark
|*sVmV
|-
|
|
|dark, cloudy
|*muṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|big *wol[a]
|darkness, night
|*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|-
|
|
|dawn
|*gojńV
|-
|-
|
|
|big *wol[a]
|dawn, light
|*gojńV
|-
|
|
|dawn, light
|*lVwŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|big fish *ḳUlV
|dawn, noon
|*lVwŋV
|-
|
|
|day, shine
|*dʷVjɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|big fish *ḳUlV
|day, shine
|*dʷVjɣV
|-
|
|
|day, sun, light
|*ŋera
|-
|-
|
|
|big tree *dVnwV
|decease
|*ŋVwV
|-
|
|
|deer
|*mVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|big tree *dVnwV
|deer
|*ʔelV
|-
|
|
|deer
|*ʔelV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, full *tVdV
|deer, antilope
|*ʔoru
|-
|
|
|deer, he-goat
|*pOgV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, heavy *pVKV
|demonstrative pronoun
|*mV
|-
|
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*mV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, large *mVkV
|demonstrative pronoun
|*ṭV
|-
|
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*ṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|demonstrative pronoun
|*ḳV
|-
|
|
|demonstrative pronoun
|*sV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
|dew, liquid
|*rVCV
|-
|
|
|die, finish
|*muṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, thick *tVdV
|die, starve
|*HwelV
|-
|
|
|die; kill
|*nek'-
|-
|-
|
|
|big, very *ʔVnV
|dig, hack
|*ḳVṗV
|-
|
|
|direction, road
|*gwVCV
|-
|-
|
|
|big, very *ʔVnV
|direction, road, pass
|*gwVCV
|-
|
|
|dirt
|*böḳa
|-
|-
|
|
|bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|dirt
|*c`VrV
|-
|
|
|dirt
|*c`VrV
|-
|-
|
|
|bind *KuTV
|dirt
|*kodV
|-
|
|
|dirt
|*kodV
|-
|-
|
|
|bind *KVrV
|dirt
|*lVḳwV
|-
|
|
|dirt, earth
|*magV
|-
|-
|
|
|birch *kojw[a]
|dirt, faeces
|*[ʒ]VḳV
|-
|
|
|dirt, faeces
|*SVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|bird *[č`w]VHḳV
|dog
|*KUCV
|-
|
|
|dog
|*ḳVpV
|-
|-
|
|
|bird *HVwjV
|dog
|*ḳVpV
|-
|
|
|dog
|*ŋindV
|-
|-
|
|
|bird *HVwjV
|dog
|*ŋindV
|-
|
|
|dog
|*ŋVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
|dog, wolf
|*bVrV
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf
|*KUCV
|-
|-
|
|
|bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
|dog, wolf
|*ŋVḳV
|-
|
|
|dream
|*CVm(ŋ)V
|-
|-
|
|
|bite, tear *ḳVCV
|drink
|*jVgU
|-
|
|
|drink, liquid
|*CUtV
|-
|-
|
|
|biting insect *CVnCV
|drink, swallow
|*ʔEmV
|-
|
|
|drink, water
|*HVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
|dry
|*gwVlV
|-
|
|
|dry
|*ḳVjwV(rV)
|-
|-
|
|
|bitter *sVbV
|dry
|*ḳVjwV(rV)
|-
|
|
|dry
|*kVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
|dry
|*kVk𝑉𝑘V
|-
|
|
|dry
|*KVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
|dry
|*ḳVs(w)V
|-
|
|
|dry
|*sušV
|-
|-
|
|
|black *ḳarV
|dry
|*śušV
|-
|
|
|dry, burn
|*gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV)
|-
|-
|
|
|black *ḳarV
|dung, mud
|*ḳorV
|-
|
|
|dust
|*bur(H)V
|-
|-
|
|
|black *ʔVbV
|dust
|*bur(H)V
|-
|
|
|dust, ashes
|*ṭVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|black *ʔVbV
|dust, ashes, smoke
|*ṭVṭV
|-
|
|
|dust, dirt
|*böḳa
|-
|-
|
|
|black, dark *ḳUmV
|dwelling
|*gülV
|-
|
|
|dwelling
|*gülV
|-
|-
|
|
|black, dark *ḳUmV
|ear
|*KVrWV
|-
|
|
|ear
|*KVrWV
|-
|-
|
|
|black, dark *mVCHV
|early
|*ʔVCV
|-
|
|
|early
|*ʔVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|black, dark *nal- 'black'
|early
|*ʔVrV
|-
|
|
|early, dawn
|*ʔVcwV
|-
|-
|
|
|black, night *sVrV
|earth
|*DVG-
|-
|
|
|earth
|*DVG-
|-
|-
|
|
|black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
|earth
|*magV
|-
|
|
|earth, dust
|*ṭVŕV
|-
|-
|
|
|blade, awl *ʔVlV
|earth, dust
|*ṭVŕV
|-
|
|
|eat
|*tin-
|-
|-
|
|
|blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
|eat
|*UNV
|-
|
|
|eat, drink
|*UNV
|-
|-
|
|
|blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
|edge; top, summit
|*cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-)
|-
|
|
|edge
|*Hońća
|-
|-
|
|
|blister, wound *HVlVḳV
|edge
|*HońcV
|-
|
|
|edge
|*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|blood *bUjlV
|edge
|*ṗerV
|-
|
|
|edge
|*PVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood *bUjlV blood
|edge
|*PVlV (*ṗVlV)
|-
|
|
|edge, side
|*mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|blood *ḳVnV blood
|edge, side
|*ṗerV
|-
|
|
|egg
|*ṭUĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood *wirV
|egg
|*ṭUĺV
|-
|
|
|elbow, forearm
|*c`VjḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood *ʔVsxV
|elbow, knee
|*küjnV
|-
|
|
|elder brother or sister
|*ʔaḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
|elder brother/sister
|*eńV
|-
|
|
|elder male relative, father
|*ʔVṭV (*tajV)
|-
|-
|
|
|blood, breath *HwinV
|elder relative
|*ʔaḳV
|-
|
|
|elder relative
|*ʔVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood, breath *ʔVsxV
|elm
|*ʔilVmV
|-
|
|
|enclosure
|*gErV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood, red *ḳurV
|enclosure
|*gVrdV
|-
|
|
|enclosure
|*gVrdV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
|enclosure
|*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|-
|
|
|enclosure, yard
|*dwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
|enclosure, yard
|*gErV
|-
|
|
|end; mouth
|*[s]UwV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood; marrow *mVLV
|enemy
|*ḳarV
|-
|
|
|enemy
|*ḳarV
|-
|-
|
|
|blood; red *wirV
|evening
|*SVKV
|-
|
|
|evening
|*sVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|blue *swVNV
|evening
|*ʒwVṗV
|-
|
|
|evening, sleep
|*ʒwVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|blue *swVNV
|extinguish
|*sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-)
|-
|
|
|eye, see
|*HuḲa
|-
|-
|
|
|board, stick *ṭVlV
|eye, see
|*HuḲa
|-
|
|
|eye, see
|*HwVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|body *bVdV
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head
|*SVmrV
|-
|
|
|face
|*mVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|body, belly *bVdV
|face, chin
|*kVṗV
|-
|
|
|face, forehead
|*pVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|boil *borV, *buŕa
|face, head
|*mVĺV
|-
|
|
|face, head
|*mVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|boil *borV, *buŕa
|face, head
|*pVNV
|-
|
|
|face, nose, mouth
|*mVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|boil, burn *ḳVju
|face, skin on head
|*mVṭV
|-
|
|
|fall
|*ḳVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *girV
|fall, descend
|*HewV
|-
|
|
|fall, descend, disappear
|*HewV(jV)
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *girV
|far; next
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|
|fart
|*PV[s]V
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *HV(w)[č`]V
|fart
|*PVSV
|-
|
|
|fat
|*gwVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *HV(w)čV
|fat
|*gwVjV
|-
|
|
|fat, intestines
|*sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *ḳač`V
|father
|*aṗV
|-
|
|
|father
|*aṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *ḳaCV
|feather
|*ṗVĺV
|-
|
|
|feather, tail
|*ṗVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
|female
|*nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|-
|
|
|female
|*ṗenV
|-
|-
|
|
|bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
|female genitalia
|*mVṭV
|-
|
|
|female genitalia
|*mVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
|female in-law
|*kälU
|-
|
|
|female in-law
|*kälU
|-
|-
|
|
|bosom *ʔVṗV
|female relative
|*eńV
|-
|
|
|female relative
|*mVjNV
|-
|-
|
|
|bosom *ʔVṗV
|female relative
|*mVjNV
|-
|
|
|female relative
|*natV
|-
|-
|
|
|bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
|female relative
|*natV
|-
|
|
|fence, enclosure
|*wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|-
|-
|
|
|bow *büḲa
|fight, kill
|*HwelV
|-
|
|
|finger
|*pVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|bow, arc *ṭoŋV
|finger, claw
|*č`wVṗV
|-
|
|
|finger, claw
|*č`wVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|bow, lean *tajV
|finger, fingernail
|*pVrV
|-
|
|
|finger, toe
|*ḳVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|brain *mVŋV
|fire
|*CVCxV
|-
|
|
|fire
|*dʷVɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|brain *mVŋV
|fire
|*dʷVɣV
|-
|
|
|fire
|*ṗVxwV
|-
|-
|
|
|brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
|fire
|*ṗVxwV
|-
|
|
|fire
|*zVcwxV
|-
|-
|
|
|brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
|fire, burn
|*HenkV
|-
|
|
|fire, burn
|*HenkV
|-
|-
|
|
|branch *rVṭV
|fire, burn
|*nVjV
|-
|
|
|fire, burn
|*ŋera
|-
|-
|
|
|branch, rod *rVṭV
|fire, burn
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|
|fire, burn
|*ʔumV
|-
|-
|
|
|branch, stick *HelV
|fire, burn
|*ʔumV
|-
|
|
|fire, to strike fire
|*cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|-
|-
|
|
|branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
|fire, warmth
|*lVmV
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun
|*ŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|break, chop *cVṗV
|first person pronoun
|*mV
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun (exclusive)
|*ŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|break, split *buṭV
|fish
|*č`VHmV
|-
|
|
|fish
|*dVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
|fish
|*dVgV
|-
|
|
|fist
|*mVǯHV
|-
|-
|
|
|breast *ḳerdV
|fist, handle
|*ṗVnḳV
|-
|
|
|fist, wrist
|*kompV
|-
|-
|
|
|breast *ṗome
|fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple
|*mVǯHV
|-
|
|
|flat
|*lVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|breast, belly *ʔudV
|flat
|*lVṗV
|-
|
|
|flat
|*ṭaPV
|-
|-
|
|
|breast, udder *mälgi
|flat
|*ṭaPV
|-
|
|
|flat, level
|*ṗVlHV
|-
|-
|
|
|breast, udder *mälgi
|flat, level
|*ṗVlHV
|-
|
|
|flat, plain
|*ṭalV
|-
|-
|
|
|breath, smell *sVwHV
|flea
|*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|-
|
|
|flea
|*pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|-
|-
|
|
|bright *bVrḳV
|flesh, blood; flesh, fat
|*SVĺV
|-
|
|
|flesh, fat
|*c`ebV
|-
|-
|
|
|bright *ʔVǯV
|flesh, fat
|*swVĺV
|-
|
|
|flow
|*ńVjrV
|-
|-
|
|
|bright *ʔVǯV
|flow
|*ńVjrV
|-
|
|
|flow, gush
|*bVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|brown *boŕa
|flow, gush
|*bVlV
|-
|
|
|fly
|*ṗarV
|-
|-
|
|
|brown *boŕa
|fly
|*ṗarV
|-
|
|
|fly, flea
|*ṗVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|brown, dark *KVŋV
|fly, midge
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|
|fog
|*musV
|-
|-
|
|
|brown, yellow *KVŋV
|food
|*HVlV
|-
|
|
|food, eat
|*HVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|bug, flea *ŋalmV
|foolish, deceive
|*tVlV
|-
|
|
|foot, knee
|*bVl(m)V
|-
|-
|
|
|build, house *dwVmV
|foot, sole
|*ṗVHdV
|-
|
|
|foot, toe
|*ḳVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn *mūga 'bonfire'
|forest, wilderness
|*ni̯VnV
|-
|
|
|four
|*NVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn *ṗaĺV
|fox
|*[čw]VlɣV
|-
|
|
|fox, weasel
|*[čw]VlɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn *ṗaĺV
|fragile
|*lVmV
|-
|
|
|fringe, thread
|*sVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn *ṗVrV
|fringe, thread
|*śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|-
|
|
|frog
|*gwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn *wVrV
|frog
|*gwVrV
|-
|
|
|front
|*HalV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn *wVrV
|front
|*HanṭV
|-
|
|
|front
|*HanṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, bake *buKV
|front; front, breast
|*ʔedV
|-
|
|
|front, breast
|*mVńV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
|front, breast
|*mVńV
|-
|
|
|front, breast
|*ʔedV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, fire *qoṭi
|front, nose
|*newRV
|-
|
|
|front, outside
|*HalV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, fire *qoṭi
|frost, cold
|*pič`V
|-
|
|
|frozen snow
|*čVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, fire *t`ülV
|frozen snow
|*čVgV
|-
|
|
|fruit
|*bVrq̇wV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, hot coals *gUrV
|fruit
|*bVrq̇wV
|-
|
|
|full
|*HVp`V
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, hot coals *gUrV
|full
|*HVPVTV
|-
|
|
|full
|*malV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, roast *buKV
|full
|*ṭVngV
|-
|
|
|full
|*ṭVngV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
|full
|*tVrV
|-
|
|
|full, all
|*wV(n)CV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, shine *Cajŋa
|full, all
|*wV(n)CV
|-
|
|
|full, fill
|*ṭVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|burn, shine *ʒajŋa
|furrow
|*HarV
|-
|
|
|furrow, hoe
|*HarV
|-
|-
|
|
|burst *paḳV
|gather, assemble; buy, assemble
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|
|genitalia
|*ḳUṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
|genitalia
|*ḳUṭV
|-
|
|
|get in pairs, pair > two
|*malV
|-
|-
|
|
|butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
|get, obtain
|*ga
|-
|
|
|gift, allotment
|*ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|buy, sell *ṗVrV
|gift, allotment
|*ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|-
|
|
|give
|*ćwVHV
|-
|-
|
|
|calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|glittering
|*gi[ɫ]ħu
|-
|
|
|glittering
|*gi[ɫ]ħu
|-
|-
|
|
|calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
|glue
|*[c]VbV
|-
|
|
|glue, join
|*ćabV
|-
|-
|
|
|cattle; horse *morV
|go astray, fall apart
|*HVŕV
|-
|
|
|go, come
|*HVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|go, follow
|*HVjV
|-
|
|
|goat
|*ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|-
|-
|
|
|cave, hole *ḳVjwV
|goat, deer
|*ʔoru
|-
|
|
|goat, ram, deer
|*pOgV
|-
|-
|
|
|cheek *ṗVlV
|good
|*mVlV
|-
|
|
|good
|*näḳi
|-
|-
|
|
|chest, belly *bUrV
|good (of soul)
|*näḳi
|-
|
|
|good, big
|*bVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|chest, belly *bUrV
|good, fit
|*dUgV
|-
|
|
|good, new
|*wVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|child *mVḳV
|good, proper
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|
|good, take care
|*ʔVjsV
|-
|-
|
|
|child, to bear *berV
|goose
|*ĺVkĺVkV
|-
|
|
|grain
|*SVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|child, to bear *berV
|grain
|*SVrV
|-
|
|
|grasp
|*kamV
|-
|-
|
|
|chin *kenV
|grasp
|*kamV
|-
|
|
|grasp, seize, press
|*HamV
|-
|-
|
|
|chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)
|grass
|*kuCu
|-
|
|
|grass, reed
|*ćVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
|grass, twigs
|*c`UlV
|-
|
|
|grass, vegetables
|*kuč`u
|-
|-
|
|
|chin, jaw *kVṗV
|grey
|*c'VjrV
|-
|
|
|grey
|*c'VjrV
|-
|-
|
|
|chop *cVṗV
|grind
|*nVq̇V
|-
|
|
|grind
|*nVq̇V
|-
|-
|
|
|chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)
|gum, resin, mud
|*ṗoŋV
|-
|
|
|gums; part of face, gums
|*ńVjlV
|-
|-
|
|
|clan member *ʔarV
|guts, inside
|*oŕV
|-
|
|
|hack
|*ṭanV
|-
|-
|
|
|clay, mud *pVnV
|hair
|*cVḳV
|-
|
|
|hair
|*k`VSV
|-
|-
|
|
|clay, mud *pVnV
|hair
|*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
|-
|
|
|hair
|*ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
|-
|-
|
|
|clothing *ḳa(j)dV
|hair
|*nVwrV
|-
|
|
|hair
|*nVwrV
|-
|-
|
|
|cloud *bVl(w)V
|hair
|*ŋVjV
|-
|
|
|hair
|*p`un(́)V
|-
|-
|
|
|cloud *bVl(w)V
|hair
|*p`un(́)V
|-
|
|
|hair
|*pUdV
|-
|-
|
|
|coals, burn *CuxLV
|hair
|*sVHrV
|-
|
|
|hair
|*sVHrV
|-
|-
|
|
|coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
|hair
|*ṭVrV
|-
|
|
|hair
|*ṭVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|cold *[z]VrV
|hair
|*k`VSV
|-
|
|
|hair, beard
|*Ḳila
|-
|-
|
|
|cold *KurV
|hair, eyebrow
|*burV
|-
|
|
|hair, feather
|*pUdV (*HapUdV)
|-
|-
|
|
|cold *KurV
|hair, hair of head
|*burV
|-
|
|
|hair, head
|*q̇irV
|-
|-
|
|
|cold *SVŋV
|hair, rope
|*ŋVjV
|-
|
|
|hair, stalk
|*Ḳila
|-
|-
|
|
|cold *ʒ́VrV
|hair, tail
|*sVPV
|-
|
|
|half, part
|*palV
|-
|-
|
|
|cold, frost *SVŋV
|hand
|
|*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
|-
|-
|
|
|come, go; rise *Horä
|hand
|*mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
|-
|
|
|hand(ful)
|*kompV
|-
|-
|
|
|coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
|hand, arm
|*bVgu
|-
|
|
|hand, arm
|*udV
|-
|-
|
|
|coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
|hand, bone
|*ŋVlV
|-
|
|
|hand, elbow
|*ŋVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
|hand, fist
|*ṗVnḳV
|-
|
|
|hand, limb
|*udV
|-
|-
|
|
|corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
|hard
|*ḳVmV
|-
|
|
|hard, bone
|*ḳVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|court, enclosure *dwVrV
|hard, firm
|*pVKV
|-
|
|
|harm, deceive
|*sogwV ( ~ š-)
|-
|-
|
|
|cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
|harsh, ragged
|*c`VrV
|-
|
|
|head
|*q̇irV
|-
|-
|
|
|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|head, back of head
|*ḳapV
|-
|
|
|hear
|*sVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|cover, close *ḳaṗV
|hear
|*SVmV
|-
|
|
|hear, ear
|*ḳiwlV
|-
|-
|
|
|crane *kar-/*ker-
|hear, ear; hear; ear
|*me-
|-
|
|
|heart
|*sVʎV(mV)
|-
|-
|
|
|crane *kar-/*ker-
|heart
|*śVʎV(mV)
|-
|
|
|heart, breast
|*ḳerdV
|-
|-
|
|
|crust *c`VrV
|heat
|*[H]indV
|-
|
|
|heavy, labour
|*mVnḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|curved, bent *ḳUrV
|herd
|*cVčV
|-
|
|
|high
|*berg[i]
|-
|-
|
|
|cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
|high
|*berg[i]
|-
|
|
|high
|*TVGV
|-
|-
|
|
|cut *ḳUṭV
|hill
|*tujpV
|-
|
|
|hill, rock
|*bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|-
|-
|
|
|cut *ḳVc`V
|hill, top
|*tujpV
|-
|
|
|hit
|*wVdV
|-
|-
|
|
|cut *kVlV
|hit
|*wVdV
|-
|
|
|hole
|*HangV (*wonkV)
|-
|-
|
|
|cut, sharp *CarV
|hole
|*k`VCV
|-
|
|
|hole
|*ḳUrV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark *HamV
|hole
|*wonkV
|-
|
|
|hole, cavity
|*ḳVwVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark *rVmV
|hole, empty
|*gop`a
|-
|
|
|hole, empty
|*gop`a
|-
|-
|
|
|dark *rVmV
|hole, mouth
|*k`VCV
|-
|
|
|hole, vulva
|*p`u[ṭ]V
|-
|-
|
|
|dark *sVmV
|hollow
|*HVlwV
|-
|
|
|hollow, cavity
|*HVlwV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark *ṭVmV
|hoof
|*ḳäṗV
|-
|
|
|hoof
|*ḳäṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark *ṭVmV
|hoof
|*sUdV
|-
|
|
|hoof
|*ṭUṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark, black *muṭV dark
|hoof, finger(nail); hoof
|*ṭUṗV
|-
|
|
|hoof, hoof deformation
|*c`UdV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark, black *mVCHV
|horn
|*ḳirV
|-
|
|
|horn
|*mVrgV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark, black *sVmV dark
|horn; root
|*mVrgV
|-
|
|
|horned animal
|*bVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|dark, cloudy *muṭV
|horned animal
|*bVrV
|-
|
|
|hot, warm
|*ṗäḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|house
|*pVrV
|-
|
|
|house
|*ʔU[ṭ]V
|-
|-
|
|
|dawn *gojńV
|house, village; village, hut
|*ḳojmV
|-
|
|
|humid, wet
|*mVk`V
|-
|-
|
|
|dawn, light *gojńV
|I, myself
|*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|-
|
|
|I, myself; we [first person pronoun]
|*ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|-
|-
|
|
|dawn, light *lVwŋV
|I, we [first person pronoun]
|*mV
|-
|
|
|ice, cold
|*jVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|dawn, noon *lVwŋV
|ice, cold
|*jVkV
|-
|
|
|ill, die
|*m[ä]rV
|-
|-
|
|
|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|ill, die
|*m[ä]rV
|-
|
|
|insect, vermine
|*tVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|day, shine *dʷVjɣV
|insect, vermine
|*tVkV
|-
|
|
|insect, worm
|*ḳwVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|day, sun, light *ŋera
|insect, worm
|*lVŋV
|-
|
|
|inside, stomach
|*ʔudV
|-
|-
|
|
|decease *ŋVwV
|interrogative or relative pronoun
|*ŋiV
|-
|
|
|interrogative or relative pronoun
|*ŋiV
|-
|-
|
|
|deer *mVnV
|interrogative pronoun
|*ḳV
|-
|
|
|interrogative pronoun
|*mV
|-
|-
|
|
|deer *ʔelV
|intestine
|*[c']VlV
|-
|
|
|intestine
|*ć'VlV
|-
|-
|
|
|deer *ʔelV
|intestine
|*ḳUʒwV
|-
|
|
|intestines
|*ḳUʒ́wV
|-
|-
|
|
|deer, antilope *ʔoru
|intestines; stomach, intestines
|*ḳVmV
|-
|
|
|intestines
|*lVŋ(d)V
|-
|-
|
|
|deer, he-goat *pOgV
|intestines
|*oŕV
|-
|
|
|jaw, palate
|*ʔVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|demonstr. pronoun *mV
|jaw, palate
|*ʔVŋV
|-
|
|
|joint, limb
|*bVgu
|-
|-
|
|
|demonstr. pronoun *mV
|joy
|*bVjV
|-
|
|
|joy, desire
|*bVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
|juice, ferment
|*sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|-
|
|
|jump, run
|*lVKV
|-
|-
|
|
|demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
|kidney, heart
|*lVŋ(d)V
|-
|
|
|kill
|*KolV
|-
|-
|
|
|demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
|kill
|*ḳVwχV
|-
|
|
|knee
|*bVl(m)V
|-
|-
|
|
|demonstrative pronoun *sV
|knee, ankle
|*sVnV
|-
|
|
|knife, cut, break
|*kUŋ[d]V
|-
|-
|
|
|dew, liquid *rVCV
|know
|*ṭanV
|-
|
|
|know, hear; know
|*ṭanV (*-ŋ-)
|-
|-
|
|
|die, finish *muṭV
|know, name
|*nerV
|-
|
|
|large fish
|*lVmbV
|-
|-
|
|
|die, starve *HwelV
|large predator
|*zīwe(ŋkV)
|-
|
|
|large predator
|*zīwe(ŋkV)
|-
|-
|
|
|die; kill *nek'-
|large, heavy
|*sUrV
|-
|
|
|large, heavy
|*sUrV
|-
|-
|
|
|dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|laugh
|*gUlV
|-
|
|
|laugh, merry
|*gUlV
|-
|-
|
|
|direction, road *gwVCV
|leaf
|*bolV
|-
|
|
|leaf
|*bolV
|-
|-
|
|
|direction, road, pass *gwVCV
|leaf
|*lVṗV
|-
|
|
|leaf tree
|*ṗVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *böḳa
|leaf tree
|*ṗVlV
|-
|
|
|leaf, bark
|*lVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *c`VrV
|leaf, branch
|*HelV
|-
|
|
|leaf, flower; bud
|*pòŋa ( ~ *p`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *c`VrV
|leaf; reed
|*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|-
|
|
|leg
|*ɫaḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *kodV
|leg
|*ɫaḳV
|-
|
|
|leg, arm
|*ḳVwlV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *kodV
|leg, limb
|*ḳVwlV
|-
|
|
|level ground
|*ṭalV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt *lVḳwV
|lick
|*laḳV
|-
|
|
|lick
|*laḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt, earth *magV
|lick
|*lašV
|-
|
|
|lick
|*lašV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
|lick, drink
|*talV
|-
|
|
|lie
|*ḳVwjV
|-
|-
|
|
|dirt, faeces *SVḳV
|light, burn
|*Howri
|-
|
|
|light, burn
|*Howri
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *KUCV
|light, loose
|*SulV
|-
|
|
|light, shine
|*HVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ḳVpV
|light, shine
|*HVlV
|-
|
|
|light, shine
|*jVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ḳVpV
|light, shine
|*jVḳV
|-
|
|
|light, shine
|*mVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ŋindV
|limb
|*ṗVHdV
|-
|
|
|lip, soft excrescence
|*kanpV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ŋindV
|lip, soft excrescence
|*kanpV
|-
|
|
|liquid
|*GurV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog *ŋVḳV
|liquid
|*GurV
|-
|
|
|liquid
|*lVṭV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf *bVrV
|liquid
|*lVṭV
|-
|
|
|liquid
|*sVwV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf *KUCV
|liquid
|*śVwV
|-
|
|
|liquid, dirt
|*lVḳwV
|-
|-
|
|
|dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
|liquid, flow
|*L[ä]jV
|-
|
|
|liver
|*pi̯ā̀ki
|-
|-
|
|
|dream *CVm(ŋ)V
|liver
|*ponta
|-
|
|
|liver, belly
|*tVrV(ŋV)
|-
|-
|
|
|drink *jVgU
|liver, intestines; blood, marrow
|*mVLV
|-
|
|
|lizard, slug
|*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|-
|-
|
|
|drink, liquid *CUtV
|lizard, worm
|*mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|-
|
|
|loins, groin
|*zVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|drink, swallow *ʔEmV
|long
|*tel(ḥ)V
|-
|
|
|long
|*tel(ḥ)V
|-
|-
|
|
|drink, water *HVṗV
|long bone
|*śVnV
|-
|
|
|long hair, tail
|*[s]VPV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *gwVlV
|long, far
|*ḳUlV
|-
|
|
|long, high
|*HVgU
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|long, wide
|*wVŕV
|-
|
|
|long, wide
|*wVŕV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
|loose
|*SulV
|-
|
|
|loose(n)
|*lVCV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *kVkV
|louse
|*pVN(T)V
|-
|
|
|louse
|*ṭäjV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
|louse
|*ṭäjV
|-
|
|
|louse, nit
|*ñejV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *KVmV
|love, good
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|
|luminary
|*mVnzV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *ḳVs(w)V
|luminary
|*mVnʒ́V
|-
|
|
|lung, liver
|*pVjLV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *sušV
|lung, spleen
|*pVjLV
|-
|
|
|male
|*gVntV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry *śušV dry
|male
|*gVntV
|-
|
|
|male, male child
|*mVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
|man
|*ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|-
|
|
|man
|*mänV
|-
|-
|
|
|dung, mud *ḳorV
|man
|*mänV
|-
|
|
|many
|*m[o]nV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust *bur(H)V
|many
|*m[o]nV
|-
|
|
|many
|*ṗalV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust *bur(H)V
|many
|*ṗV(H)-
|-
|
|
|many, big
|*bVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
|many, full
|*ṗalV
|-
|
|
|marsh
|*[sw]VjmV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
|marsh, uncultivated land
|*[sw]VjmV
|-
|
|
|marten
|*ḳ[u]nV
|-
|-
|
|
|dust, dirt *böḳa
|marten
|*ḳ[u]nV
|-
|
|
|meat
|*ńVḳV(rV)
|-
|-
|
|
|dwelling *gülV
|meat
|*sUḳV
|-
|
|
|meat
|*ʔomsV
|-
|-
|
|
|dwelling *gülV
|meat
|*ʔomśV
|-
|
|
|meat, animal
|*cVč𝑉čV
|-
|-
|
|
|ear *KVrWV
|meat, deer
|*sUḳV
|-
|
|
|meat, liver
|*mVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|ear *KVrWV
|meat, liver
|*mVḳV
|-
|
|
|meat, roe, intestines
|*ńVḳV(rV)
|-
|-
|
|
|early *ʔVCV
|member of the clan
|*ʔarV
|-
|
|
|moisture
|*mVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|early *ʔVrV
|moisture
|*mVtV
|-
|
|
|moon, heavenly body
|*ṭVlgV(nV)
|-
|-
|
|
|early *ʔVrV
|moon, luminary
|*ṭVlgV(nV)
|-
|
|
|morning
|*ṗuKdV
|-
|-
|
|
|early, dawn *ʔVcwV
|morning / evening
|*HamV
|-
|
|
|morning ~ evening
|*SVKV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth *DVG-
|morning, clear sky
|*ŋańV
|-
|
|
|moth
|*kuńV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth *DVG-
|mother
|*ʔVjV
|-
|
|
|mother
|*ʔVjV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth *magV
|mother
|*ʔVmV
|-
|
|
|mother, woman
|*ʔVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|mountain
|*balV
|-
|
|
|mountain
|*malV
|-
|-
|
|
|earth, dust *ṭVŕV
|mountain
|*malV
|-
|
|
|mountain
|*wVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|eat *tin- 'eat'
|mountain
|*wVrV
|-
|
|
|mountain, high
|*TVGV
|-
|-
|
|
|eat *UNV
|mountain, hill
|*balV
|-
|
|
|mountain, hill
|*gʷVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|eat, drink *UNV
|mountain, hill
|*gʷVrV
|-
|
|
|mountain, top
|*ṗVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
|mountain, top
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|
|mouse
|*cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *Hońća
|mouse, squirrel
|*CVḳV (*cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|-
|
|
|mouse, squirrel
|*gʷVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *HońcV
|mouth
|*[s]UwV
|-
|
|
|mouth, hole
|*HVwV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|mouth, hole
|*HVwV
|-
|
|
|mouth; eat
|*č`VmV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *ṗerV
|mouth; speak
|*ʔVpV
|-
|
|
|mouth; to speak
|*ʔVpV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *PVlV
|mud, dung
|*ḳorV
|-
|
|
|mud; gum, resin
|*ṗoŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)
|multitude; be satiated
|*HVwV
|-
|
|
|mushroom, fungus
|*pUtV
|-
|-
|
|
|edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|mushroom, sponge
|*pUtV
|-
|
|
|naked, take off clothes
|*luku
|-
|-
|
|
|edge, side *ṗerV
|name
|*ĺVm(ŋ)V
|-
|
|
|name
|*ĺVm(ŋ)V
|-
|-
|
|
|egg *ṭUĺV
|name
|*ṗVtV
|-
|
|
|name, call
|*ṗVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|egg *ṭUĺV
|name, shape
|*šamV
|-
|
|
|nape, back
|*[s]VKV
|-
|-
|
|
|elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
|nape, back
|*śVKV
|-
|
|
|nape; back
|*dVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|elbow, knee *küjnV
|narrow
|*č`VnV
|-
|
|
|narrow
|*ṭijV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
|narrow, thin
|*č`VnV
|-
|
|
|near
|*ʔVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder brother/sister *eńV
|neck
|*ḳVlV
|-
|
|
|neck, collar
|*kVŋkV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV)
|neck, throat
|*HVŋV
|-
|
|
|neck, throat
|*ḳVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder relative *ʔaḳV
|neck, vertebra
|*nVKV
|-
|
|
|negative particle
|*ʔVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|elder relative *ʔVṭV
|negative particle
|*ʔVlV
|-
|
|
|negative verb
|*ʔe
|-
|-
|
|
|elm *ʔilVmV
|new
|*žVjŋV
|-
|
|
|new, fresh
|*CVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *gErV
|new, good
|*žVjŋV
|-
|
|
|new, young
|*CVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *gVrdV
|new, young
|*wVlV
|-
|
|
|night
|*HUdV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *gVrdV
|night
|*kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|-
|
|
|night
|*lVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|night
|*lVlV
|-
|
|
|night, dawn; morning, clear sky
|*ŋańV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure, yard *dwVrV
|night, sleep
|*HUdV
|-
|
|
|night, sleep
|*zVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|enclosure, yard *gErV
|night, sleep
|*ʒ́iNV
|-
|
|
|night, sleep
|*ʔamV
|-
|-
|
|
|end; mouth *[s]UwV
|nit
|*ñejV
|-
|
|
|nit, louse
|*sajrV
|-
|-
|
|
|enemy *ḳarV
|nit, louse
|*sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|-
|
|
|nose
|*ḳVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|enemy *ḳarV
|nose
|*ḳVŋV
|-
|
|
|nose
|*ne(H)wRV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening *SVKV
|nose
|*ŋVkCV
|-
|
|
|nose
|*wiKV (*ujKV)
|-
|-
|
|
|evening *sVrV
|nose
|*wiKV (*ujKV)
|-
|
|
|nose, nostril
|*CVxrV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening *ʒwVṗV
|nose, nostril
|*cwVxrV
|-
|
|
|not
|*ʔVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
|not, negative particle
|*ʔVnV
|-
|
|
|not, negative verb
|*ʔe
|-
|-
|
|
|extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
|notch, sign
|*gVrVbV
|-
|
|
|now; new
|*nVwV
|-
|-
|
|
|eye, see *HuḲa
|now; new
|*nVwV
|-
|
|
|numerous, full
|*tVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|eye, see *HuḲa
|nut, fruit; nut
|*ar-
|-
|
|
|old
|*gwVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|eye, see *HwVlV
|old
|*gwVrV
|-
|
|
|old
|*zVr(d)V
|-
|-
|
|
|eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
|one
|*sem-
|-
|
|
|one
|*ʔUdV
|-
|-
|
|
|face *mVŋV
|one
|*ʔUdV
|-
|
|
|one
|*ʔVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, chin *kVṗV
|one
|*ʔVrV
|-
|
|
|one, finger
|*dwV(j)ḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, forehead *pVNV
|one, finger
|*dwV(j)ḳV
|-
|
|
|one, self
|*ʔo(ŋ)nV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, head *mVĺV
|onion, odorous grass
|*sUŋV
|-
|
|
|open
|*ṗan[c]V
|-
|-
|
|
|face, head *mVṭV
|open space
|*ʔVrHV
|-
|
|
|open space
|*ʔVrHV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, head *pVNV
|open, hole
|*HangV
|-
|
|
|open; hole
|*ʔaḳa
|-
|-
|
|
|face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
|order, custom
|*nerV
|-
|
|
|original place
|*ni̯VnV
|-
|-
|
|
|face, skin on head *mVṭV
|other; other side
|*aĺV
|-
|
|
|other
|*gUjV
|-
|-
|
|
|fall *ḳVtV
|other
|*gwVjV
|-
|
|
|pain, wound
|*mVnḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|fall, descend *HewV
|painful state, grief
|*gilV
|-
|
|
|painful state, grief
|*gilV
|-
|-
|
|
|fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
|pair, one of a pair
|*gagtV
|-
|
|
|palate, tongue
|*ŋVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|far; next *ḳUlV
|palate, tongue
|*ŋVnV
|-
|
|
|palm; hand 1, palm 2
|*caʷlǝʒǝ- 1, *cälmǝ 2
|-
|-
|
|
|fart *PV[s]V
|palm (of hand)
|*ṗVlŋV
|-
|
|
|palm of hand, handful
|*ṗVlŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|fart *PVSV
|part of face
|*ńVjlV
|-
|
|
|part of nose
|*ŋVk[čw]V
|-
|-
|
|
|fat *gwVjV
|part of nose
|*t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-)
|-
|
|
|part of shoulder
|*čVKV
|-
|-
|
|
|fat *gwVjV
|part of shoulder, joint
|*čVKV
|-
|
|
|paw, grasp
|*gEpSV
|-
|-
|
|
|fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
|paw, hand
|*gEpčwV
|-
|
|
|peg, nail
|*ɣoŋɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|father *aṗV
|peg, nail (bite 1; break, peck 2)
|*ḳUjḳV (*kikV 1; *ḳVkV 2)
|-
|
|
|peg, root
|*ḳUjḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|father *aṗV
|penis
|*bVĺV
|-
|
|
|penis
|*bVĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|feather *ṗVĺV
|penis
|*ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|-
|
|
|penis
|*ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (*pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|-
|-
|
|
|feather, tail *ṗVĺV
|people, army
|*čVbV
|-
|
|
|place
|*baja
|-
|-
|
|
|female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|place
|*baja
|-
|
|
|pleasure, satisfaction
|*ṭVrṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|female *ṗenV
|plenty, abundant
|*malV
|-
|
|
|pond
|*küɫä
|-
|-
|
|
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|pond
|*küɫä
|-
|
|
|pool, low ground
|*laḳwV
|-
|-
|
|
|female genitalia *mVṭV
|pool, low ground
|*laḳwV
|-
|
|
|pot
|*ṗVdV
|-
|-
|
|
|female in-law *kälU
|pot
|*ṗVdV
|-
|
|
|pot
|*pVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|female in-law *kälU
|pray
|*mVlV
|-
|
|
|prohibitive / negative particle
|*ma
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *eńV
|prohibitive particle, not
|*ma
|-
|
|
|pus, rot
|*[č]iru
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *mVjNV
|pus, rot
|*Ciru
|-
|
|
|push, move
|*ńukV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *mVjNV
|quick
|*ṭurV
|-
|
|
|quick
|*ṭurV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *natV
|quick, swift
|*pV[ṭ]V
|-
|
|
|rain, fog, steam
|*musV
|-
|-
|
|
|female relative *natV
|rain, pour
|*HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (*rVCV)
|-
|
|
|rare
|*HVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
|rare, new; rare
|*HVrV
|-
|
|
|reed
|*HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|-
|-
|
|
|fight, kill *HwelV
|relative-in-law
|*tajV
|-
|
|
|ring, hook
|*ḳVCV (*kVCV)
|-
|-
|
|
|finger *pVrV
|ring, spool
|*ḳVč`V
|-
|
|
|rise
|*ŋwVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|rise, stand up
|*HVgU
|-
|
|
|rise, up
|*ʔVpV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, claw *č`wVṗV
|rise, up
|*ʔVpV
|-
|
|
|road
|*ʔur(H)V
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, fingernail *pVrV
|road
|*ʔur(H)V
|-
|
|
|road, walk
|*mVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|finger, toe *ḳVrV
|rod, strap
|*lVgV
|-
|
|
|rod, strap
|*lVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *CVCxV
|roe; inside
|*t`VrV(ŋV)
|-
|
|
|root, bone
|*tV(H)mV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *dʷVɣV
|root, bone
|*tV(H)mV
|-
|
|
|root, herb
|*wVr[t]V
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *dʷVɣV
|root, herb
|*wVr[t]V
|-
|*aʡul°
|root, seed > settlement
|*aHulV
|-
|
|
|root, sprout
|*ḲurV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *ṗVxwV
|root, stalk
|*ḲurV
|-
|
|
|rope, thread
|*wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *ṗVxwV
|round
|*ḳoĺV
|-
|
|
|round
|*ḳoĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire *zVcwxV
|round
|*ṭompV
|-
|
|
|round, convex
|*ṭompV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *HenkV
|rump, buttocks
|*kuNṭV
|-
|
|
|rump, neck
|*nVKV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *HenkV
|run
|*bok[a]
|-
|
|
|run
|*bok[a]
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *nVjV
|run, drive
|*ʔurKV
|-
|
|
|sack, bag
|*lVmV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ŋera
|salt
|*CalV
|-
|
|
|salt, bitter
|*sVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ṗVrV
|salt, sea
|*čwalV
|-
|
|
|salty, sour
|*č`VmV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ʔumV
|salty, sour
|*cwVwVrV
|-
|
|
|sand
|*ki[ǯ]V
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, burn *ʔumV
|sand
|*kiCV
|-
|
|
|satisfaction
|*ṭVrṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|say
|*tVHV
|-
|
|
|say, call
|*wVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|fire, warmth *lVmV
|say, sound
|*čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|-
|
|
|say, sound
|*čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|first p. pron. *ŋV
|scab
|*pVkV
|-
|
|
|scatter, sift
|*ś(w)VcwV
|-
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun *mV
|scrape, scraper
|*ḳwVnCV
|-
|
|
|scrape, scraper
|*ḳwVncwV
|-
|-
|
|
|first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
|scratch
|*wVrcwV
|-
|
|
|scratch, scrape
|*ḳVSV
|-
|-
|
|
|fish *č`VHmV
|scratch, scrape
|*wVrcwV
|-
|
|
|sea
|*jamV
|-
|-
|
|
|fish *dVgV
|sea, shallow
|*sVjɣwV
|-
|
|
|sea, water
|*jamV
|-
|-
|
|
|fish *dVgV
|sea, water
|*sVjɣwV
|-
|
|
|second person pronoun
|*χwV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist *mVǯHV
|second person pronoun, thou
|*nV
|-
|
|
|second person pronoun, thou
|*si
|-
|-
|
|
|fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
|second person pronoun, thou
|*ṭ[u]
|-
|
|
|see, eye
|*ʔVnjV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist, wrist *kompV
|seed, kin
|*ṗVrV
|-
|
|
|seed, kin
|*ṗVrV
|-
|-
|
|
|fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
|seed; to sift
|*sVjHV
|-
|
|
|seize
|*HamV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *lVṗV
|self
|*ʔo(ŋ)nV
|-
|
|
|separate, split
|*bedV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *lVṗV
|settlement
|*aHulV
|-
|
|
|settlement
|*palVHV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *ṭaPV
|settlement
|*palVHV
|-
|
|
|shape
|*šamV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat *ṭaPV
|sharp
|*Hoḳi
|-
|
|
|sharp object
|*CVNV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|sharp point, tooth
|*Hoḳi
|-
|
|
|sharp stick
|*c`iĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat, level *ṗVlHV
|sharp stick
|*c`iĺV
|-
|
|
|sharp, to whet
|*pVxwV
|-
|-
|
|
|flat, plain *ṭalV
|sharp, to whet
|*pVxwV
|-
|
|
|shell
|*kV(n)ḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|shell, bark
|*kV(n)ḳV
|-
|
|
|shin, shank
|*ḳVnčV
|-
|-
|
|
|flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
|shin, thigh
|*ḳVnčV
|-
|
|
|shine, bright
|*bVrḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
|shine, burn
|*mVlV
|-
|
|
|shine, burn (several roots)
|*belV
|-
|-
|
|
|flesh, fat *c`ebV
|shine, glitter
|*belV
|-
|
|
|shine, glitter
|*laṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|flesh, fat *swVĺV
|shine, light
|*bVɣV
|-
|
|
|shine, light
|*bVɣV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow *ńVjrV
|shine; burn
|*leuk-
|-
|
|
|shoulder
|*tVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow *ńVjrV
|shoulder, arm
|*tVlV
|-
|
|
|shoulder, shoulder-blade
|*ṗVŋV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow, gush *bVlV
|shout; shout, roar
|*rewǝ-
|-
|
|
|show, point at
|*tVjḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|flow, gush *bVlV
|sick, ill
|*ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|-
|
|
|side
|*bVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly *ṗarV
|side (of body)
|*bVḳV
|-
|
|
|sinew; root
|*SirV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly *ṗarV
|sinew; root
|*SirV
|-
|
|
|single, first
|*sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|-
|-
|
|
|fly, flea *ṗVlV
|single; apart, asunder
|*sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|-
|
|
|sister, woman
|*SäwCV
|-
|-
|
|
|fly, midge *ṗVlV
|sister, woman
|*SäwCV
|-
|
|
|skin
|*ḲaĺV
|-
|-
|
|
|fog *musV
|skin
|*ḲaĺV
|-
|
|
|skin
|*perV
|-
|-
|
|
|food *HVlV
|skin
|*perV
|-
|
|
|skin
|*ṗVtV
|-
|-
|
|
|food, eat *HVlV
|skin
|*ṗVtV
|-
|
|
|skin
|*ṭVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|foolish, deceive *tVlV
|skin
|*ṭVlV
|-
|
|
|skin, bark
|*pVkV
|-
|-
|
|
|foot, knee *bVl(m)V
|skin, crust, peel
|*kamV
|-
|
|
|skin, hair
|*ṭVwq̇V
|-
|-
|
|
|foot, sole *ṗVHdV
|skin, hair on body
|*ṭVwq̇V
|-
|
|
|skin, husk
|*kamV
|-
|-
|
|
|foot, toe *ḳVrV
|skull
|*ḳapV
|-
|
|
|sky, cloud
|*HaḳumV
|-
|-
|
|
|forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
|sky, cloud
|*HaḳumV
|-
|
|
|slanting
|*kVCV
|-
|-
|
|
|four *NVlV
|sleep
|*ʔamV
|-
|
|
|slide, creep
|*[ʒ]VlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fox *[čw]VlɣV
|slime
|*SVlV
|-
|
|
|slime, dirt
|*SVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
|small
|*cVḳV
|-
|
|
|small
|*CVḳV
|-
|-
|
|
|fragile *lVmV
|small
|*ḳVṭV
|-
|
|
|small
|*ṭijV
|-
|-
|
|
|fringe, thread *sVŋV
|small bird
|*ciṗV
|-
|
|
|small bird
|*ciṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
|small female animal
|*ṗenV
|-
|
|
|small, thin, short
|*ṭVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|frog *gwVrV
|small, young
|*ḳVṭV
|-
|
|
|small; child
|*pVwjV
|-
|-
|
|
|frog *gwVrV
|small; child
|*pVwjV
|-
|
|
|smear
|*cwVHmV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *HalV
|smear, fat
|*mVjrV
|-
|
|
|smear, fat
|*mVjrV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *HanṭV
|smear; fat
|*ć`ämV
|-
|
|
|smell
|*[s]VwHV
|-
|-
|
|
|front *HanṭV
|smell
|*ṗunV
|-
|
|
|smell
|*sun(g)V
|-
|-
|
|
|front *ʔedV front, breast
|smell
|*śun(g)V
|-
|
|
|smell, breathe, smoke
|*ṗunV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, breast *mVńV
|smile
|*mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|-
|
|
|smoke
|*ǯun[k]V
|-
|-
|
|
|front, breast *mVńV
|smoke
|*ǯun[k]V
|-
|
|
|smoke, cloud
|*nVbV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, breast *ʔedV
|smoke, cloud
|*nVbV
|-
|
|
|smooth
|*gVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|front, nose *newRV
|something sharp
|*CVNV
|-
|
|
|snake
|*nētr-
|-
|-
|
|
|front, outside *HalV
|snake
|*ṗVjmV
|-
|
|
|snake
|*ʔanKV
|-
|-
|
|
|frost, cold *pič`V
|snake
|*ʔanKV
|-
|
|
|snake, eel
|*lVmbV
|-
|-
|
|
|frozen snow *čVgV
|soft, fragile
|*lVmV
|-
|
|
|soft, mild
|*mVlV
|-
|-
|
|
|frozen snow *čVgV
|soft, weak
|*lVjńV
|-
|
|
|soft, wet
|*LVṗV
|-
|-
|
|
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|soft, wet
|*LVṗV
|-
|
|
|soul, breath; steam, spirit
|*mùsi
|-
|-
|
|
|fruit *bVrq̇wV
|sour
|*CVwVrV
|-
|
|
|sour, bitter
|*č`VmV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *HVp`V
|sour, ferment
|*sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|-
|
|
|span
|*ṭVgV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *HVPVTV
|span
|*ṭVgV
|-
|
|
|speak, say, sound
|*jVnV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *malV
|speak, sound
|*jVnV
|-
|
|
|spin, twist
|*ṗuNV
|-
|-
|
|
|full *ṭVngV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|full *ṭVngV
|spirit *cwVnV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|full *tVrV
|spit *ṭupV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|spit *ṭupV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|full, all *wV(n)CV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|full, fill *ṭVmV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|furrow *HarV
|spleen *lVṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|furrow, hoe *HarV
|spleen *lVṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|genitalia *ḳUṭV
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|genitalia *ḳUṭV
|split *cVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|get in pairs, pair > two *malV
|split, tear off *CVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|get, obtain *ga
|spread *ṗVrjV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
|spread, long *pVdV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|give *ćwVHV
|spring *PVnV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|glue *[c]VbV
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|glue, join *ćabV
|sprinkle *p`isV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
|stalk *kanVbV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|go, come *HVjV
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|go, follow *HVjV
|stand *čwVrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
|star *dVštV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|goat, deer *ʔoru
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|goat, ram, deer *pOgV
|star, moon *dV[š]tV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good *mVlV
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good *näḳi
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good (of soul) *näḳi
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good, big *bVtV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good, fit *dUgV
|stick *bVč`V
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good, new *wVlV
|stick *ḳVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good, proper *ʔVjV
|stick *ḳVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|good, take care *ʔVjsV
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|goose *ĺVkĺVkV
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grain *SVrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grain *SVrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grasp *kamV
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grasp *kamV
|stone *ḳElV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grasp, seize, press *HamV
|stone *kiwV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grass *kuCu
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grass, reed *ćVmV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grass, twigs *c`UlV
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grass, vegetables *kuč`u
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grey *c'VjrV
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grey *c'VjrV
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grind *nVq̇V
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|grind *nVq̇V
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums
|stump *ṭumgV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|guts, inside *oŕV
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hack *ṭanV
|suck *SUṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *cVḳV
|suck *zUkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *k`VSV
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|sufficient, complete *eli
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *nVwrV
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *nVwrV
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *ŋVjV
|swamp *laHm[u]
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *p`un(́)V
|swamp *laHm[u]
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *p`un(́)V
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *pUdV
|sweet *cwVtu
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *sVHrV
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *sVHrV
|tail *ḳudV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *ṭVrV
|tail *ḳudV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *ṭVrV
|tail *toḳE
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair *k`VSV
|tail *toḳE
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, beard *Ḳila
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, eyebrow *burV
|tail, back *śVrV back
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, feather *pUdV (*HapUdV)
|take *ga
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, hair of head *burV
|take *ʔanV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, head *q̇irV
|take, bring *gerV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, rope *ŋVjV
|take, bring *tVKV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, stalk *Ḳila
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hair, tail *sVPV
|take, get *gVṭV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|half, part *palV
|take, grasp *kantV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)
|taste *ṭVHmV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand(ful) *kompV
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand, arm *bVgu
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand, arm *udV
|ten, many *ṗV(H)-
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand, bone *ŋVlV
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand, elbow *ŋVlV
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hand, limb *udV
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hard *ḳVmV
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hard, bone *ḳVmV
|that, this *ʔu
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hard, firm *pVKV
|that, this *ʔu
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (probably *Ha that, *He this)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|harsh, ragged *c`VrV
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|head *q̇irV
|thick *ṭVkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|head, back of head *ḳapV
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hear *sVmV
|thick, swell *bongä
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hear *SVmV
|thick, swell *bongä
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hear, ear *ḳiwlV
|thigh *bVgtV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'
|thigh *bVgtV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|heart *sVʎV(mV)
|thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|heart *śVʎV(mV)
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|heart, breast *ḳerdV
|thin *cUṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|heat *[H]indV
|thin *ṭVnV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|heavy, labour *mVnḳV
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|herd *cVčV
|thing *HVdV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|high *berg[i]
|thing; interrogative stem *HVdV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|high *berg[i]
|third person pronoun *sV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|high *TVGV
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hill *tujpV
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|this *ḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hill, top *tujpV
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hit *wVdV
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hit *wVdV
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole *k`VCV
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole *ḳUrV
|thou (oblique forms) [second person pronoun] *χwV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole *wonkV
|thou [second person pronoun] *nV thou
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
|thou [second person pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole, empty *gop`a
|throat *HVŋV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole, empty *gop`a
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole, mouth *k`VCV
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hollow *HVlwV
|tickle *cVḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hollow, cavity *HVlwV
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hoof *ḳäṗV
|tip, spout *CVCV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hoof *ḳäṗV
|tip, spout *čVčV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hoof *sUdV
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hoof *ṭUṗV
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|horn *ḳirV
|to be *buHi
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|horn *mVrgV
|to be *woɣlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|horn; root *mVrgV
|to be *woɣlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|horned animal *bVrV
|to be *ʔa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|horned animal *bVrV
|to be *ʔa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|hot, warm *ṗäḳV
|to be *ʔesA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|house *pVrV
|to be *ʔesA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|house *ʔU[ṭ]V
|to be angry *kVCV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|house, village *ḳojmV village, hut
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|humid, wet *mVk`V
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV
|to be visible *HwVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|ice, cold *jVkV
|to be well *c`olHV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|ice, cold *jVkV
|to be well *ColHV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|ill, die *m[ä]rV
|to be, live *ʔelA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|ill, die *m[ä]rV
|to be, live *ʔelA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|insect, vermine *tVkV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|insect, vermine *tVkV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
|to bear *ṭVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|insect, worm *lVŋV
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|inside, stomach *ʔudV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|interrogative pronoun *ḳV
|to bend *büḲa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|interrogative pronoun *mV
|to bend *cVḳV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestine *[c']VlV
|to bend *Garḳu
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestine *ć'VlV
|to bend *Garḳu
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestine *ḳUʒwV
|to bend *guḳa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
|to bend *guḳa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines
|to bend *güpA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestines *lVŋ(d)V
|to bend *ḳVlV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|intestines *oŕV
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|joint, limb *bVgu
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|joy *bVjV
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|joy, desire *bVjV
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|jump, run *lVKV
|to bite *kikV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|kill *KolV
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|
|-
|
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|kill *ḳVwχV
|to blow *dVwɣV
|
|-
|
|to blow *p`uSV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|knee *bVl(m)V
|to blow *p`uSV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|knee, ankle *sVnV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|know *ṭanV
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|know, name *nerV
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|large fish *lVmbV
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|-
|
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|
|-
|
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|
|-
|
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|
|-
|
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|
|-
|
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|
|-
|
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|
|-
|
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *HwinV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|-
|
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|
|-
|
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
|
|-
|
|to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
|
|-
|
|to burn *dekO
|
|-
|
|to burn *dekO
|
|-
|
|to burn *Hase
|
|-
|
|to burn *HaSe
|
|-
|
|to burn *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|
|-
|
|to burn *ṭülV
|
|-
|
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|-
|
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|
|-
|
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|
|-
|
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|
|-
|
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|
|-
|
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|
|-
|
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|
|-
|
|to call *CVḥV
|
|-
|
|to call *gVjwV
|
|-
|
|to call *gVjwV
|
|-
|
|to call *ḳErV
|
|-
|
|to call *ḳErV
|
|-
|
|to care *č`VrV
|
|-
|
|to care *čVrV
|
|-
|
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|
|-
|
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|
|-
|
|to chew *käjwV (-b-)
|
|-
|
|to collect, count *lVkV
|
|-
|
|to collect, count *lVkV
|
|-
|
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|
|-
|
|to complete *muṭV
|
|-
|
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|
|-
|
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|
|-
|-
|
|
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
|large, heavy *sUrV
|large, heavy *sUrV
|laugh *gUlV
|laugh, merry *gUlV
|leaf *bolV
|leaf *bolV
|leaf *lVṗV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf tree *ṗVlV
|leaf, bark *lVṗV
|leaf, branch *HelV
|leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'
|leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg *ɫaḳV
|leg, arm *ḳVwlV
|leg, limb *ḳVwlV
|level ground *ṭalV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *laḳV
|lick *lašV ?
|lick *lašV ?
|lick, drink *talV
|lie *ḳVwjV
|light, burn *Howri
|light, burn *Howri
|light, loose *SulV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *HVlV
|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *jVḳV
|light, shine *mVlV
|limb *ṗVHdV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
|liquid *GurV
|liquid *GurV
|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *lVṭV
|liquid *sVwV
|liquid *śVwV
|liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
|liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
|liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver
|liver *ponta
|liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
|liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow?
|lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
|loins, groin *zVmV
|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long *tel(ḥ)V
|long bone *śVnV
|long hair, tail *[s]VPV
|long, far *ḳUlV
|long, high *HVgU
|long, wide *wVŕV
|long, wide *wVŕV
|loose *SulV
|loose(n) *lVCV
|louse *pVN(T)V ?
|louse *ṭäjV
|louse *ṭäjV
|louse, nit *ñejV
|love, good *ʔVjV
|luminary *mVnzV
|luminary *mVnʒ́V
|lung, liver *pVjLV
|lung, spleen *pVjLV
|male *gVntV
|male *gVntV
|male, male child *mVḳV
|man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
|man *mänV
|man *mänV
|many *m[o]nV
|many *m[o]nV
|many *ṗalV
|many *ṗV(H)- ?
|many, big *bVtV ?
|many, full *ṗalV
|marsh *[sw]VjmV
|marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|marten *ḳ[u]nV
|meat *ńVḳV(rV)
|meat *sUḳV
|meat *ʔomsV
|meat *ʔomśV
|meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
|meat, deer *sUḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, liver *mVḳV
|meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
|member of the clan *ʔarV
|moisture *mVtV
|moisture *mVtV
|moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
|moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
|morning *ṗuKdV (?)
|morning / evening *HamV
|morning ~ evening *SVKV
|morning, clear sky *ŋańV
|moth *kuńV ?
|mother *ʔVjV ?
|mother *ʔVjV ?
|mother *ʔVmV
|mother, woman *ʔVmV
|mountain *balV
|mountain *malV
|mountain *malV
|mountain *wVrV
|mountain *wVrV
|mountain, high *TVGV
|mountain, hill *balV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, hill *gʷVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mountain, top *ṗVrV
|mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
|mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
|mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
|mouth *[s]UwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth, hole *HVwV
|mouth; eat *č`VmV ?
|mouth; speak *ʔVpV
|mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
|mud, dung *ḳorV
|mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
|multitude; be satiated *HVwV
|mushroom, fungus *pUtV
|mushroom, sponge *pUtV
|naked, take off clothes *luku
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
|name *ṗVtV
|name, call *ṗVtV
|name, shape *šamV
|nape, back *[s]VKV
|nape, back *śVKV
|nape; back *dVgV
|narrow *č`VnV
|narrow *ṭijV
|narrow, thin *č`VnV
|near *ʔVbV
|neck *ḳVlV
|neck, collar *kVŋkV
|neck, throat *HVŋV
|neck, throat *ḳVlV
|neck, vertebra *nVKV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative particle *ʔVlV
|negative verb *ʔe
|new *žVjŋV
|new, fresh *CVrV
|new, good *žVjŋV
|new, young *CVrV
|new, young *wVlV
|night *HUdV
|night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
|night *lVlV
|night *lVlV
|night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'
|night, sleep *HUdV
|night, sleep *zVNV
|night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
|night, sleep *ʔamV
|nit *ñejV
|nit, louse *sajrV
|nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ḳVŋV
|nose *ne(H)wRV
|nose *ŋVkCV
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
|nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)
|nose, nostril *CVxrV
|nose, nostril *cwVxrV
|not *ʔVnV
|not, negative particle *ʔVnV
|not, negative verb *ʔe
|notch, sign *gVrVbV
|now; new *nVwV
|now; new *nVwV
|numerous, full *tVrV
|nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'
|old *gwVrV
|old *gwVrV
|old *zVr(d)V
|one *sem-
|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔUdV
|one *ʔVrV
|one *ʔVrV
|one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV
|one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
|open *ṗan[c]V
|open space *ʔVrHV
|open space *ʔVrHV
|open, hole *HangV
|open; hole *ʔaḳa
|order, custom *nerV
|original place *ni̯VnV
|other *aĺV other side
|other *gUjV
|other *gwVjV
|pain, wound *mVnḳV
|painful state, grief *gilV
|painful state, grief *gilV
|pair, one of a pair *gagtV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palate, tongue *ŋVnV
|palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm
|palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
|palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
|part of face *ńVjlV
|part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
|part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose
|part of shoulder *čVKV
|part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
|paw, grasp *gEpSV
|paw, hand *gEpčwV
|peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
|peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')
|peg, root *ḳUjḳV
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *bVĺV
|penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
|penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
|people, army *čVbV
|place *baja
|place *baja
|pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|plenty, abundant *malV
|pond *küɫä
|pond *küɫä
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pool, low ground *laḳwV
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *ṗVdV
|pot *pVNV
|pray *mVlV
|prohibitive / negative particle *ma
|prohibitive particle, not *ma
|pus, rot *[č]iru
|pus, rot *Ciru
|push, move *ńukV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick *ṭurV
|quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
|rain, fog, steam *musV ?
|rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)
|rare *HVrV
|rare, new *HVrV rare
|reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
|relative-in-law *tajV
|ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)
|ring, spool *ḳVč`V
|rise *ŋwVkV
|rise, stand up *HVgU
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|rise, up *ʔVpV
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road *ʔur(H)V
|road, walk *mVrV
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|rod, strap *lVgV ?
|roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
|root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV
|root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone (?)
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, herb *wVr[t]V
|root, seed > settlement *aHulV
|root, sprout *ḲurV
|root, stalk *ḲurV
|rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ḳoĺV
|round *ṭompV
|round, convex *ṭompV ?
|rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
|rump, neck *nVKV
|run *bok[a]
|run *bok[a]
|run, drive *ʔurKV
|sack, bag *lVmV
|salt *CalV
|salt, bitter *sVbV
|salt, sea *čwalV
|salty, sour *č`VmV
|salty, sour *cwVwVrV
|sand *ki[ǯ]V
|sand *kiCV
|satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
|say *tVHV
|say, call *wVḳV
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
|scab *pVkV
|scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
|scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
|scratch *wVrcwV
|scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
|scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
|sea *jamV
|sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
|sea, water *jamV
|sea, water *sVjɣwV
|second person pronoun *χwV
|second person pronoun, thou *nV
|second person pronoun, thou *si
|second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
|see, eye *ʔVnjV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed, kin *ṗVrV
|seed; to sift *sVjHV
|seize *HamV
|self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
|separate, split *bedV
|settlement *aHulV
|settlement *palVHV
|settlement *palVHV
|shape *šamV
|sharp *Hoḳi
|sharp object *CVNV
|sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp stick *c`iĺV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|sharp, to whet *pVxwV
|shell *kV(n)ḳV
|shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
|shin, shank *ḳVnčV
|shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
|shine, bright *bVrḳV
|shine, burn *mVlV
|shine, burn (several roots?) *belV
|shine, glitter *belV
|shine, glitter *laṗV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine, light *bVɣV
|shine; burn *leuk-
|shoulder *tVlV
|shoulder, arm *tVlV
|shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
|shout *rewǝ- shout, roar
|show, point at *tVjḳV
|sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
|side *bVḳV
|side (of body) *bVḳV
|sinew; root *SirV
|sinew; root *SirV
|single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|sister, woman? *SäwCV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *ḲaĺV
|skin *perV
|skin *perV
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṗVtV
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin *ṭVlV
|skin, bark *pVkV
|skin, crust, peel *kamV
|skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
|skin, husk *kamV
|skull *ḳapV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|sky, cloud *HaḳumV
|slanting *kVCV
|sleep *ʔamV
|slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
|slime *SVlV
|slime, dirt *SVlV
|small *cVḳV
|small *CVḳV
|small *ḳVṭV
|small *ṭijV
|small bird *ciṗV
|small bird *ciṗV
|small female animal *ṗenV
|small, thin, short *ṭVnV
|small, young *ḳVṭV
|small. child *pVwjV
|small. child *pVwjV
|smear *cwVHmV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear, fat *mVjrV
|smear; fat *ć`ämV
|smell *[s]VwHV
|smell *ṗunV
|smell *sun(g)V
|smell *śun(g)V
|smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
|smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke *ǯun[k]V
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smoke, cloud *nVbV
|smooth *gVlV
|smth. sharp *CVNV
|snake *nētr- 'snake'
|snake *ṗVjmV
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake *ʔanKV
|snake, eel *lVmbV
|soft, fragile *lVmV
|soft, mild *mVlV
|soft, weak *lVjńV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soft, wet *LVṗV
|soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'
|sour *CVwVrV
|sour, bitter *č`VmV
|sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
|span *ṭVgV
|span *ṭVgV
|speak, say, sound *jVnV
|speak, sound *jVnV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spin, twist *ṗuNV
|spirit *cwVnV
|spit *ṭupV
|spit *ṭupV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spit, fang *ḳiwHV
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|spleen *lVṗV ?
|spleen *tV(H)ʎV
|spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
|split *cVlV
|split, tear off *CVlV
|spread *ṗVrjV
|spread, extend *CVχrV
|spread, long *pVdV
|spring *PVnV
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
|sprinkle *p`iSV
|sprinkle *p`isV
|stalk *kanVbV
|stalk, peg *kanVbV
|stand *čwVrV
|star *dVštV
|star, luminary *HVzwVrV
|star, moon *dV[š]tV ?
|star, shine *HVźVrV
|stem, board *ṭVlV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
|stick *bVč`V
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick *ḳVlV
|stick into, pierce *bedV
|stick, pole *bVč`V
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stick, tree *ḳUrV
|stomach, intestines *ḳVmV ?
|stone *ḳElV
|stone *kiwV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone *ṭ/aj/lV
|stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
|stone, mountain *kiwV
|stone, rock *ḳElV
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|storm *burV ( >> *p-)
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stream, flow of water *Huwa
|stump *ṭumgV
|stump, trunk *ṭumgV
|suck *SUṗV
|suck *zUkV
|suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
|sufficient, complete *eli
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
|sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun'
|swamp *laHm[u]
|swamp *laHm[u]
|sweep *šwxVjṗV
|sweet *cwVtu
|sweet, tasty *cwVtu
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *ḳudV
|tail *toḳE
|tail *toḳE
|tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
|tail, back *śVrV back
|take *ga
|take *ʔanV
|take, bring *gerV
|take, bring *tVKV
|take, carry *ʔVpV
|take, get *gVṭV
|take, grasp *kantV
|take, seize *ʔVpV
|taste *ṭVHmV
|taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
|temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
|ten, many *ṗV(H)- ?
|tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
|testicle *ḳoĺV
|testiculus *ḳoĺV
|that, that near *ʔVbV
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔu
|that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)
|thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
|thick *ṭVkV
|thick, full *ṭVkV
|thick, swell *bongä
|thick, swell *bongä
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh *bVgtV
|thigh, leg (?) *ṗVǯkV
|thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
|thin *cUṗV
|thin *ṭVnV
|thin, narrow *ćUṗV
|thing *HVdV
|thing; interrog. stem *HVdV
|third person pronoun *sV
|this *cV ( ~ č-)
|this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
|this *ḳV
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|this *ʔi (*hi)
|thorn *ʒwVgV
|thorn *ʒ́wVgV
|thorny bush *NEḳrV
|thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV
|thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou
|thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]
|throat *HVŋV
|throat, intestines *kUṭV
|throat, swallow *kUlV
|throat, to swallow *kUlV
|tickle *cVḳV
|tie, weave *tVḳV
|tip, spout *CVCV
|tip, spout *čVčV
|to approach, follow *ŋāńi
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
|to bare teeth *mUCV
|to be *buHi
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *woɣlV
|to be *ʔa ?
|to be *ʔa ?
|to be *ʔesA
|to be *ʔesA
|to be angry *kVCV
|to be angry, hostile *kVCV
|to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
|to be mad, stupid *buḳV
|to be visible *HwVlV
|to be well *c`olHV
|to be well *ColHV
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to be, live *ʔelA
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *š[e]wV
|to bear *ṭVlV
|to bear, lift *ṭVlV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat *ṗVṭV
|to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
|to bend *büḲa
|to bend *cVḳV
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *Garḳu
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *guḳa
|to bend *güpA
|to bend *ḳVlV ?
|to bend *ḳVŋV
|to bend *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
|to bend, turn *KUrV
|to bend; hump, heap *güpA
|to bind, girdle *KuTV
|to bind, harness *taxlwV
|to bite *kikV
|to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
|to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
|to blink, shine, shade *CajV
|to blow *dVwɣV
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *p`uSV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow *ṗuɣV
|to blow, shake *dVwɣV
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to blow, winnow *Hewa
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, foam *ḳüpä
|to boil, roast *gVbV
|to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
|to bow, bend *cVḳV
|to break, crumble *ṗVSV
|to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
|to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
|to breathe *HwinV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to breathe *ʔanqV
|to burn */ḳ/alV
|to burn *ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV)
|to burn *cwVwV (?*HVwcwV)
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *dekO
|to burn *Hase
|to burn *HaSe
|to burn *ḳVńV
|to burn *ṗVdwV
|to burn *ṭülV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, bake *kVwrV
|to burn, boil *ḳVju
|to burn, flash *CVlV
|to burn, heat *gVbV
|to burn, sun *nVjV
|to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
|to call *CVḥV (?)
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *gVjwV
|to call *ḳErV
|to call *ḳErV
|to care *č`VrV
|to care *čVrV
|to change, borrow *HVrV
|to change, distribute *HVrV
|to chew *käjwV (?-b-)
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, count *lVkV
|to collect, put *ṗanV
|to complete *muṭV
|to cover *ḳa(j)dV
|to cover, protect *ḳVrV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|to covet sexually *gʷVnV
|
|-
|
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|to cross, other side *aĺV
|
|-
|
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|to crush *pi(u)čV
|
|-
|
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|to crush, press *ṗVjńV
|
|-
|
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
|
|-
|
|to cry *muɣrV
|to cry *muɣrV
|
|-
|
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|to cry, shout *ḳVwV
|
|-
|
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|to curse, be angry *jVrV
|
|-
|
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
|
|-
|
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|to cut *ḳVć`V
|
|-
|
|to cut *mVc`V
|to cut *mVc`V
|to cut *ṭanV ?
|
|-
|
|to cut *ṭanV
|
|-
|
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|
|-
|
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
|to cut, knife *kVlV ?
|
|-
|
|to cut, knife *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|to cut, sharp *CarV
|
|-
|
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|to cut, split *sVḳV
|
|-
|
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|to cut, split *śVḳV
|
|-
|
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|to cut, tear *mVCV
|
|-
|
|to deceive *tVlV
|to deceive *tVlV
|
|-
|
|to die, kill *KolV
|to die, kill *KolV
|
|-
|
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
|
|-
|
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|to divide, cut in half *palV
|
|-
|
|to drink *jVgU
|to drink *jVgU
|
|-
|
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|to drink, flow *tVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry *KVmV
|to dry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry *šwVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry *šwVrV
|to dry *šwVrV
|
|-
|
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʒeGV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʒeGV
|to eat *ʒeGV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat *ʔitV
|
|-
|
|to eat *ʔitV
|to eat *ʔitV
|
|-
|
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
|
|-
|
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|to enter, go *ŋēni
|
|-
|
|to fall *ḳVtV
|to fall *ḳVtV
|
|-
|
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|to fall *ṗeṭV
|
|-
|
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
|
|-
|
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
|
|-
|
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
|
|-
|
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|to fear, be angry *belHi
|
|-
|
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|to fear, be scared *belHi
|
|-
|
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
|
|-
|
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
|
|-
|
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|
|-
|
|to finish *ḳUdV
|to finish *ḳUdV
|
|-
|
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|to fit, be good *dUgV
|
|-
|
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|to fit, be good *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|to flash, shine *CVlV
|
|-
|
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|-
|
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
|
|-
|
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|to flow, pour *tUKV
|
|-
|
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to get *gVṭV
|to get *gVṭV
|
|-
|
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *be[rH]u
|
|-
|
|to give *be[rH]u
|to give *be[rH]u
|
|-
|
|to give *cwVHV
|to give *cwVHV
|
|-
|
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give *dwV[H]V
|
|-
|
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give *dwV[H]V
|to give birth, family *KVmV ?
|
|-
|
|to give birth, family *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to gnaw *kVngV
|to gnaw *kVngV
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|
|-
|
|to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|to go *meŋV
|to go *meŋV
|to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)
|
|-
|
|to go, come *ŋēni (also *ŋāńi)
|
|-
|
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
|
|-
|
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)
|
|-
|
|to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
|
|-
|
|to go, walk *mVrV
|to go, walk *mVrV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *HaṗV
|to grasp *HaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|to grasp *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|to grasp, seize *[p]itV
|
|-
|
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|to grow, become *buHi
|to grow, become *buHi
|
|-
|
|to hang *tajV
|to hang *tajV
|to hang down; stand (?) *[s]VŋʒwV ?
|
|-
|
|to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
|
|-
|
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
|
|-
|
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
|
|-
|
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
|
|-
|
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|to hear *ḳiwlV
|
|-
|
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|to hide, protect *ḳVrV
|
|-
|
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|to hide, secret *KuĺV
|
|-
|
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|to hit, break *ḳVkV
|
|-
|
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|to hit, push *mVqwV
|
|-
|
|to hold *gerV
|to hold *gerV
|
|-
|
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|to hold, seize *ʔanV
|
|-
|
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|-
|
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|to howl, cry *wVlV
|
|-
|
|to join, together *anTV
|to join, together *anTV
|
|-
|
|to join, together *anTV
|to join, together *anTV
|
|-
|
|to jump, run *lVKV
|to jump, run *lVKV
|
|-
|
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
|
|-
|
|to know *cwVnV
|to know *cwVnV
|
|-
|
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know *g(w)enV
|
|-
|
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know *g(w)enV
|to know, consider *CVḥV (?)
|
|to know, think *ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV)
|-
|
|to know, consider *CVḥV
|
|-
|
|to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
|
|-
|
|to know, think *sVnV
|to know, think *sVnV
|
|-
|
|to lead *wetV
|to lead *wetV
|to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')
|
|to let, agree *šVwV
|-
|
|to lead, to go *wetV (also *dwVwV 'run')
|
|-
|
|to let, agree *šVwV
|
|-
|
|to lick *l[a]pV
|to lick *l[a]pV
|
|-
|
|to lick *talV
|to lick *talV
|
|-
|
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|to lick; lip *l[a]pV
|
|-
|
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|to lie *ḳVwjV
|
|-
|
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|to lie, fall down *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
|
|-
|
|to listen, hear *alV
|to listen, hear *alV
|
|-
|
|to listen, hear *alV
|to listen, hear *alV
|
|-
|
|to live *ḥujV
|to live *ḥujV
|
|-
|
|to live *ḥujV
|to live *ḥujV
|
|-
|
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|to look, show *tVjḳV
|
|-
|
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|to lose, hide *KuĺV
|
|-
|
|to make *wärV
|to make *wärV
|
|-
|
|to make *wärV
|to make *wärV
|to marry *KVmV ?
|
|-
|
|to marry *KVmV
|
|-
|
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|to match, fit *ḳVnV
|
|-
|
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|
|-
|
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to melt, flow *dVnV
|to mix, join *kalV ?
|
|-
|
|to mix, join *kalV
|
|-
|
|to move *SVlV
|to move *SVlV
|
|-
|
|to move *SVlV
|to move *SVlV
|
|-
|
|to move quickly *ńowda
|to move quickly *ńowda
|
|-
|
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
|
|-
|
|to move, push *mVqwV
|to move, push *mVqwV
|
|-
|
|to move, step *ćeKV
|to move, step *ćeKV
|
|-
|
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|to open, spread *ṗanCV
|
|-
|
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|to open, spread *ʔaḳa
|
|-
|
|to peel, naked *luku
|to peel, naked *luku
|
|-
|
|to pierce *CoḳV
|to pierce *CoḳV
|to pierce *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)
|
|-
|
|to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
|
|-
|
|to plait *źVḳV
|to plait *źVḳV
|to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV
|
|-
|
|to plait, something plaited *zVḳV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave *HUbV
|to plait, weave, rope (?) *rVCV
|
|-
|
|to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
|
|-
|
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|to plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|-
|
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
|
|-
|
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|to pour *L[ä]jV
|
|-
|
|to pour *lVHwV
|to pour *lVHwV
|
|-
|
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
|
|-
|
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|to pour, drink *ṗVHV
|
|-
|
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|to pour, drop *tUKV
|
|-
|
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|
|to prepare food *piCV ?
|-
|
|to prepare food *piCV
|
|-
|
|to prepare food *piCV
|
|-
|
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to press, seize *ńamV
|
|-
|
|to press, seize *ńamV
|to press, seize *ńamV
|
|-
|
|to pull *ṭVnV
|to pull *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
|
|-
|
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|-
|
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|to push, beat *nVq̇V
|
|-
|
|to push, pull *ńukV
|to push, pull *ńukV
|
|-
|
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|-
|
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
|
|-
|
|to put *ṗanV
|to put *ṗanV
|
|-
|
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
|to rise *kVdwV ?
|
|-
|
|to rise *kVdwV
|
|-
|
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|to rise *kVdwV to rise
|
|-
|
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|-
|
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|to rise, raise *ḲaLi
|
|-
|
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|to rise; move, go *Horä
|
|-
|
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll *HUlV
|
|-
|
|to roll *HUlV
|to roll *HUlV
|
|-
|
|to roll, twist *murV
|to roll, twist *murV
|
|-
|
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
|
|-
|
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
|
|-
|
|to run *dwVwV
|to run *dwVwV
|
|-
|
|to run *ḳacwV
|to run *ḳacwV
|
|-
|
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ṭoKV
|
|-
|
|to run *ṭoKV
|to run *ṭoKV
|
|-
|
|to run *ʔurKV
|to run *ʔurKV
|
|-
|
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|to run, road *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|to say *tVHV
|to say *tVHV
|
|-
|
|to say, call *wVḳV
|to say, call *wVḳV
|
|-
|
|to say, pray *mVlV
|to say, pray *mVlV
|
|-
|
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|to scatter *s(w)VcwV
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳirV
|to scrape *ḳirV
|to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳirV; also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
|
|-
|
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
|
|-
|
|to scratch *gVrV
|to scratch *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|
|-
|
|to scratch *xVḳV
|to scratch *xVḳV
|
|-
|
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *silV
|to see, eye *silV
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|to see, eye *wEdwV
|
|-
|
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|to see, eye *ʔVnjV
|
|-
|
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|-
|
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|to see, guard *HwVjV
|
|-
|
|to see, inspect *silV
|to see, inspect *silV
|
|-
|
|to see, know *šVḳV
|to see, know *šVḳV
|
|-
|
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
|
|-
|
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|to see, know, search *wEdwV
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)
|
|-
|
|to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (also *ʔincV)
|
|-
|
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|to seize, press *[p]itV
|
|-
|
|to shake *dVrV
|to shake *dVrV
|
|-
|
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|to shine, be visible *nVkV
|
|-
|
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
|
|-
|
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|to shout, sound *ḳVwV
|
|-
|
|to sift *sVjHV
|to sift *sVjHV
|
|-
|
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|
|-
|
|to sink *č`VṗV
|to sink *č`VṗV
|
|-
|
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|to slide, creep *ʒVlV
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|
|to speak *ḥVwV (?)
|-
|
|to speak *ḥVwV
|
|-
|
|to speak *ḥVwV
|
|-
|
|to speak *watV
|to speak *watV
|
|-
|
|to speak *watV
|to speak *watV
|
|-
|
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|to speak, shout *sVjwV
|
|-
|
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
|
|-
|
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|to speak, sound *muɣrV
|
|-
|
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
|
|-
|
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|to spin, wind *KVrV
|
|-
|
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
|
|-
|
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|to spread *ṗVrjV
|
|-
|
|to spread, long *pVdV
|to spread, long *pVdV
|to spread, strew *CVχrV ?
|
|-
|
|to spread, strew *CVχrV
|
|-
|
|to stand *čwVrV
|to stand *čwVrV
|to stand (?) *sVlV
|
|to stand, hang down (?) *sVŋʒ́V
|-
|
|to stand *sVlV
|
|-
|
|to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
|
|-
|
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
|
|-
|
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
|
|-
|
|to stay *menV
|to stay *menV
|
|-
|
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|-
|
|to stay, reside *menV
|to stay, reside *menV
|
|-
|
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|-
|
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|to stick in, pierce *NEgV
|
|-
|
|to stir, mix *bulV
|to stir, mix *bulV
|
|-
|
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|to stir, puddle *bulV
|
|-
|
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
|
|-
|
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
|
|-
|
|to submerge *kUdV
|to submerge *kUdV
|
|-
|
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|to suck *[c`w]VṗV
|
|-
|
|to suck *ʔEmV
|to suck *ʔEmV
|to suck (?) *CVrbV
|
|-
|
|to suck *CVrbV
|
|-
|
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|to suffer *C(w)VHrV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|to suffer *c`VHrV
|
|-
|
|to suffer *dVwV
|to suffer *dVwV
|
|-
|
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|to suffer, die *dVwV
|
|-
|
|to suffer, die *enV
|to suffer, die *enV
|
|-
|
|to suffer; pain *enV
|to suffer; pain *enV
|
|-
|
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|to suffice, be full *cwalV
|
|-
|
|to swallow *HVṗV
|to swallow *HVṗV
|
|-
|
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|-
|
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
|
|-
|
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|-
|
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|to swallow *Sem[H]V
|
|-
|
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|to swallow, drink *tVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|to swallow, gobble *muḳV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|to swallow, throat *gwVrV
|
|-
|
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
|
|-
|
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|to sweep *swxVjṗV
|
|-
|
|to take *bari
|to take *bari
|
|-
|
|to take *bari
|to take *bari
|
|-
|
|to take *kantV
|to take *kantV
|
|-
|
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
|
|-
|
|to take, receive *HVlV
|to take, receive *HVlV
|to taste, eat *č`VmV ?
|
|-
|
|to taste, eat *č`VmV
|
|-
|
|to taste, sour *xamV
|to taste, sour *xamV
|
|-
|
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|-
|
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
|
|-
|
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
|
|-
|
|to think *manu
|to think *manu
|
|-
|
|to think *manu
|to think *manu
|
|-
|
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
|
|-
|
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|to tie, bind *ḳVńV
|
|-
|
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|to tie, net *taxlwV
|
|-
|
|to touch *tVKV
|to touch *tVKV
|
|-
|
|to trace *Koki
|to trace *Koki
|
|-
|
|to trace *Koki
|to trace *Koki
|
|-
|
|to tremble *dVrV
|to tremble *dVrV
|
|-
|
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|
|-
|
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to turn round *ṭurV
|to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|to understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|
|-
|
|to understand, see *gUrV
|to understand, see *gUrV
|
|-
|
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|-
|
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|to wake *[š]ehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake *źwehŕa
|to wake *źwehŕa
|
|-
|
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
|to wake; see > eye (?) *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|to walk, go *gVrV
|to walk, go *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to walk, run *gVrV
|to walk, run *gVrV
|
|-
|
|to walk, run *meŋV
|to walk, run *meŋV
|
|-
|
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|to wash, soak *lVHwV
|
|-
|
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|-
|
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|to weaken, disappear *mVjV
|
|-
|
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
|
|-
|
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|to wear, put on *wVc`V
|to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|-
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|to weave (a lattice) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
|
|-
|
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|-
|
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|-
|
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|to wish *wiʎ/g/V
|
|-
|
|to wish *h/a/wV
|to wish *h/a/wV
|
|-
|
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|-
|
|to wish, let *šVwV
|to wish, let *šVwV
|
|-
|
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|to worry, be stupid *buḳV
|
|-
|
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|-
|
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|to wound, kill *ʔewV
|
|-
|
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|tongue *tilV(ŋV)
|
|-
|
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|-
|
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
|
|-
|
|tooth *palV
|tooth *palV
|
|-
|
|tooth *palV
|tooth *palV
|
|-
|
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
|
|-
|
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|-
|
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
|
|-
|
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *ḳVḳV
|
|-
|
|top *ḳVḳV
|top *ḳVḳV
|
|-
|
|top *mVĺV
|top *mVĺV
|
|-
|
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head *KVmPV
|
|-
|
|top of head *KVmPV
|top of head *KVmPV
|
|-
|
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|top of head, hair *TUmV
|
|-
|
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|top of head, hair of head *TUmV
|
|-
|
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|top of head, horn *ḳirV
|
|-
|
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
|
|-
|
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
|touch, plaster, attach ? *ṭaṗV
|
|-
|
|touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
|
|-
|
|tramp, step *ceKV
|tramp, step *ceKV
|
|-
|
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *ṗUjV
|
|-
|
|tree *ṗUjV
|tree *ṗUjV
|
|-
|
|tree *widV
|tree *widV
|
|-
|
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|-
|
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|tree, wood *dʷirV
|
|-
|
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|twig, branch *c`UlV
|twig, rod *šVṭV ?
|
|-
|
|twig, rod *šVṭV
|
|-
|
|twist *murV
|twist *murV
|
|-
|
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|twist, weave *tVḳV
|
|-
|
|two *malV
|two *malV
|
|-
|
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|-
|
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
|
|-
|
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|two / four / eight *NVlV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *gagtV
|two, pair *gagtV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *jVŕV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|
|-
|
|two, pair *jVŕV
|two, pair *jVŕV
|
|-
|
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|understand, brain *ʔVŋV
|
|-
|
|ungulate *ʔirV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|
|-
|
|ungulate *ʔirV
|ungulate *ʔirV
|
|-
|
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
|
|-
|
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
|
|-
|
|valley *gowlV
|valley *gowlV
|
|-
|
|valley, deep *gowlV
|valley, deep *gowlV
|
|-
|
|vessel *kala
|vessel *kala
|
|-
|
|vessel *kala
|vessel *kala
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|vessel *ḳaṗV
|
|-
|
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|vessel *ḳVwKV
|
|-
|
|village *koṭV
|village *koṭV
|
|-
|
|village, house *koṭV
|village, house *koṭV
|
|-
|
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|village, hut *ḳojmV
|
|-
|
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
|
|-
|
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
|
|-
|
|wake *ṗuKdV
|wake *ṗuKdV
|
|-
|
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|
|-
|
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
|walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|walk, run, road (several roots, assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
|
|-
|
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|warm *kačV 'warm'
|
|-
|
|warm *lVmV
|warm *lVmV
|
|-
|
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|
|-
|
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|warm *ṭ[ä]pV
|wash *bVnV ?
|
|-
|
|wash *bVnV
|
|-
|
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
|
|-
|
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
|water *bVnV ?
|
|-
|
|water *bVnV
|
|-
|
|water *wetV
|water *wetV
|
|-
|
|water *wetV
|water *wetV
|
|-
|
|water *ʕEḳu
|water *ʕEḳu
|
|-
|
|water *ʕEḳu
|water *ʕEḳu
|
|-
|
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|water, pour *ʒwVHlV
|
|-
|
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|water, to submerge *kUdV
|
|-
|
|water, wet *mEwV
|water, wet *mEwV
|
|-
|
|water, wet *mEwV
|water, wet *mEwV
|
|-
|
|we (pronoun) *wV
|we (pronoun) *wV
|we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we
|
|weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV )
|-
|
|we, I [first person pronoun] *wV we
|
|-
|
|weak *HalV (also *lVjV)
|
|-
|
|weak *lVjV
|weak *lVjV
|
|-
|
|weak *ṭVrV
|weak *ṭVrV
|
|-
|
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|weak, lax *lVjńV
|
|-
|
|weak, tired *HalV
|weak, tired *HalV
|
|-
|
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
|
|-
|
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|weak, young *ṭVrV
|
|-
|
|wear, dress *wVCV
|wear, dress *wVCV
|
|-
|
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
|
|-
|
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|wet *(H)wiɫV
|
|-
|
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|wet *(H)wiɫV wet
|
|-
|
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mäŕä
|
|-
|
|wet *mäŕä
|wet *mäŕä
|
|-
|
|wet *mVk`V
|wet *mVk`V
|
|-
|
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|what, interrogative pronoun *mV
|
|-
|
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
|
|-
|
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
|
|-
|
|who *CV
|who *CV
|
|-
|
|who, what *ḳV
|who, what *ḳV
|
|-
|
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|whole *ḳVĺwV
|
|-
|
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
|
|-
|
|whole, full *ćwalV
|whole, full *ćwalV
|
|-
|
|wide *ṗaṭV
|wide *ṗaṭV
|
|-
|
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|wide, open *ṗaṭV
|
|-
|
|willow *čwalV
|willow *čwalV
|
|-
|
|willow *čwalV
|willow *čwalV
|wind, to blow *CalV ?
|
|-
|
|wind, to blow *CalV
|
|-
|
|wing; arm *gara
|wing; arm *gara
|
|-
|
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|winter ~ spring *PVnV
|
|-
|
|winter, cold *gImV
|winter, cold *gImV
|
|-
|
|winter, cold *gImV
|winter, cold *gImV
|
|-
|
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|wish *ʔVnV(jV)
|
|-
|
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|-
|
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
|
|-
|
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman *k/u/nV
|
|-
|
|woman *k/u/nV
|woman *k/u/nV
|
|-
|
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
|
|-
|
|wood *widV
|wood *widV
|
|-
|
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *ḲorV
|
|-
|
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *ḲorV
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)
|
|-
|
|worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV)
|
|-
|
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|worm *mVṭV
|worm *mVṭV
|
|-
|
|worm *ṗäri
|worm *ṗäri
|
|-
|
|worm *ṗäri
|worm *ṗäri
|
|-
|
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
|
|-
|
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|worm, insect *ŋalmV
|
|-
|
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|
|-
|
|year *w[e]ṭV
|year *w[e]ṭV
|
|-
|
|year, old *CVnV
|year, old *CVnV
|
|-
|
|year, old *zVnV
|year, old *zVnV
|
|-
|
|you *si
|you *si
|
|-
|
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|young *bāla 'child, young'
|
|-
|
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|young animal, plant *ṭVlV
|
|-
|
|young male *majrV
|young male *majrV
|
|-
|
|young male *majrV
|young male *majrV
|
|-
|
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
|
|-
|
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|-
|
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
|
|
Line 4,187: Line 7,478:
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean
!Meaning
!Meaning
!Notes
!Proto-Khoisan
|-
|-
|*dʑoʔa
|*dʑoa
|ashes
|ashes
|*ʒ́o[a]
|*ʒ́o[a]
|-
|-
|*tsəha
|*tshaʔ
|cold
|cold
|*cha-
|*cha-
Line 4,201: Line 7,492:
|*Ha
|*Ha
|-
|-
|*tʼəʔu
|*tʼʔu
|dew
|dew
|*ǀu
|*ǀu
|-
|-
|*tɬʼə-χuɦə
|*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ
|dry
|dry
|*ǀǀXU
|*ǀǀXU
|-
|-
|*ts3uɦə
|*[ts]uɦ
|excrement
|excrement
|*CU
|*CU
|-
|-
|*ts3a(ɴə)
|*[ts]a(ɴ)
|fat
|fat
|*Ca(N)
|*Ca(N)
|-
|-
|*vuɦə
|*vuɦ
|father
|father
|*BU
|*BU
|-
|-
|*tʼə-ʁə
|*tʼʔʁ°
|hair
|hair
|*ǀʁV
|*ǀʁV
|-
|-
|*tɬaʔu
|*tɬau
|hand
|hand
|*ƛ[a]u
|*ƛ[a]u
|-
|-
|*ɳətsʼəʔu
|*ɳtsʼʔuʔ
|kidney
|kidney
|*ɳ!u-
|*ɳ!u-
|-
|-
|*gətʼəʔa
|*gtʼʔa
|leaf
|leaf
|*ɡǀa
|*ɡǀa
|-
|-
|*tɬaɴə
|*tɬaɴ°
|lizard
|lizard
|*ƛaNV
|*ƛaNV
|-
|-
|*pʼə-ha
|*pʼʔha
|meat
|meat
|*ʘha
|*ʘha
|-
|-
|*ʢajə
|*ʢaj°
|mother
|mother
|*[H]aj-
|*[H]aj-
|-
|-
|*tɬʼakʼəɴə
|*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ°
|shoe
|shoe
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|*ƛ̣aḳVNV
|-
|-
|*tsʼəkʼə
|*tsʼ°kʼ°
|smoke
|smoke
|*c̣VḳV
|*c̣VḳV
|-
|-
|*ʎi
|*ʎiʔ
|to blow the nose; snot
|to blow the nose; snot
|*ʎi-
|*ʎi-
|-
|-
|*tɬək3ə
|*tɬ°[k]°
|to chop
|to chop
|*ƛVKV
|*ƛVKV
|-
|-
|*kəxe
|*kxe
|to cry, sound
|to cry, sound
|*kxe
|*kxe
|-
|-
|*kə-ŋə
|*k°ʔ°ŋ
|to know
|to know
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|*kVʔV[ŋ]
|-
|-
|*ʔits3a
|*i[ts]aʔ
|to steal
|to steal
|*[i]Ca-
|*[i]Ca-
|-
|-
|*tɬʼə-kəxa
|*tɬʼʔkxa
|to wash
|to wash
|*ǀǀkxa
|*ǀǀkxa
|-
|-
|*tɬʼə-ɢo
|*tɬʼʔɢoʔ
|tortoise
|tortoise
|*ǀǀGo-
|*ǀǀGo-

Revision as of 20:23, 12 July 2024

Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Eurasiatic
*[k]°rd° a bird of prey *KVrdV
*[ts]°n[ts]° a biting insect *CVnCV
*n° a deictic element *nV
*n° a demonstrative element *nV
*tʼ°k° *dw°kʼ° a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
*m°r° a kind of berry *mVrV
*tʃʼw°ʢkʼ° a kind of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
*[ts]°m° a kind of bird *CVmV
*[ts]°m° a kind of bird *CVmV
*ʢal°kʼ° a kind of bird *HalVḳV
*ʢal°kʼ° a kind of bird *HalVḳV
*kjama a kind of (aquatic) bird *k[i̯a]ma
*kaɴ° a kind of bird *kaNV
*kaɴ° a kind of bird *kaNV
*kʼuɦʎ° a kind of bird *ḳUĺV
*kʼuɦʎ° a kind of bird *ḳUĺV
*k°pʼ° a kind of bird *kVṗV
a kind of bird *kVṗV
a kind of bird *kwVtV
a kind of bird *kwVtV
a kind of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
a kind of bird *sVgV
a kind of bird *SVlwV
a kind of bird *SVlwV
a kind of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
a kind of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
a kind of bone *c`iŋu
a kind of cereal *lVnṭV
a kind of cereal *lVnṭV
a kind of duck *ṭVḳV
a kind of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
a kind of fish *č`VHmV
(a) kind of fish *kećä
a kind of fish *kVrV
a kind of fish *kVrV
a kind of fish; salmon *ńowŋa
a kind of fruit *mVsV
a kind of fruit *mVsV
a kind of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
a kind of grass *wVĺV
a kind of grass *wVĺV
a kind of grass *cVmV
a kind of horned animal *mula
a kind of horned animal *mula
*tʃjuːppa *tʃjuːppu a kind of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
*[k]uɦm° a kind of insect *KUmV
*[k]uɦm° a kind of insect *KUmV
a kind of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a kind of insect *ḳUṭḳV
a kind of insect *lVŋV
a kind of insect *m[a]ŋi
a kind of insect *mVḳV
a kind of insect *mVḳV
a kind of insect *pUḳV
a kind of insect *pVN(T)V
a kind of insect *ṗVnǯV
a kind of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
a kind of liquid *c`UtV
a kind of onion *sUŋV
a kind of predator *bVrV
a kind of predator *KVrdV
a kind of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
a kind of sack *lVmV
a kind of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a kind of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
a kind of tree *kojw[a]
a kind of tree *NEḳrV
a kind of tree *ʔilVmV
a kind of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
a kind of ungulate *CVxnV
a kind of ungulate *mVnV
a kind of vessel *ḳVwKV
a kind of vessel *pVNV
a kind of water bird (gull) *sVgV
a part of leg, foot *lVlV
a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
a stinging insect *pUḳV
all *eli
all, join *kalV
*tʃakiː an insect; a kind of insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i
an insect *mVwcwV
an internal organ *CV(n)CV
an ungulate *morV
angry *jVrV
animal hair *mVńCV
animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
antelope *gujrV
antelope *gujrV
arm *gara
arm *küjnV
arm *lVlV
arm, leg *ćVḳV
armpit *ḳVwVŋV
army, people *čVbV
ashes, burn 1; light 2 *ṗVdwV 1; *pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 2
ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
back *dVgV
back *gedV
back *gedV
back *sVrV
back *tVbV
back *tVbV
back *ʔarV
back *ʔarV
back, rear *kuNṭV
back, side *ṗVŋV
bad *bVHCV
bad *ʔVkV
bad *ʔVkV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, dirty *darV
bad, evil *bVHCV
bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḳerV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḲopV
bark *ḳuLV
bark *ḳVrṗV
bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
bark, peel *ḳuLV
bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
basket *ḳocV
basket *ḳoćV
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
be full *ḳOṗV
be full, complete *ḳOṗV
be ill *lVχV
be ill *lVχV
be satiated *HVwV
be smooth *gVlV
be visible, see *nVkV
beat *biχV
beat *biχV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat *ṭoḳV
beat, break *buṭV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *SUTV
beat, hit *ṭapħa
beat, hit *ṭapħa
bee *ṗVrV
bee, insect *ṗVrV
behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
behind, buttock *SVtV
belly *wa[n]čV
belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
belly, entrails *gwVlV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, heart *kuŋV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
belly, liver *gwVlV
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
below *HalV
below *HalV
bend *ḳVlV
bend *ḳVŋV
bend *ṭoŋV
berry *mVrV
big *mVkV
big *t`VwjV
big *wol[a]
big *wol[a]
big fish *ḳUlV
big fish *ḳUlV
big tree *dVnwV
big tree *dVnwV
big, full *tVdV
big, heavy *pVKV
big, large *mVkV
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
big, thick *tVdV
big, very *ʔVnV
big, very *ʔVnV
bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bind *KuTV
bind *KVrV
birch *kojw[a]
bird *[č`w]VHḳV
bird *HVwjV
bird *HVwjV
bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
bite, chew *käjwV (-b-)
bite, tear *ḳVCV
biting insect *CVnCV
bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
bitter *sVbV
bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
black *ḳarV
black *ḳarV
black *ʔVbV
black *ʔVbV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *ḳUmV
black, dark *mVCHV
black, dark; black *nal-
black, night *sVrV
black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
blade, awl *ʔVlV
blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
blister, wound *HVlVḳV
blood *bUjlV
blood *bUjlV
blood *ḳVnV
blood *wirV
blood *ʔVsxV
blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
blood, breath *HwinV
blood, breath *ʔVsxV
blood, red *ḳurV
blood, red *ḳurV
blood, spirit; spirit; blood *cwVnV
blood; marrow *mVLV
blood; red *wirV
blue *swVNV
blue *swVNV
board, stick *ṭVlV
body *bVdV
body, belly *bVdV
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil *borV, *buŕa
boil, burn *ḳVju
bone *girV
bone *girV
bone *HV(w)[č`]V
bone *HV(w)čV
bone *ḳač`V
bone *ḳaCV
bone *ʒ́VmV (*c`iŋu)
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bosom *ʔVṗV
bovine; horse *luwV (*luɣV)
bow *büḲa
bow, arc *ṭoŋV
bow, lean *tajV
brain *mVŋV
brain *mVŋV
brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
branch *rVṭV
branch, rod *rVṭV
branch, stick *HelV
branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
break, chop *cVṗV
break, split *buṭV
breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
breast *ḳerdV
breast *ṗome
breast, belly *ʔudV
breast, udder *mälgi
breast, udder *mälgi
breath, smell *sVwHV
bright *bVrḳV
bright *ʔVǯV
bright *ʔVǯV
brown *boŕa
brown *boŕa
brown, dark *KVŋV
brown, yellow *KVŋV
bug, flea *ŋalmV
build, house *dwVmV
burn; bonfire *mūga
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗaĺV
burn *ṗVrV
burn *wVrV
burn *wVrV
burn, bake *buKV
burn, boil; burn, kindle *t`èmo ( ~ t-)
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *qoṭi
burn, fire *t`ülV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, hot coals *gUrV
burn, roast *buKV
burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
burn, shine *Cajŋa
burn, shine *ʒajŋa
burst *paḳV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
buy, sell *ṗVrV
calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
cattle; horse *morV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV
cave, hole *ḳVjwV
cheek *ṗVlV
chest, belly *bUrV
chest, belly *bUrV
child *mVḳV
child, to bear *berV
child, to bear *berV
chin *kenV
chin *kenV (*kVngV)
chin, beard; cheek bone *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-)
chin, jaw *kVṗV
chop *cVṗV
chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (*ḳVtV)
clan member *ʔarV
clay, mud *pVnV
clay, mud *pVnV
clothing *ḳa(j)dV
cloud *bVl(w)V
cloud *bVl(w)V
coals, burn *CuxLV
coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
cold *[z]VrV
cold *KurV
cold *KurV
cold *SVŋV
cold *ʒ́VrV
cold, frost *SVŋV
come, go; rise *Horä
coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
corner, enclosure *ḳVnVṭV
corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
court, enclosure *dwVrV
cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
cover, close *ḳaṗV
cover, close *ḳaṗV
crane *kar-/*ker-
crane *kar-/*ker-
crust *c`VrV
curved, bent *ḳUrV
cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
cut *ḳUṭV
cut *ḳVc`V
cut *kVlV
cut, sharp *CarV
dark *HamV
dark *rVmV
dark *rVmV
dark *sVmV
dark *ṭVmV
dark *ṭVmV
dark, black; dark *muṭV
dark, black *mVCHV
dark, black; dark *sVmV
dark, cloudy *muṭV
darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
dawn *gojńV
dawn, light *gojńV
dawn, light *lVwŋV
dawn, noon *lVwŋV
day, shine *dʷVjɣV
day, shine *dʷVjɣV
day, sun, light *ŋera
decease *ŋVwV
deer *mVnV
deer *ʔelV
deer *ʔelV
deer, antilope *ʔoru
deer, he-goat *pOgV
demonstrative pronoun *mV
demonstrative pronoun *mV
demonstrative pronoun *ṭV
demonstrative pronoun *ṭV
demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
demonstrative pronoun *sV
dew, liquid *rVCV
die, finish *muṭV
die, starve *HwelV
die; kill *nek'-
dig, hack *ḳVṗV
direction, road *gwVCV
direction, road, pass *gwVCV
dirt *böḳa
dirt *c`VrV
dirt *c`VrV
dirt *kodV
dirt *kodV
dirt *lVḳwV
dirt, earth *magV
dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
dirt, faeces *SVḳV
dog *KUCV
dog *ḳVpV
dog *ḳVpV
dog *ŋindV
dog *ŋindV
dog *ŋVḳV
dog, wolf *bVrV
dog, wolf *KUCV
dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
dream *CVm(ŋ)V
drink *jVgU
drink, liquid *CUtV
drink, swallow *ʔEmV
drink, water *HVṗV
dry *gwVlV
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
dry *kVkV
dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
dry *KVmV
dry *ḳVs(w)V
dry *sušV
dry *śušV
dry, burn *gwVlV (*/ḳ/alV)
dung, mud *ḳorV
dust *bur(H)V
dust *bur(H)V
dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
dust, dirt *böḳa
dwelling *gülV
dwelling *gülV
ear *KVrWV
ear *KVrWV
early *ʔVCV
early *ʔVrV
early *ʔVrV
early, dawn *ʔVcwV
earth *DVG-
earth *DVG-
earth *magV
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
earth, dust *ṭVŕV
eat *tin-
eat *UNV
eat, drink *UNV
edge; top, summit *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-)
edge *Hońća
edge *HońcV
edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
edge *ṗerV
edge *PVlV
edge *PVlV (*ṗVlV)
edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
edge, side *ṗerV
egg *ṭUĺV
egg *ṭUĺV
elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
elbow, knee *küjnV
elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
elder brother/sister *eńV
elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (*tajV)
elder relative *ʔaḳV
elder relative *ʔVṭV
elm *ʔilVmV
enclosure *gErV
enclosure *gVrdV
enclosure *gVrdV
enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
enclosure, yard *dwVrV
enclosure, yard *gErV
end; mouth *[s]UwV
enemy *ḳarV
enemy *ḳarV
evening *SVKV
evening *sVrV
evening *ʒwVṗV
evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-)
eye, see *HuḲa
eye, see *HuḲa
eye, see *HwVlV
eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
face *mVŋV
face, chin *kVṗV
face, forehead *pVNV
face, head *mVĺV
face, head *mVṭV
face, head *pVNV
face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
face, skin on head *mVṭV
fall *ḳVtV
fall, descend *HewV
fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
far; next *ḳUlV
fart *PV[s]V
fart *PVSV
fat *gwVjV
fat *gwVjV
fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
father *aṗV
father *aṗV
feather *ṗVĺV
feather, tail *ṗVĺV
female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
female *ṗenV
female genitalia *mVṭV
female genitalia *mVṭV
female in-law *kälU
female in-law *kälU
female relative *eńV
female relative *mVjNV
female relative *mVjNV
female relative *natV
female relative *natV
fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
fight, kill *HwelV
finger *pVrV
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
finger, claw *č`wVṗV
finger, fingernail *pVrV
finger, toe *ḳVrV
fire *CVCxV
fire *dʷVɣV
fire *dʷVɣV
fire *ṗVxwV
fire *ṗVxwV
fire *zVcwxV
fire, burn *HenkV
fire, burn *HenkV
fire, burn *nVjV
fire, burn *ŋera
fire, burn *ṗVrV
fire, burn *ʔumV
fire, burn *ʔumV
fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
fire, warmth *lVmV
first person pronoun *ŋV
first person pronoun *mV
first person pronoun (exclusive) *ŋV
fish *č`VHmV
fish *dVgV
fish *dVgV
fist *mVǯHV
fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
fist, wrist *kompV
fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
flat *lVṗV
flat *lVṗV
flat *ṭaPV
flat *ṭaPV
flat, level *ṗVlHV
flat, level *ṗVlHV
flat, plain *ṭalV
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
flesh, blood; flesh, fat *SVĺV
flesh, fat *c`ebV
flesh, fat *swVĺV
flow *ńVjrV
flow *ńVjrV
flow, gush *bVlV
flow, gush *bVlV
fly *ṗarV
fly *ṗarV
fly, flea *ṗVlV
fly, midge *ṗVlV
fog *musV
food *HVlV
food, eat *HVlV
foolish, deceive *tVlV
foot, knee *bVl(m)V
foot, sole *ṗVHdV
foot, toe *ḳVrV
forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
four *NVlV
fox *[čw]VlɣV
fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
fragile *lVmV
fringe, thread *sVŋV
fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
frog *gwVrV
frog *gwVrV
front *HalV
front *HanṭV
front *HanṭV
front; front, breast *ʔedV
front, breast *mVńV
front, breast *mVńV
front, breast *ʔedV
front, nose *newRV
front, outside *HalV
frost, cold *pič`V
frozen snow *čVgV
frozen snow *čVgV
fruit *bVrq̇wV
fruit *bVrq̇wV
full *HVp`V
full *HVPVTV
full *malV
full *ṭVngV
full *ṭVngV
full *tVrV
full, all *wV(n)CV
full, all *wV(n)CV
full, fill *ṭVmV
furrow *HarV
furrow, hoe *HarV
gather, assemble; buy, assemble *ṗVrV
genitalia *ḳUṭV
genitalia *ḳUṭV
get in pairs, pair > two *malV
get, obtain *ga
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV
give *ćwVHV
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu
glue *[c]VbV
glue, join *ćabV
go astray, fall apart *HVŕV
go, come *HVjV
go, follow *HVjV
goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
goat, deer *ʔoru
goat, ram, deer *pOgV
good *mVlV
good *näḳi
good (of soul) *näḳi
good, big *bVtV
good, fit *dUgV
good, new *wVlV
good, proper *ʔVjV
good, take care *ʔVjsV
goose *ĺVkĺVkV
grain *SVrV
grain *SVrV
grasp *kamV
grasp *kamV
grasp, seize, press *HamV
grass *kuCu
grass, reed *ćVmV
grass, twigs *c`UlV
grass, vegetables *kuč`u
grey *c'VjrV
grey *c'VjrV
grind *nVq̇V
grind *nVq̇V
gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV
gums; part of face, gums *ńVjlV
guts, inside *oŕV
hack *ṭanV
hair *cVḳV
hair *k`VSV
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [*ŋVjV]
hair *nVwrV
hair *nVwrV
hair *ŋVjV
hair *p`un(́)V
hair *p`un(́)V
hair *pUdV
hair *sVHrV
hair *sVHrV
hair *ṭVrV
hair *ṭVrV
hair *k`VSV
hair, beard *Ḳila
hair, eyebrow *burV
hair, feather *pUdV (*HapUdV)
hair, hair of head *burV
hair, head *q̇irV
hair, rope *ŋVjV
hair, stalk *Ḳila
hair, tail *sVPV
half, part *palV
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV)
hand(ful) *kompV
hand, arm *bVgu
hand, arm *udV
hand, bone *ŋVlV
hand, elbow *ŋVlV
hand, fist *ṗVnḳV
hand, limb *udV
hard *ḳVmV
hard, bone *ḳVmV
hard, firm *pVKV
harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)
harsh, ragged *c`VrV
head *q̇irV
head, back of head *ḳapV
hear *sVmV
hear *SVmV
hear, ear *ḳiwlV
hear, ear; hear; ear *me-
heart *sVʎV(mV)
heart *śVʎV(mV)
heart, breast *ḳerdV
heat *[H]indV
heavy, labour *mVnḳV
herd *cVčV
high *berg[i]
high *berg[i]
high *TVGV
hill *tujpV
hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
hill, top *tujpV
hit *wVdV
hit *wVdV
hole *HangV (*wonkV)
hole *k`VCV
hole *ḳUrV
hole *wonkV
hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV
hole, empty *gop`a
hole, empty *gop`a
hole, mouth *k`VCV
hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
hollow *HVlwV
hollow, cavity *HVlwV
hoof *ḳäṗV
hoof *ḳäṗV
hoof *sUdV
hoof *ṭUṗV
hoof, finger(nail); hoof *ṭUṗV
hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV
horn *ḳirV
horn *mVrgV
horn; root *mVrgV
horned animal *bVrV
horned animal *bVrV
hot, warm *ṗäḳV
house *pVrV
house *ʔU[ṭ]V
house, village; village, hut *ḳojmV
humid, wet *mVk`V
I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
I, myself; we [first person pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)
I, we [first person pronoun] *mV
ice, cold *jVkV
ice, cold *jVkV
ill, die *m[ä]rV
ill, die *m[ä]rV
insect, vermine *tVkV
insect, vermine *tVkV
insect, worm *ḳwVŋV
insect, worm *lVŋV
inside, stomach *ʔudV
interrogative or relative pronoun *ŋiV
interrogative or relative pronoun *ŋiV
interrogative pronoun *ḳV
interrogative pronoun *mV
intestine *[c']VlV
intestine *ć'VlV
intestine *ḳUʒwV
intestines *ḳUʒ́wV
intestines; stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
intestines *lVŋ(d)V
intestines *oŕV
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
jaw, palate *ʔVŋV
joint, limb *bVgu
joy *bVjV
joy, desire *bVjV
juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)
jump, run *lVKV
kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V
kill *KolV
kill *ḳVwχV
knee *bVl(m)V
knee, ankle *sVnV
knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V
know *ṭanV
know, hear; know *ṭanV (*-ŋ-)
know, name *nerV
large fish *lVmbV
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)
large, heavy *sUrV
large, heavy *sUrV
laugh *gUlV
laugh, merry *gUlV
leaf *bolV
leaf *bolV
leaf *lVṗV
leaf tree *ṗVlV
leaf tree *ṗVlV
leaf, bark *lVṗV
leaf, branch *HelV
leaf, flower; bud *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-)
leaf; reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
leg *ɫaḳV
leg *ɫaḳV
leg, arm *ḳVwlV
leg, limb *ḳVwlV
level ground *ṭalV
lick *laḳV
lick *laḳV
lick *lašV
lick *lašV
lick, drink *talV
lie *ḳVwjV
light, burn *Howri
light, burn *Howri
light, loose *SulV
light, shine *HVlV
light, shine *HVlV
light, shine *jVḳV
light, shine *jVḳV
light, shine *mVlV
limb *ṗVHdV
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
lip, soft excrescence *kanpV
liquid *GurV
liquid *GurV
liquid *lVṭV
liquid *lVṭV
liquid *sVwV
liquid *śVwV
liquid, dirt *lVḳwV
liquid, flow *L[ä]jV
liver *pi̯ā̀ki
liver *ponta
liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)
liver, intestines; blood, marrow *mVLV
lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)
loins, groin *zVmV
long *tel(ḥ)V
long *tel(ḥ)V
long bone *śVnV
long hair, tail *[s]VPV
long, far *ḳUlV
long, high *HVgU
long, wide *wVŕV
long, wide *wVŕV
loose *SulV
loose(n) *lVCV
louse *pVN(T)V
louse *ṭäjV
louse *ṭäjV
louse, nit *ñejV
love, good *ʔVjV
luminary *mVnzV
luminary *mVnʒ́V
lung, liver *pVjLV
lung, spleen *pVjLV
male *gVntV
male *gVntV
male, male child *mVḳV
man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)
man *mänV
man *mänV
many *m[o]nV
many *m[o]nV
many *ṗalV
many *ṗV(H)-
many, big *bVtV
many, full *ṗalV
marsh *[sw]VjmV
marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV
marten *ḳ[u]nV
marten *ḳ[u]nV
meat *ńVḳV(rV)
meat *sUḳV
meat *ʔomsV
meat *ʔomśV
meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV
meat, deer *sUḳV
meat, liver *mVḳV
meat, liver *mVḳV
meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)
member of the clan *ʔarV
moisture *mVtV
moisture *mVtV
moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)
moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)
morning *ṗuKdV
morning / evening *HamV
morning ~ evening *SVKV
morning, clear sky *ŋańV
moth *kuńV
mother *ʔVjV
mother *ʔVjV
mother *ʔVmV
mother, woman *ʔVmV
mountain *balV
mountain *malV
mountain *malV
mountain *wVrV
mountain *wVrV
mountain, high *TVGV
mountain, hill *balV
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
mountain, hill *gʷVrV
mountain, top *ṗVrV
mountain, top *ṗVrV
mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)
mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (*cwVkV ( ~ čw-))
mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV
mouth *[s]UwV
mouth, hole *HVwV
mouth, hole *HVwV
mouth; eat *č`VmV
mouth; speak *ʔVpV
mouth; to speak *ʔVpV
mud, dung *ḳorV
mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV
multitude; be satiated *HVwV
mushroom, fungus *pUtV
mushroom, sponge *pUtV
naked, take off clothes *luku
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
name *ĺVm(ŋ)V
name *ṗVtV
name, call *ṗVtV
name, shape *šamV
nape, back *[s]VKV
nape, back *śVKV
nape; back *dVgV
narrow *č`VnV
narrow *ṭijV
narrow, thin *č`VnV
near *ʔVbV
neck *ḳVlV
neck, collar *kVŋkV
neck, throat *HVŋV
neck, throat *ḳVlV
neck, vertebra *nVKV
negative particle *ʔVlV
negative particle *ʔVlV
negative verb *ʔe
new *žVjŋV
new, fresh *CVrV
new, good *žVjŋV
new, young *CVrV
new, young *wVlV
night *HUdV
night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
night *lVlV
night *lVlV
night, dawn; morning, clear sky *ŋańV
night, sleep *HUdV
night, sleep *zVNV
night, sleep *ʒ́iNV
night, sleep *ʔamV
nit *ñejV
nit, louse *sajrV
nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)
nose *ḳVŋV
nose *ḳVŋV
nose *ne(H)wRV
nose *ŋVkCV
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
nose *wiKV (*ujKV)
nose, nostril *CVxrV
nose, nostril *cwVxrV
not *ʔVnV
not, negative particle *ʔVnV
not, negative verb *ʔe
notch, sign *gVrVbV
now; new *nVwV
now; new *nVwV
numerous, full *tVrV
nut, fruit; nut *ar-
old *gwVrV
old *gwVrV
old *zVr(d)V
one *sem-
one *ʔUdV
one *ʔUdV
one *ʔVrV
one *ʔVrV
one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV
one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
onion, odorous grass *sUŋV
open *ṗan[c]V
open space *ʔVrHV
open space *ʔVrHV
open, hole *HangV
open; hole *ʔaḳa
order, custom *nerV
original place *ni̯VnV
other; other side *aĺV
other *gUjV
other *gwVjV
pain, wound *mVnḳV
painful state, grief *gilV
painful state, grief *gilV
pair, one of a pair *gagtV
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
palate, tongue *ŋVnV
palm; hand 1, palm 2 *caʷlǝʒǝ- 1, *cälmǝ 2
palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV
palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV
part of face *ńVjlV
part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V
part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-)
part of shoulder *čVKV
part of shoulder, joint *čVKV
paw, grasp *gEpSV
paw, hand *gEpčwV
peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV
peg, nail (bite 1; break, peck 2) *ḳUjḳV (*kikV 1; *ḳVkV 2)
peg, root *ḳUjḳV
penis *bVĺV
penis *bVĺV
penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)
penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (*pVjcV ( ~ -č-))
people, army *čVbV
place *baja
place *baja
pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
plenty, abundant *malV
pond *küɫä
pond *küɫä
pool, low ground *laḳwV
pool, low ground *laḳwV
pot *ṗVdV
pot *ṗVdV
pot *pVNV
pray *mVlV
prohibitive / negative particle *ma
prohibitive particle, not *ma
pus, rot *[č]iru
pus, rot *Ciru
push, move *ńukV
quick *ṭurV
quick *ṭurV
quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V
rain, fog, steam *musV
rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (*rVCV)
rare *HVrV
rare, new; rare *HVrV
reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)
relative-in-law *tajV
ring, hook *ḳVCV (*kVCV)
ring, spool *ḳVč`V
rise *ŋwVkV
rise, stand up *HVgU
rise, up *ʔVpV
rise, up *ʔVpV
road *ʔur(H)V
road *ʔur(H)V
road, walk *mVrV
rod, strap *lVgV
rod, strap *lVgV
roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)
root, bone *tV(H)mV
root, bone *tV(H)mV
root, herb *wVr[t]V
root, herb *wVr[t]V
*aʡul° root, seed > settlement *aHulV
root, sprout *ḲurV
root, stalk *ḲurV
rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
round *ḳoĺV
round *ḳoĺV
round *ṭompV
round, convex *ṭompV
rump, buttocks *kuNṭV
rump, neck *nVKV
run *bok[a]
run *bok[a]
run, drive *ʔurKV
sack, bag *lVmV
salt *CalV
salt, bitter *sVbV
salt, sea *čwalV
salty, sour *č`VmV
salty, sour *cwVwVrV
sand *ki[ǯ]V
sand *kiCV
satisfaction *ṭVrṗV
say *tVHV
say, call *wVḳV
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)
scab *pVkV
scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV
scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV
scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV
scratch *wVrcwV
scratch, scrape *ḳVSV
scratch, scrape *wVrcwV
sea *jamV
sea, shallow *sVjɣwV
sea, water *jamV
sea, water *sVjɣwV
second person pronoun *χwV
second person pronoun, thou *nV
second person pronoun, thou *si
second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]
see, eye *ʔVnjV
seed, kin *ṗVrV
seed, kin *ṗVrV
seed; to sift *sVjHV
seize *HamV
self *ʔo(ŋ)nV
separate, split *bedV
settlement *aHulV
settlement *palVHV
settlement *palVHV
shape *šamV
sharp *Hoḳi
sharp object *CVNV
sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi
sharp stick *c`iĺV
sharp stick *c`iĺV
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
sharp, to whet *pVxwV
shell *kV(n)ḳV
shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV
shin, shank *ḳVnčV
shin, thigh *ḳVnčV
shine, bright *bVrḳV
shine, burn *mVlV
shine, burn (several roots) *belV
shine, glitter *belV
shine, glitter *laṗV
shine, light *bVɣV
shine, light *bVɣV
shine; burn *leuk-
shoulder *tVlV
shoulder, arm *tVlV
shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV
shout; shout, roar *rewǝ-
show, point at *tVjḳV
sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)
side *bVḳV
side (of body) *bVḳV
sinew; root *SirV
sinew; root *SirV
single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)
sister, woman *SäwCV
sister, woman *SäwCV
skin *ḲaĺV
skin *ḲaĺV
skin *perV
skin *perV
skin *ṗVtV
skin *ṗVtV
skin *ṭVlV
skin *ṭVlV
skin, bark *pVkV
skin, crust, peel *kamV
skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V
skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V
skin, husk *kamV
skull *ḳapV
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
sky, cloud *HaḳumV
slanting *kVCV
sleep *ʔamV
slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV
slime *SVlV
slime, dirt *SVlV
small *cVḳV
small *CVḳV
small *ḳVṭV
small *ṭijV
small bird *ciṗV
small bird *ciṗV
small female animal *ṗenV
small, thin, short *ṭVnV
small, young *ḳVṭV
small; child *pVwjV
small; child *pVwjV
smear *cwVHmV
smear, fat *mVjrV
smear, fat *mVjrV
smear; fat *ć`ämV
smell *[s]VwHV
smell *ṗunV
smell *sun(g)V
smell *śun(g)V
smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV
smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)
smoke *ǯun[k]V
smoke *ǯun[k]V
smoke, cloud *nVbV
smoke, cloud *nVbV
smooth *gVlV
something sharp *CVNV
snake *nētr-
snake *ṗVjmV
snake *ʔanKV
snake *ʔanKV
snake, eel *lVmbV
soft, fragile *lVmV
soft, mild *mVlV
soft, weak *lVjńV
soft, wet *LVṗV
soft, wet *LVṗV
soul, breath; steam, spirit *mùsi
sour *CVwVrV
sour, bitter *č`VmV
sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)
span *ṭVgV
span *ṭVgV
speak, say, sound *jVnV
speak, sound *jVnV
spin, twist *ṗuNV
spin, twist *ṗuNV
spirit *cwVnV
spit *ṭupV
spit *ṭupV
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
spit, fang *ḳiwHV
spleen *lVṗV
spleen *lVṗV
spleen *tV(H)ʎV
spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV
split *cVlV
split, tear off *CVlV
spread *ṗVrjV
spread, extend *CVχrV
spread, long *pVdV
spring *PVnV
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
spring, flow *bira (*bujra)
sprinkle *p`iSV
sprinkle *p`isV
stalk *kanVbV
stalk, peg *kanVbV
stand *čwVrV
star *dVštV
star, luminary *HVzwVrV
star, moon *dV[š]tV
star, shine *HVźVrV
stem, board *ṭVlV
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
steppe, valley, meadow *ColV
stick *bVč`V
stick *ḳVlV
stick *ḳVlV
stick into, pierce *bedV
stick, pole *bVč`V
stick, tree *ḳUrV
stick, tree *ḳUrV
stomach, intestines *ḳVmV
stone *ḳElV
stone *kiwV
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
stone *ṭ/aj/lV
stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)
stone, mountain *kiwV
stone, rock *ḳElV
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
storm *burV ( >> *p-)
stream, flow of water *Huwa
stream, flow of water *Huwa
stump *ṭumgV
stump, trunk *ṭumgV
suck *SUṗV
suck *zUkV
suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble
sufficient, complete *eli
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)
sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; *tianta 'sun'
swamp *laHm[u]
swamp *laHm[u]
sweep *šwxVjṗV
sweet *cwVtu
sweet, tasty *cwVtu
tail *ḳudV
tail *ḳudV
tail *toḳE
tail *toḳE
tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)
tail, back *śVrV back
take *ga
take *ʔanV
take, bring *gerV
take, bring *tVKV
take, carry *ʔVpV
take, get *gVṭV
take, grasp *kantV
take, seize *ʔVpV
taste *ṭVHmV
taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'
temple, hair on temple *cVḳV
ten, many *ṗV(H)-
tent *ʔU[ṭ]V
testicle *ḳoĺV
testiculus *ḳoĺV
that, that near *ʔVbV
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)
that, this *ʔu
that, this *ʔu
that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (probably *Ha that, *He this)
thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)
thick *ṭVkV
thick, full *ṭVkV
thick, swell *bongä
thick, swell *bongä
thigh *bVgtV
thigh *bVgtV
thigh, leg *ṗVǯkV
thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV
thin *cUṗV
thin *ṭVnV
thin, narrow *ćUṗV
thing *HVdV
thing; interrogative stem *HVdV
third person pronoun *sV
this *cV ( ~ č-)
this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)
this *ḳV
this *ʔi (*hi)
this *ʔi (*hi)
thorn *ʒwVgV
thorn *ʒ́wVgV
thorny bush *NEḳrV
thou (oblique forms) [second person pronoun] *χwV
thou [second person pronoun] *nV thou
thou [second person pronoun] *ṭ[u]
throat *HVŋV
throat, intestines *kUṭV
throat, swallow *kUlV
throat, to swallow *kUlV
tickle *cVḳV
tie, weave *tVḳV
tip, spout *CVCV
tip, spout *čVčV
to approach, follow *ŋāńi
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
to ask, pray *ṗVrXV
to bare teeth *mUCV
to be *buHi
to be *woɣlV
to be *woɣlV
to be *ʔa
to be *ʔa
to be *ʔesA
to be *ʔesA
to be angry *kVCV
to be angry, hostile *kVCV
to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV
to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV
to be mad, stupid *buḳV
to be visible *HwVlV
to be well *c`olHV
to be well *ColHV
to be, live *ʔelA
to be, live *ʔelA
to bear *š[e]wV
to bear *š[e]wV
to bear *ṭVlV
to bear, lift *ṭVlV
to beat *ṗVṭV
to beat *ṗVṭV
to beat, hit *ḳVwχV
to bend *büḲa
to bend *cVḳV
to bend *Garḳu
to bend *Garḳu
to bend *guḳa
to bend *guḳa
to bend *güpA
to bend *ḳVlV
to bend *ḳVŋV
to bend *ɫoŋḳa
to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa
to bend, turn *KUrV
to bend; hump, heap *güpA
to bind, girdle *KuTV
to bind, harness *taxlwV
to bite *kikV
to bite, taste *ṭVHmV
to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV
to blink, shine, shade *CajV
to blow *dVwɣV
to blow *p`uSV
to blow *p`uSV
to blow *ṗuɣV
to blow *ṗuɣV
to blow, shake *dVwɣV
to blow, winnow *Hewa
to blow, winnow *Hewa
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
to boil, foam *ḳüpä
to boil, roast *gVbV
to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V
to bow, bend *cVḳV
to break, crumble *ṗVSV
to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV
to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV
to breathe *HwinV
to breathe *ʔanqV
to breathe *ʔanqV
to burn */ḳ/alV
to burn *ć`wVwV (*HVwć'wV)
to burn *cwVwV (*HVwcwV)
to burn *dekO
to burn *dekO
to burn *Hase
to burn *HaSe
to burn *ḳVńV
to burn *ṗVdwV
to burn *ṭülV
to burn, bake *kVwrV
to burn, bake *kVwrV
to burn, boil *ḳVju
to burn, flash *CVlV
to burn, heat *gVbV
to burn, sun *nVjV
to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV
to call *CVḥV
to call *gVjwV
to call *gVjwV
to call *ḳErV
to call *ḳErV
to care *č`VrV
to care *čVrV
to change, borrow *HVrV
to change, distribute *HVrV
to chew *käjwV (-b-)
to collect, count *lVkV
to collect, count *lVkV
to collect, put *ṗanV
to complete *muṭV
to cover *ḳa(j)dV
to cover, protect *ḳVrV
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
to covet sexually *gʷVnV
to cross, other side *aĺV
to crush *pi(u)čV
to crush, press *ṗVjńV
to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV
to cry *muɣrV
to cry, shout *ḳVwV
to curse, be angry *jVrV
to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)
to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)
to cut *ḳVć`V
to cut *mVc`V
to cut *ṭanV
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV
to cut, knife *kVlV
to cut, sharp *CarV
to cut, split *sVḳV
to cut, split *śVḳV
to cut, tear *mVCV
to deceive *tVlV
to die, kill *KolV
to dig, hack *ḳVṗV
to divide, cut in half *palV
to drink *jVgU
to drink, flow *tVrV
to dry *KVmV
to dry *šwVrV
to dry *šwVrV
to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)
to eat *ʒeGV
to eat *ʒeGV
to eat *ʔitV
to eat *ʔitV
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
to eat, gulp *ḳVmV
to enter, go *ŋēni
to fall *ḳVtV
to fall *ṗeṭV
to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV
to fall, fly *ṗVjlV
to fall, soar *ṗVjlV
to fear, be angry *belHi
to fear, be scared *belHi
to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV
to fill, stuff *ṭVmV
to finish *ḳUdV
to finish *ḳUdV
to fit, be good *dUgV
to fit, be good *ḳVnV
to flash, shine *CVlV
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV
to flow, pour *tUKV
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV
to get *gVṭV
to give *be[rH]u
to give *be[rH]u
to give *cwVHV
to give *dwV[H]V
to give *dwV[H]V
to give birth, family *KVmV
to gnaw *kVngV
to go *gVwV / *gwVjV
to go *meŋV
to go, come *ŋēni (also *ŋāńi)
to go, come *ʒ́wVHV
to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV
to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV
to go, walk *mVrV
to grasp *HaṗV
to grasp *HaṗV
to grasp *ḳaṗV
to grasp *ḳaṗV
to grasp, seize *[p]itV
to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)
to grow, become *buHi
to hang *tajV
to hang down; stand *[s]VŋʒwV
to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V
to hate, be annoyed *CVrV
to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV
to hear *ḳiwlV
to hide, protect *ḳVrV
to hide, secret *KuĺV
to hit, break *ḳVkV
to hit, push *mVqwV
to hold *gerV
to hold, seize *ʔanV
to howl, cry *wVlV
to howl, cry *wVlV
to join, together *anTV
to join, together *anTV
to jump, run *lVKV
to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V
to know *cwVnV
to know *g(w)enV
to know *g(w)enV
to know, consider *CVḥV
to know, think *ćwVnV (also *sVnV)
to know, think *sVnV
to lead *wetV
to lead, to go *wetV (also *dwVwV 'run')
to let, agree *šVwV
to lick *l[a]pV
to lick *talV
to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
to lick; lip *l[a]pV
to lie *ḳVwjV
to lie, fall down *kVlV
to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV
to listen, hear *alV
to listen, hear *alV
to live *ḥujV
to live *ḥujV
to look, show *tVjḳV
to lose, hide *KuĺV
to make *wärV
to make *wärV
to marry *KVmV
to match, fit *ḳVnV
to melt, flow *dVnV
to melt, flow *dVnV
to mix, join *kalV
to move *SVlV
to move *SVlV
to move quickly *ńowda
to move quickly, pursue *ńowda
to move, push *mVqwV
to move, step *ćeKV
to open, spread *ṗanCV
to open, spread *ʔaḳa
to peel, naked *luku
to pierce *CoḳV
to pierce *CoḳV (also *čVḳV)
to plait *źVḳV
to plait, something plaited *zVḳV
to plait, weave *HUbV
to plait, weave *HUbV
to plait, weave, rope *rVCV
to plant vertically *tIgwV
to polish, rub *ṗIḳV
to pour *L[ä]jV
to pour *lVHwV
to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink
to pour, drink *ṗVHV
to pour, drop *tUKV
to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV
to prepare food *piCV
to prepare food *piCV
to press, seize *ńamV
to press, seize *ńamV
to pull *ṭVnV
to pull, stretch *ṭVnV
to push, beat *nVq̇V
to push, beat *nVq̇V
to push, pull *ńukV
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)
to put *ṗanV
to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV
to rise *kVdwV
to rise *kVdwV to rise
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
to rise, raise *ḲaLi
to rise; move, go *Horä
to roll *HUlV
to roll *HUlV
to roll, twist *murV
to rub, crumble *ṗVšV
to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV
to run *dwVwV
to run *ḳacwV
to run *ṭoKV
to run *ṭoKV
to run *ʔurKV
to run, road *ṭVŕgV
to say *tVHV
to say, call *wVḳV
to say, pray *mVlV
to scatter *s(w)VcwV
to scrape *ḳirV
to scrape *ḳirV; also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign
to scrape *ḳV[sw]V
to scratch *gVrV
to scratch *xVḳV
to scratch *xVḳV
to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)
to see, eye *silV
to see, eye *wEdwV
to see, eye *ʔVnjV
to see, guard *HwVjV
to see, guard *HwVjV
to see, inspect *silV
to see, know *šVḳV
to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)
to see, know, search *wEdwV
to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (also *ʔincV)
to seize, press *[p]itV
to shake *dVrV
to shine, be visible *nVkV
to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV
to shout, sound *ḳVwV
to sift *sVjHV
to sink *č`VṗV
to sink *č`VṗV
to slide, creep *ʒVlV
to speak *ḥVwV
to speak *ḥVwV
to speak *watV
to speak *watV
to speak, shout *sVjwV
to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)
to speak, sound *muɣrV
to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)
to spin, wind *KVrV
to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V
to spread *ṗVrjV
to spread, long *pVdV
to spread, strew *CVχrV
to stand *čwVrV
to stand *sVlV
to stand, hang down *sVŋʒ́V
to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV
to stand, rise *ŋwVkV
to stay *menV
to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV
to stay, reside *menV
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
to stick in, pierce *NEgV
to stir, mix *bulV
to stir, puddle *bulV
to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV
to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
to submerge *kUdV
to suck *[c`w]VṗV
to suck *ʔEmV
to suck *CVrbV
to suck, leech *[c]VrbV
to suffer *C(w)VHrV
to suffer *c`VHrV
to suffer *dVwV
to suffer, die *dVwV
to suffer, die *enV
to suffer; pain *enV
to suffice, be full *cwalV
to swallow *HVṗV
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
to swallow *L[ü]ḳa
to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V
to swallow *Sem[H]V
to swallow *Sem[H]V
to swallow, drink *tVrV
to swallow, gobble *muḳV
to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
to swallow, throat *gwVrV
to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]
to sweep *swxVjṗV
to take *bari
to take *bari
to take *kantV
to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV
to take, receive *HVlV
to taste, eat *č`VmV
to taste, sour *xamV
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]
to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V
to think *manu
to think *manu
to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
to tie, bind *ḳVńV
to tie, net *taxlwV
to touch *tVKV
to trace *Koki
to trace *Koki
to tremble *dVrV
to turn round *ṭurV
to turn round *ṭurV
to understand, brain *ʔVŋV
to understand, see *gUrV
to understand, see *gUrV
to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
to wake *[š]ehŕa
to wake *źwehŕa
to wake, become clear *ṭVlV
to wake; see > eye *ṭVlV
to walk, go *gVrV
to walk, run *gVrV
to walk, run *meŋV
to wash, soak *lVHwV
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
to weaken, disappear *mVjV
to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV
to wear, put on *wVc`V
to weave (a lattice) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)
to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV
to wish *h/a/wV
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
to wish *wiʎ/g/V
to wish *h/a/wV
to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)
to wish, let *šVwV
to worry, be stupid *buḳV
to wound, kill *ʔewV
to wound, kill *ʔewV
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
tongue *tilV(ŋV)
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä
tooth *palV
tooth *palV
tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV
top *ḳVḳV
top *ḳVḳV
top *mVĺV
top of head *KVmPV
top of head *KVmPV
top of head, hair *TUmV
top of head, hair of head *TUmV
top of head, horn *ḳirV
top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)
touch, plaster *ṭaṗV
touch, plaster, attach *ṭaṗV
tramp, step *ceKV
tree *ṗUjV
tree *ṗUjV
tree *widV
tree, wood *dʷirV
tree, wood *dʷirV
twig, branch *c`UlV
twig, rod *šVṭV
twist *murV
twist, weave *tVḳV
two *malV
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)
two / four / eight *NVlV
two, pair *gagtV
two, pair *jVŕV
two, pair *jVŕV
understand, brain *ʔVŋV
ungulate *ʔirV
ungulate *ʔirV
upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV
urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)
valley *gowlV
valley, deep *gowlV
vessel *kala
vessel *kala
vessel *ḳaṗV
vessel *ḳaṗV
vessel *ḳVwKV
village *koṭV
village, house *koṭV
village, hut *ḳojmV
vulva *p`u[ṭ]V
vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)
wake *ṗuKdV
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V
walk, run, road (several roots, assimilations) *ṭVŕgV
warm *kačV 'warm'
warm *lVmV
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
warm *ṭ[ä]pV
wash *bVnV
wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)
wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)
wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)
water *bVnV
water *wetV
water *wetV
water *ʕEḳu
water *ʕEḳu
water, pour *ʒwVHlV
water, to submerge *kUdV
water, wet *mEwV
water, wet *mEwV
we (pronoun) *wV
we, I [first person pronoun] *wV we
weak *HalV (also *lVjV)
weak *lVjV
weak *ṭVrV
weak, lax *lVjńV
weak, tired *HalV
weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV
weak, young *ṭVrV
wear, dress *wVCV
weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)
wet *(H)wiɫV
wet *(H)wiɫV wet
wet *mäŕä
wet *mäŕä
wet *mVk`V
what, interrogative pronoun *mV
white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)
white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)
who *CV
who, what *ḳV
whole *ḳVĺwV
whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV
whole, full *ćwalV
wide *ṗaṭV
wide, open *ṗaṭV
willow *čwalV
willow *čwalV
wind, to blow *CalV
wing; arm *gara
winter ~ spring *PVnV
winter, cold *gImV
winter, cold *gImV
wish *ʔVnV(jV)
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
wolf, dog *ḲüjnA
woman *k/u/nV
woman *k/u/nV
woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
wood *widV
worm *ḲorV
worm *ḲorV
worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV)
worm *mVṭV
worm *mVṭV
worm *ṗäri
worm *ṗäri
worm, insect *ḳwVŋV
worm, insect *ŋalmV
year *w[e]ṭV
year *w[e]ṭV
year, old *CVnV
year, old *zVnV
you *si
young *bāla 'child, young'
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
young animal, plant *ṭVlV
young male *majrV
young male *majrV
young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
young, child *ḲanV
young, child *ḲanV

Etymologies possibly linked to Afroasiatic

Etymologies possibly linked to Sino-Caucasian

Etymologies possibly linked to Austric

Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean Meaning Proto-Khoisan
*dʑoa ashes *ʒ́o[a]
*tshaʔ cold *cha-
*ʢa deictic stem *Ha
*tʼʔu dew *ǀu
*tɬʼʔ[χ]uɦ dry *ǀǀXU
*[ts]uɦ excrement *CU
*[ts]a(ɴ) fat *Ca(N)
*vuɦ father *BU
*tʼʔʁ° hair *ǀʁV
*tɬau hand *ƛ[a]u
*ɳtsʼʔuʔ kidney *ɳ!u-
*gtʼʔa leaf *ɡǀa
*tɬaɴ° lizard *ƛaNV
*pʼʔha meat *ʘha
*ʢaj° mother *[H]aj-
*tɬʼakʼ°ɴ° shoe *ƛ̣aḳVNV
*tsʼ°kʼ° smoke *c̣VḳV
*ʎiʔ to blow the nose; snot *ʎi-
*tɬ°[k]° to chop *ƛVKV
*kxe to cry, sound *kxe
*k°ʔ°ŋ to know *kVʔV[ŋ]
*i[ts]aʔ to steal *[i]Ca-
*tɬʼʔkxa to wash *ǀǀkxa
*tɬʼʔɢoʔ tortoise *ǀǀGo-
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