Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean/Lexicon

Etymologies possibly linked to Nostratic

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean	Meaning	Notes
	a bird of prey	*KVrdV
	a biting insect *CVnCV
	a deictic element *nV
	a demonstrative element *nV
	a horned animal *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)
	a k. of berry *mVrV
	a k. of bird *[č`w]VHḳV
	a k. of bird *CVmV
	a k. of bird *CVmV
	a k. of bird *HalVḳV
	a k. of bird *HalVḳV
	a k. of bird *k[i̯a]ma 'a k. of aquatic bird'
	a k. of bird *kaNV
	a k. of bird *kaNV
	a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
	a k. of bird *ḳUĺV
	a k. of bird *kVṗV
	a k. of bird *kVṗV
	a k. of bird *kwVtV
	a k. of bird *kwVtV
	a k. of bird *ĺVkĺVkV
	a k. of bird *sVgV
	a k. of bird *SVlwV
	a k. of bird *SVlwV
	a k. of bird *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
	a k. of bird (gallinacean) *KVwrV
	a k. of bone *c`iŋu
	a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
	a k. of cereal *lVnṭV
	a k. of duck *ṭVḳV
	a k. of duck or hen *ṭVḳV
	a k. of fish *č`VHmV
	a k. of fish *kećä 'k. of fish'
	a k. of fish *kVrV
	a k. of fish *kVrV
	a k. of fish *ńowŋa salmon
	a k. of fruit *mVsV
	a k. of fruit *mVsV
	a k. of gallinacean bird *KVwrV
	a k. of grass *wVĺV
	a k. of grass *wVĺV
	a k. of grass? *cVmV
	a k. of horned animal *mula
	a k. of horned animal *mula
	a k. of insect *či̯ū́ p𝑖̯ū́𝑝a ( ~ -u)
	a k. of insect *KUmV
	a k. of insect *KUmV
	a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
	a k. of insect *ḳUṭḳV
	a k. of insect *lVŋV
	a k. of insect *m[a]ŋi
	a k. of insect *mVḳV
	a k. of insect *mVḳV
	a k. of insect *pUḳV
	a k. of insect *pVN(T)V
	a k. of insect *ṗVnǯV
	a k. of insect, louse *ṗVnǯV
	a k. of liquid *c`UtV
	a k. of onion *sUŋV
	a k. of predator *bVrV
	a k. of predator *KVrdV
	a k. of rodent *[xq̇]wĕ[l]ʕǝ́
	a k. of sack *lVmV
	a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
	a k. of tree *jVwV (*ʔVjwV)
	a k. of tree *kojw[a]
	a k. of tree *NEḳrV
	a k. of tree? *ʔilVmV
	a k. of ungulate *cVHnV ( ~ *c`-)
	a k. of ungulate *CVxnV
	a k. of ungulate *mVnV
	a k. of vessel *ḳVwKV
	a k. of vessel *pVNV
	a k. of water bird (gull?) *sVgV
	a part of leg, foot *lVlV
	a small animal *cwVkV ( ~ čw-)
	a stinging insect *mVwć`wV
	a stinging insect *pUḳV
	all *eli
	all, join *kalV
	an insect *čă k𝑎̆𝑘i 'a k. of insect'
	an insect *mVwcwV
	an internal organ *CV(n)CV
	an ungulate *morV
	angry *jVrV
	animal hair *mVńCV
	animal hair *mVńcV ( ~ -c`-)
	antelope *gujrV
	antelope *gujrV
	arm *gara
	arm *küjnV
	arm *lVlV
	arm, leg *ćVḳV
	armpit *ḳVwVŋV
	army, people *čVbV
	ashes, burn *ṗVdwV; cf. also "Alt. "*pi̯ŏ t𝑖̯𝑜̆𝑡e ( ~ -t-, *pi̯ă t𝑖̯𝑎̆𝑡u) 'light'
	ashes, dirt *ṗVlV
	back *dVgV
	back *gedV
	back *gedV
	back *sVrV
	back *tVbV
	back *tVbV
	back *ʔarV
	back *ʔarV
	back, rear *kuNṭV
	back, side *ṗVŋV
	bad *bVHCV
	bad *ʔVkV
	bad *ʔVkV
	bad, dirty *darV
	bad, dirty *darV
	bad, evil *bVHCV
	bad, harm *sogwV ( ~ š-)
	bark *ḳerV
	bark *ḳerV
	bark *ḲopV
	bark *ḲopV
	bark *ḳuLV
	bark *ḳVrṗV
	bark, cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
	bark, peel *ḳuLV
	bark, skin *ḳVrṗV
	basket *ḳocV
	basket *ḳoćV
	be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
	be angry *kwVrV (~ gw)
	be destroyed, fall apart *HVŕV
	be full *ḳOṗV
	be full, complete *ḳOṗV
	be ill *lVχV
	be ill *lVχV
	be satiated *HVwV
	be smooth *gVlV
	be visible, see *nVkV
	beat *biχV
	beat *biχV
	beat *ṭoḳV
	beat *ṭoḳV
	beat, break *buṭV
	beat, hit *SUTV
	beat, hit *SUTV
	beat, hit *ṭapħa
	beat, hit *ṭapħa
	bee *ṗVrV
	bee, insect *ṗVrV
	behind, buttock *[šw]VtV
	behind, buttock *SVtV
	belly *wa[n]čV
	belly *wa[n]ʒ́wV
	belly, entrails *gwVlV
	belly, heart *kuŋV
	belly, heart *kuŋV
	belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
	belly, intestines *gUtV / *kUtV
	belly, liver *gwVlV
	belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
	belly, stomach *Ḳarbi
	below *HalV
	below *HalV
	bend *ḳVlV
	bend *ḳVŋV
	bend *ṭoŋV
	berry *mVrV
	big *mVkV
	big *t`VwjV
	big *wol[a]
	big *wol[a]
	big fish *ḳUlV
	big fish *ḳUlV
	big tree *dVnwV
	big tree *dVnwV
	big, full *tVdV
	big, heavy *pVKV
	big, large *mVkV
	big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
	big, thick *č`oḳV ( ~ -q̇-)
	big, thick *tVdV
	big, very *ʔVnV
	big, very *ʔVnV
	bile *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
	bind *KuTV
	bind *KVrV
	birch *kojw[a]
	bird *[č`w]VHḳV
	bird *HVwjV
	bird *HVwjV
	bird's tail *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -c`w-)
	bite, chew ? *käjwV (?-b-)
	bite, tear *ḳVCV
	biting insect *CVnCV
	bitter *gVcwV(~-čw-)
	bitter *sVbV
	bitter, gall *bišV ( ~ -č`-)
	bitter, sour *gVcwV(~−č𝑤𝑉(~-čw- )
	black *ḳarV
	black *ḳarV
	black *ʔVbV
	black *ʔVbV
	black, dark *ḳUmV
	black, dark *ḳUmV
	black, dark *mVCHV
	black, dark *nal- 'black'
	black, night *sVrV
	black-cock *ṭVrV / *ṭVṭVrV
	blade, awl *ʔVlV
	blade, whetstone *ʔVlV
	blister, abscess *HVlVḳV
	blister, wound *HVlVḳV
	blood *bUjlV
	blood *bUjlV blood
	blood *ḳVnV blood
	blood *wirV
	blood *ʔVsxV
	blood, blood vessel *ḳVnV
	blood, breath *HwinV
	blood, breath *ʔVsxV
	blood, red *ḳurV
	blood, red *ḳurV blood, red
	blood, spirit *cwVnV spirit; blood
	blood; marrow *mVLV
	blood; red *wirV
	blue *swVNV
	blue *swVNV
	board, stick *ṭVlV
	body *bVdV
	body, belly *bVdV
	boil *borV, *buŕa
	boil *borV, *buŕa
	boil, burn *ḳVju
	bone *girV
	bone *girV
	bone *HV(w)[č`]V
	bone *HV(w)čV
	bone *ḳač`V
	bone *ḳaCV
	bone *ʒ́VmV ? (cf. also *c`iŋu)
	bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
	bone, tooth *ṗVjNV
	bosom *ʔVṗV
	bosom *ʔVṗV
	bovine ? *luwV (*luɣV) 'horse'
	bow *büḲa
	bow, arc *ṭoŋV
	bow, lean *tajV
	brain *mVŋV
	brain *mVŋV
	brain, head *wVṭV(mV)
	brain, marrow; head *wVṭV(mV)
	branch *rVṭV
	branch, rod *rVṭV
	branch, stick *HelV
	branch, twig, rod *šVṭV
	break, chop *cVṗV
	break, split *buṭV
	breast *[c]V(n)ʒwV
	breast *ḳerdV
	breast *ṗome
	breast, belly *ʔudV
	breast, udder *mälgi
	breast, udder *mälgi
	breath, smell *sVwHV
	bright *bVrḳV
	bright *ʔVǯV
	bright *ʔVǯV
	brown *boŕa
	brown *boŕa
	brown, dark *KVŋV
	brown, yellow *KVŋV
	bug, flea *ŋalmV
	build, house *dwVmV
	burn *mūga 'bonfire'
	burn *ṗaĺV
	burn *ṗaĺV
	burn *ṗVrV
	burn *wVrV
	burn *wVrV
	burn, bake *buKV
	burn, boil *t`èmo ( ~ t-) burn, kindle
	burn, fire *qoṭi
	burn, fire *qoṭi
	burn, fire *t`ülV
	burn, hot coals *gUrV
	burn, hot coals *gUrV
	burn, roast *buKV
	burn, roast, dry *ḳVńV
	burn, shine *Cajŋa
	burn, shine *ʒajŋa
	burst *paḳV
	butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
	butterfly *ṗVrṗVlV
	buy, sell *ṗVrV
	calf *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
	calf, bull *ṗVrV ( ~ p-)
	cattle; horse *morV
	cave, hole *ḳVjwV
	cave, hole *ḳVjwV
	cheek *ṗVlV
	chest, belly *bUrV
	chest, belly *bUrV
	child *mVḳV
	child, to bear *berV
	child, to bear *berV
	chin *kenV
	chin *kenV (cf. also *kVngV)
	chin, beard *čò k𝑜̀𝑘e ( ~ -i̯u-) 'cheek bone'
	chin, jaw *kVṗV
	chop *cVṗV
	chopped piece, to cut *ḳUṭV (cf. also *ḳVtV)
	clan member *ʔarV
	clay, mud *pVnV
	clay, mud *pVnV
	clothing *ḳa(j)dV
	cloud *bVl(w)V
	cloud *bVl(w)V
	coals, burn *CuxLV
	coals, soot, burn *CuxLV
	cold *[z]VrV
	cold *KurV
	cold *KurV
	cold *SVŋV
	cold *ʒ́VrV
	cold, frost *SVŋV
	come, go; rise *Horä
	coniferous tree *pVnč`wV
	coniferous tree, resin *pVnč`wV
	corner, enclosure ? *ḳVnVṭV
	corner, wall *ḳVnVṭV
	court, enclosure *dwVrV
	cover *ṭUgV ( ~ -H-)
	cover, close *ḳaṗV
	cover, close *ḳaṗV
	crane *kar-/*ker-
	crane *kar-/*ker-
	crust *c`VrV
	curved, bent *ḳUrV
	cut *čVḳV ( ~ *č`-)
	cut *ḳUṭV
	cut *ḳVc`V
	cut *kVlV
	cut, sharp *CarV
	dark *HamV
	dark *rVmV
	dark *rVmV
	dark *sVmV
	dark *ṭVmV
	dark *ṭVmV
	dark, black *muṭV dark
	dark, black *mVCHV
	dark, black *sVmV dark
	dark, cloudy *muṭV
	darkness, night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)
	dawn *gojńV
	dawn, light *gojńV
	dawn, light *lVwŋV
	dawn, noon *lVwŋV
	day, shine *dʷVjɣV
	day, shine *dʷVjɣV
	day, sun, light *ŋera
	decease *ŋVwV
	deer *mVnV
	deer *ʔelV
	deer *ʔelV
	deer, antilope *ʔoru
	deer, he-goat *pOgV
	demonstr. pronoun *mV
	demonstr. pronoun *mV
	demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
	demonstr. pronoun *ṭV
	demonstrative pronoun *ḳV
	demonstrative pronoun *sV
	dew, liquid *rVCV
	die, finish *muṭV
	die, starve *HwelV
	die; kill *nek'-
	dig, hack *ḳVṗV
	direction, road *gwVCV
	direction, road, pass *gwVCV
	dirt *böḳa
	dirt *c`VrV
	dirt *c`VrV
	dirt *kodV
	dirt *kodV
	dirt *lVḳwV
	dirt, earth *magV
	dirt, faeces *[ʒ]VḳV
	dirt, faeces *SVḳV
	dog *KUCV
	dog *ḳVpV
	dog *ḳVpV
	dog *ŋindV
	dog *ŋindV
	dog *ŋVḳV
	dog, wolf *bVrV
	dog, wolf *KUCV
	dog, wolf *ŋVḳV
	dream *CVm(ŋ)V
	drink *jVgU
	drink, liquid *CUtV
	drink, swallow *ʔEmV
	drink, water *HVṗV
	dry *gwVlV
	dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
	dry *ḳVjwV(rV)
	dry *kVkV
	dry *kVk𝑉𝑘V
	dry *KVmV
	dry *ḳVs(w)V
	dry *sušV
	dry *śušV dry
	dry, burn *gwVlV (cf. also */ḳ/alV)
	dung, mud *ḳorV
	dust *bur(H)V
	dust *bur(H)V
	dust, ashes *ṭVṭV
	dust, ashes, smoke *ṭVṭV
	dust, dirt *böḳa
	dwelling *gülV
	dwelling *gülV
	ear *KVrWV
	ear *KVrWV
	early *ʔVCV
	early *ʔVrV
	early *ʔVrV
	early, dawn *ʔVcwV
	earth *DVG-
	earth *DVG-
	earth *magV
	earth, dust *ṭVŕV
	earth, dust *ṭVŕV
	eat *tin- 'eat'
	eat *UNV
	eat, drink *UNV
	edge *cimu ( ~ ć-, č-, č`-) top, summit
	edge *Hońća
	edge *HońcV
	edge *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
	edge *ṗerV
	edge *PVlV
	edge *PVlV (but cf. also *ṗVlV)
	edge, side *mVcV ( ~ -c`-)
	edge, side *ṗerV
	egg *ṭUĺV
	egg *ṭUĺV
	elbow, forearm *c`VjḳV
	elbow, knee *küjnV
	elder brother or sister *ʔaḳV
	elder brother/sister *eńV
	elder male relative, father *ʔVṭV (cf. also *tajV)
	elder relative *ʔaḳV
	elder relative *ʔVṭV
	elm *ʔilVmV
	enclosure *gErV
	enclosure *gVrdV
	enclosure *gVrdV
	enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
	enclosure, yard *dwVrV
	enclosure, yard *gErV
	end; mouth *[s]UwV
	enemy *ḳarV
	enemy *ḳarV
	evening *SVKV
	evening *sVrV
	evening *ʒwVṗV
	evening, sleep *ʒwVṗV
	extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ ś-, š-) extinguish
	eye, see *HuḲa
	eye, see *HuḲa
	eye, see *HwVlV
	eyebrow (> eyelid); hair of head *SVmrV
	face *mVŋV
	face, chin *kVṗV
	face, forehead *pVNV
	face, head *mVĺV
	face, head *mVṭV
	face, head *pVNV
	face, nose, mouth *mVŋV
	face, skin on head *mVṭV
	fall *ḳVtV
	fall, descend *HewV
	fall, descend, disappear *HewV(jV)
	far; next *ḳUlV
	fart *PV[s]V
	fart *PVSV
	fat *gwVjV
	fat *gwVjV
	fat, intestines *sebV ( ~ ś-, š-)
	father *aṗV
	father *aṗV
	feather *ṗVĺV
	feather, tail *ṗVĺV
	female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)
	female *ṗenV
	female genitalia *mVṭV
	female genitalia *mVṭV
	female in-law *kälU
	female in-law *kälU
	female relative *eńV
	female relative *mVjNV
	female relative *mVjNV
	female relative *natV
	female relative *natV
	fence, enclosure *wVč`V ( ~ -ǯ-)
	fight, kill *HwelV
	finger *pVrV
	finger, claw *č`wVṗV
	finger, claw *č`wVṗV
	finger, fingernail *pVrV
	finger, toe *ḳVrV
	fire *CVCxV
	fire *dʷVɣV
	fire *dʷVɣV
	fire *ṗVxwV
	fire *ṗVxwV
	fire *zVcwxV
	fire, burn *HenkV
	fire, burn *HenkV
	fire, burn *nVjV
	fire, burn *ŋera
	fire, burn *ṗVrV
	fire, burn *ʔumV
	fire, burn *ʔumV
	fire, to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)
	fire, warmth *lVmV
	first p. pron. *ŋV
	first person pronoun *mV
	first person pronoun (exclusive?) *ŋV
	fish *č`VHmV
	fish *dVgV
	fish *dVgV
	fist *mVǯHV
	fist, handle *ṗVnḳV
	fist, wrist *kompV
	fist; squeeze with a fist, crumple *mVǯHV
	flat *lVṗV
	flat *lVṗV
	flat *ṭaPV
	flat *ṭaPV
	flat, level *ṗVlHV
	flat, level *ṗVlHV
	flat, plain *ṭalV
	flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
	flea *pur_cwV(GV) / *pülcwV(GV)
	flesh, blood *SVĺV flesh, fat
	flesh, fat *c`ebV
	flesh, fat *swVĺV
	flow *ńVjrV
	flow *ńVjrV
	flow, gush *bVlV
	flow, gush *bVlV
	fly *ṗarV
	fly *ṗarV
	fly, flea *ṗVlV
	fly, midge *ṗVlV
	fog *musV
	food *HVlV
	food, eat *HVlV
	foolish, deceive *tVlV
	foot, knee *bVl(m)V
	foot, sole *ṗVHdV
	foot, toe *ḳVrV
	forest, wilderness *ni̯VnV
	four *NVlV
	fox *[čw]VlɣV
	fox, weasel *[čw]VlɣV
	fragile *lVmV
	fringe, thread *sVŋV
	fringe, thread *śVŋV ( ~ *ć`-)
	frog *gwVrV
	frog *gwVrV
	front *HalV
	front *HanṭV
	front *HanṭV
	front *ʔedV front, breast
	front, breast *mVńV
	front, breast *mVńV
	front, breast *ʔedV
	front, nose *newRV
	front, outside *HalV
	frost, cold *pič`V
	frozen snow *čVgV
	frozen snow *čVgV
	fruit *bVrq̇wV
	fruit *bVrq̇wV
	full *HVp`V
	full *HVPVTV
	full *malV
	full *ṭVngV
	full *ṭVngV
	full *tVrV
	full, all *wV(n)CV
	full, all *wV(n)CV
	full, fill *ṭVmV
	furrow *HarV
	furrow, hoe *HarV
	gather, assemble *ṗVrV buy, assemble
	genitalia *ḳUṭV	genitalia *ḳUṭV	get in pairs, pair > two *malV	get, obtain *ga	gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV?	gift, allotment *ajṭV ~ *amṭV?	give *ćwVHV	glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu	glittering *gi[ɫ]ħu	glue *[c]VbV	glue, join *ćabV	go astray, fall apart *HVŕV	go, come *HVjV	go, follow *HVjV	goat *ṭVkV (*dwVḳV)	goat, deer *ʔoru	goat, ram, deer *pOgV	good *mVlV	good *näḳi	good (of soul) *näḳi	good, big *bVtV ?	good, fit *dUgV	good, new *wVlV	good, proper *ʔVjV	good, take care ? *ʔVjsV	goose *ĺVkĺVkV	grain *SVrV	grain *SVrV	grasp *kamV	grasp *kamV	grasp, seize, press *HamV	grass *kuCu	grass, reed *ćVmV	grass, twigs *c`UlV	grass, vegetables *kuč`u	grey *c'VjrV	grey *c'VjrV	grind *nVq̇V	grind *nVq̇V	gum, resin, mud *ṗoŋV	gums *ńVjlV part of face, gums	guts, inside *oŕV	hack *ṭanV	hair *cVḳV	hair *k`VSV	hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]	hair *ńä[w(ŋ)]a [cf. *ŋVjV]	hair *nVwrV	hair *nVwrV	hair *ŋVjV	hair *p`un(́)V	hair *p`un(́)V	hair *pUdV	hair *sVHrV	hair *sVHrV	hair *ṭVrV	hair *ṭVrV	hair ? *k`VSV	hair, beard *Ḳila	hair, eyebrow *burV	hair, feather *pUdV (? *HapUdV)	hair, hair of head *burV	hair, head *q̇irV	hair, rope *ŋVjV	hair, stalk *Ḳila	hair, tail *sVPV	half, part *palV	hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)	hand *mVńV ( / *mVń-rV?)	hand(ful) *kompV	hand, arm *bVgu	hand, arm *udV	hand, bone *ŋVlV ?	hand, elbow *ŋVlV ?	hand, fist *ṗVnḳV	hand, limb *udV	hard *ḳVmV ?	hard, bone *ḳVmV ?	hard, firm *pVKV	harm, deceive *sogwV ( ~ š-)	harsh, ragged *c`VrV	head *q̇irV	head, back of head *ḳapV	hear *sVmV	hear *SVmV	hear, ear *ḳiwlV	hear, ear *me- 'hear; ear'	heart *sVʎV(mV)	heart *śVʎV(mV)	heart, breast *ḳerdV	heat *[H]indV	heavy, labour *mVnḳV	herd *cVčV	high *berg[i]	high *berg[i]	high *TVGV	hill *tujpV	hill, rock *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)	hill, top *tujpV	hit *wVdV	hit *wVdV	hole *HangV (cf. also *wonkV)	hole *k`VCV	hole *ḳUrV	hole *wonkV	hole, cavity *ḳVwVŋV	hole, empty *gop`a	hole, empty *gop`a	hole, mouth *k`VCV	hole, vulva *p`u[ṭ]V	hollow *HVlwV	hollow, cavity *HVlwV	hoof *ḳäṗV	hoof *ḳäṗV	hoof *sUdV	hoof *ṭUṗV	hoof, finger(nail) *ṭUṗV hoof	hoof, hoof deformation *c`UdV	horn *ḳirV	horn *mVrgV	horn; root *mVrgV	horned animal *bVrV	horned animal *bVrV	hot, warm *ṗäḳV	house *pVrV	house *ʔU[ṭ]V	house, village *ḳojmV village, hut	humid, wet *mVk`V	I, myself *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)	I, myself; we [first p. pronoun] *ʔVkV (*ʔVgV)	I, we [first p. pronoun] *mV	ice, cold *jVkV	ice, cold *jVkV	ill, die *m[ä]rV	ill, die *m[ä]rV	insect, vermine *tVkV	insect, vermine *tVkV	insect, worm *ḳwVŋV	insect, worm *lVŋV	inside, stomach *ʔudV	interrog. or relat. pronoun *ŋiV	interrog. or relative pronoun *ŋiV	interrogative pronoun *ḳV	interrogative pronoun *mV	intestine *[c']VlV	intestine *ć'VlV	intestine *ḳUʒwV	intestines *ḳUʒ́wV	intestines *ḳVmV stomach, intestines ?	intestines *lVŋ(d)V	intestines *oŕV	jaw, palate *ʔVŋV	jaw, palate *ʔVŋV	joint, limb *bVgu	joy *bVjV	joy, desire *bVjV	juice, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ š-)	jump, run *lVKV	kidney, heart *lVŋ(d)V	kill *KolV	kill *ḳVwχV	knee *bVl(m)V	knee, ankle *sVnV	knife, cut, break *kUŋ[d]V	know *ṭanV	know, hear *ṭanV (?*-ŋ-) know	know, name *nerV	large fish *lVmbV	large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)	large predator *zīwe(ŋkV)	large, heavy *sUrV	large, heavy *sUrV	laugh *gUlV	laugh, merry *gUlV	leaf *bolV	leaf *bolV	leaf *lVṗV	leaf tree *ṗVlV	leaf tree *ṗVlV	leaf, bark *lVṗV	leaf, branch *HelV	leaf, flower *pòŋa ( ~ *p`-) 'bud'	leaf; reed? *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)	leg *ɫaḳV	leg *ɫaḳV	leg, arm *ḳVwlV	leg, limb *ḳVwlV	level ground *ṭalV	lick *laḳV	lick *laḳV	lick *lašV ?	lick *lašV ?	lick, drink *talV	lie *ḳVwjV	light, burn *Howri	light, burn *Howri	light, loose *SulV	light, shine *HVlV	light, shine *HVlV	light, shine *jVḳV	light, shine *jVḳV	light, shine *mVlV	limb *ṗVHdV	lip, soft excrescence *kanpV	lip, soft excrescence *kanpV	liquid *GurV	liquid *GurV	liquid *lVṭV	liquid *lVṭV	liquid *sVwV	liquid *śVwV	liquid, dirt *lVḳwV	liquid, flow *L[ä]jV	liver *pi̯ā̀ki liver	liver *ponta	liver, belly *tVrV(ŋV)	liver, intestines *mVLV blood, marrow?	lizard, slug *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)	lizard, worm *mVxlV ( ~ *mVlxV)	loins, groin *zVmV	long *tel(ḥ)V	long *tel(ḥ)V	long bone *śVnV	long hair, tail *[s]VPV	long, far *ḳUlV	long, high *HVgU	long, wide *wVŕV	long, wide *wVŕV	loose *SulV	loose(n) *lVCV	louse *pVN(T)V ?	louse *ṭäjV	louse *ṭäjV	louse, nit *ñejV	love, good *ʔVjV	luminary *mVnzV	luminary *mVnʒ́V	lung, liver *pVjLV	lung, spleen *pVjLV	male *gVntV	male *gVntV	male, male child *mVḳV	man *ḳaćV ( ~ -ć`-)	man *mänV	man *mänV	many *m[o]nV	many *m[o]nV	many *ṗalV	many *ṗV(H)- ?	many, big *bVtV ?	many, full *ṗalV	marsh *[sw]VjmV	marsh, uncultivated land *[sw]VjmV	marten *ḳ[u]nV	marten *ḳ[u]nV	meat *ńVḳV(rV)	meat *sUḳV	meat *ʔomsV	meat *ʔomśV	meat, animal *cVč𝑉čV	meat, deer *sUḳV	meat, liver *mVḳV	meat, liver *mVḳV	meat, roe, intestines *ńVḳV(rV)	member of the clan *ʔarV	moisture *mVtV	moisture *mVtV	moon, heavenly body *ṭVlgV(nV)	moon, luminary *ṭVlgV(nV)	morning *ṗuKdV (?)	morning / evening *HamV	morning ~ evening *SVKV	morning, clear sky *ŋańV	moth *kuńV ?	mother *ʔVjV ?	mother *ʔVjV ?	mother *ʔVmV	mother, woman *ʔVmV	mountain *balV	mountain *malV	mountain *malV	mountain *wVrV	mountain *wVrV	mountain, high *TVGV	mountain, hill *balV	mountain, hill *gʷVrV	mountain, hill *gʷVrV	mountain, top *ṗVrV	mountain, top *ṗVrV	mouse *cVḳV ( ~ *c`-)	mouse, squirrel *CVḳV (cf. also *cwVkV ( ~ čw-))	mouse, squirrel *gʷVĺV	mouth *[s]UwV	mouth, hole *HVwV	mouth, hole *HVwV	mouth; eat *č`VmV ?	mouth; speak *ʔVpV	mouth; to speak *ʔVpV	mud, dung *ḳorV	mud; gum, resin *ṗoŋV	multitude; be satiated *HVwV	mushroom, fungus *pUtV	mushroom, sponge *pUtV	naked, take off clothes *luku	name *ĺVm(ŋ)V	name *ĺVm(ŋ)V	name *ṗVtV	name, call *ṗVtV	name, shape *šamV	nape, back *[s]VKV	nape, back *śVKV	nape; back *dVgV	narrow *č`VnV	narrow *ṭijV	narrow, thin *č`VnV	near *ʔVbV	neck *ḳVlV	neck, collar *kVŋkV	neck, throat *HVŋV	neck, throat *ḳVlV	neck, vertebra *nVKV	negative particle *ʔVlV	negative particle *ʔVlV	negative verb *ʔe	new *žVjŋV	new, fresh *CVrV	new, good *žVjŋV	new, young *CVrV	new, young *wVlV	night *HUdV	night *kVcwV ( ~ -čw-)	night *lVlV	night *lVlV	night, dawn *ŋańV 'morning, clear sky'	night, sleep *HUdV	night, sleep *zVNV	night, sleep *ʒ́iNV	night, sleep *ʔamV	nit *ñejV	nit, louse *sajrV	nit, louse *sajrV ( ~ *ś-)	nose *ḳVŋV	nose *ḳVŋV	nose *ne(H)wRV	nose *ŋVkCV	nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)	nose *wiKV (?*ujKV)	nose, nostril *CVxrV	nose, nostril *cwVxrV	not *ʔVnV	not, negative particle *ʔVnV	not, negative verb *ʔe	notch, sign *gVrVbV	now; new *nVwV	now; new *nVwV	numerous, full *tVrV	nut, fruit *ar- 'nut'	old *gwVrV	old *gwVrV	old *zVr(d)V	one *sem-	one *ʔUdV	one *ʔUdV	one *ʔVrV	one *ʔVrV	one, finger *dwV(j)ḳV	one, finger (?) *dwV(j)ḳV	one, self *ʔo(ŋ)nV	onion, odorous grass *sUŋV	open *ṗan[c]V	open space *ʔVrHV	open space *ʔVrHV	open, hole *HangV	open; hole *ʔaḳa	order, custom *nerV	original place *ni̯VnV	other *aĺV other side	other *gUjV	other *gwVjV	pain, wound *mVnḳV	painful state, grief *gilV	painful state, grief *gilV	pair, one of a pair *gagtV	palate, tongue *ŋVnV	palate, tongue *ŋVnV	palm *caʷlǝʒǝ- hand, Nivgh. *cälmǝ palm	palm (of hand) *ṗVlŋV	palm of hand, handful *ṗVlŋV	part of face *ńVjlV	part of nose *ŋVk[čw]V	part of nose *t`ā́nV ( ~ -ē-) (?) part of nose	part of shoulder *čVKV	part of shoulder, joint *čVKV	paw, grasp *gEpSV	paw, hand *gEpčwV	peg, nail *ɣoŋɣV	peg, nail *ḳUjḳV peg, nail (cf. also *kikV 'bite', *ḳVkV 'break, peck')	peg, root *ḳUjḳV	penis *bVĺV	penis *bVĺV	penis *ṗacV ( ~ -c`-, -č-)	penis *ṗaćV ( ~ -ć`-, -č-) (cf. also *pVjcV ( ~ -č-))	people, army *čVbV	place *baja	place *baja	pleasure, satisfaction *ṭVrṗV	plenty, abundant *malV	pond *küɫä	pond *küɫä	pool, low ground *laḳwV	pool, low ground *laḳwV	pot *ṗVdV	pot *ṗVdV	pot *pVNV	pray *mVlV	prohibitive / negative particle *ma	prohibitive particle, not *ma	pus, rot *[č]iru	pus, rot *Ciru	push, move *ńukV	quick *ṭurV	quick *ṭurV	quick, swift *pV[ṭ]V	rain, fog, steam *musV ?	rain, pour *HVrćV ( ~ -ć`-) (cf. also *rVCV)	rare *HVrV	rare, new *HVrV rare	reed *HVrVlV (*HVlVrV)	relative-in-law *tajV	ring, hook *ḳVCV (also *kVCV)	ring, spool *ḳVč`V	rise *ŋwVkV	rise, stand up *HVgU	rise, up *ʔVpV	rise, up *ʔVpV	road *ʔur(H)V	road *ʔur(H)V	road, walk *mVrV	rod, strap *lVgV ?	rod, strap *lVgV ?	roe; inside *t`VrV(ŋV)	root, bone (?) *tV(H)mV	root, bone (??) *tV(H)mV root, bone (?)	root, herb *wVr[t]V	root, herb *wVr[t]V	root, seed > settlement *aHulV	root, sprout *ḲurV	root, stalk *ḲurV	rope, thread *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)	round *ḳoĺV	round *ḳoĺV	round *ṭompV	round, convex *ṭompV ?	rump, buttocks *kuNṭV	rump, neck *nVKV	run *bok[a]	run *bok[a]	run, drive *ʔurKV	sack, bag *lVmV	salt *CalV	salt, bitter *sVbV	salt, sea *čwalV	salty, sour *č`VmV	salty, sour *cwVwVrV	sand *ki[ǯ]V	sand *kiCV	satisfaction *ṭVrṗV	say *tVHV	say, call *wVḳV	say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)	say, sound *čVwV ( ~ *č`-)	scab *pVkV	scatter, sift *ś(w)VcwV	scrape, scraper *ḳwVnCV	scrape, scraper *ḳwVncwV	scratch *wVrcwV	scratch, scrape *ḳVSV	scratch, scrape *wVrcwV	sea *jamV	sea, shallow *sVjɣwV	sea, water *jamV	sea, water *sVjɣwV	second person pronoun *χwV	second person pronoun, thou *nV	second person pronoun, thou *si	second person pronoun, thou *ṭ[u]	see, eye *ʔVnjV	seed, kin *ṗVrV	seed, kin *ṗVrV	seed; to sift *sVjHV	seize *HamV	self *ʔo(ŋ)nV	separate, split *bedV	settlement *aHulV	settlement *palVHV	settlement *palVHV	shape *šamV	sharp *Hoḳi	sharp object *CVNV	sharp point, tooth *Hoḳi	sharp stick *c`iĺV	sharp stick *c`iĺV	sharp, to whet *pVxwV	sharp, to whet *pVxwV	shell *kV(n)ḳV	shell, bark *kV(n)ḳV	shin, shank *ḳVnčV	shin, thigh *ḳVnčV	shine, bright *bVrḳV	shine, burn *mVlV	shine, burn (several roots?) *belV	shine, glitter *belV	shine, glitter *laṗV	shine, light *bVɣV	shine, light *bVɣV	shine; burn *leuk-	shoulder *tVlV	shoulder, arm *tVlV	shoulder, shoulder-blade *ṗVŋV	shout *rewǝ- shout, roar	show, point at *tVjḳV	sick, ill *ēco ( ~ -ć-, -č-)	side *bVḳV	side (of body) *bVḳV	sinew; root *SirV	sinew; root *SirV	single, first *sVnV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)	single; apart, asunder *sVnV ( ~ š-, c`-)	sister, woman? *SäwCV	sister, woman? *SäwCV	skin *ḲaĺV	skin *ḲaĺV	skin *perV	skin *perV	skin *ṗVtV	skin *ṗVtV	skin *ṭVlV	skin *ṭVlV	skin, bark *pVkV	skin, crust, peel *kamV	skin, hair *ṭVwq̇V	skin, hair on body *ṭVwq̇V	skin, husk *kamV	skull *ḳapV	sky, cloud *HaḳumV	sky, cloud *HaḳumV	slanting *kVCV	sleep *ʔamV	slide, creep *[ʒ]VlV	slime *SVlV	slime, dirt *SVlV	small *cVḳV	small *CVḳV	small *ḳVṭV	small *ṭijV	small bird *ciṗV	small bird *ciṗV	small female animal *ṗenV	small, thin, short *ṭVnV	small, young *ḳVṭV	small. child *pVwjV	small. child *pVwjV	smear *cwVHmV	smear, fat *mVjrV	smear, fat *mVjrV	smear; fat *ć`ämV	smell *[s]VwHV	smell *ṗunV	smell *sun(g)V	smell *śun(g)V	smell, breathe, smoke *ṗunV	smile *mUc`V ( ~ -s-)	smoke *ǯun[k]V	smoke *ǯun[k]V	smoke, cloud *nVbV	smoke, cloud *nVbV	smooth *gVlV	smth. sharp *CVNV	snake *nētr- 'snake'	snake *ṗVjmV	snake *ʔanKV	snake *ʔanKV	snake, eel *lVmbV	soft, fragile *lVmV	soft, mild *mVlV	soft, weak *lVjńV	soft, wet *LVṗV	soft, wet *LVṗV	soul, breath *mùsi 'steam, spirit'	sour *CVwVrV	sour, bitter *č`VmV	sour, ferment *sVḳV ( ~ ś-, š-, ć`-)	span *ṭVgV	span *ṭVgV	speak, say, sound *jVnV	speak, sound *jVnV	spin, twist *ṗuNV	spin, twist *ṗuNV	spirit *cwVnV	spit *ṭupV	spit *ṭupV	spit, fang *ḳiwHV	spit, fang *ḳiwHV	spleen *lVṗV ?	spleen *lVṗV ?	spleen *tV(H)ʎV	spleen, liver *tV(H)ʎV	split *cVlV	split, tear off *CVlV	spread *ṗVrjV	spread, extend *CVχrV	spread, long *pVdV	spring *PVnV	spring, flow *bira (*bujra)	spring, flow *bira (*bujra)	sprinkle *p`iSV	sprinkle *p`isV	stalk *kanVbV	stalk, peg *kanVbV	stand *čwVrV	star *dVštV	star, luminary *HVzwVrV	star, moon *dV[š]tV ?	star, shine *HVźVrV	stem, board *ṭVlV	steppe, valley, meadow *ColV	steppe, valley, meadow *ColV	stick *bVč`V	stick *ḳVlV	stick *ḳVlV	stick into, pierce *bedV	stick, pole *bVč`V	stick, tree *ḳUrV	stick, tree *ḳUrV	stomach, intestines *ḳVmV ?	stone *ḳElV	stone *kiwV	stone *ṭ/aj/lV	stone *ṭ/aj/lV	stone, hill *bVgV ( ~ -ɣ-)	stone, mountain *kiwV	stone, rock *ḳElV	storm *burV ( >> *p-)	storm *burV ( >> *p-)	stream, flow of water *Huwa	stream, flow of water *Huwa	stump *ṭumgV	stump, trunk *ṭumgV	suck *SUṗV	suck *zUkV	suck, swallow *muḳV swallow, gobble	sufficient, complete *eli	sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)	sun *si̯aχu (-ɣ-)	sun, day *daŋ 'dawn'; PJ (Ryukyu) *tianta 'sun'	swamp *laHm[u]	swamp *laHm[u]	sweep *šwxVjṗV	sweet *cwVtu	sweet, tasty *cwVtu	tail *ḳudV	tail *ḳudV	tail *toḳE	tail *toḳE	tail, (long) hair *ṗVńcwV ( ~ -ćw−,−č𝑤-,-čw-, -ǯ-)	tail, back *śVrV back	take *ga	take *ʔanV	take, bring *gerV	take, bring *tVKV	take, carry *ʔVpV	take, get *gVṭV	take, grasp *kantV	take, seize *ʔVpV	taste *ṭVHmV	taste *xamV, *xamŋV; *xamŋV 'mouth'	temple, hair on temple *cVḳV	ten, many *ṗV(H)- ?	tent *ʔU[ṭ]V	testicle *ḳoĺV	testiculus *ḳoĺV	that, that near *ʔVbV	that, this *ʔa (*ʔe)	that, this *ʔu	that, this *ʔu	that, this *ʔa (*ʔe) (prob. *Ha that, *He this)	thick *ṭujV (*ṭVwjV)	thick *ṭVkV	thick, full *ṭVkV	thick, swell *bongä	thick, swell *bongä	thigh *bVgtV	thigh *bVgtV	thigh, leg (?) *ṗVǯkV	thigh, rump *ṗVǯkV	thin *cUṗV	thin *ṭVnV	thin, narrow *ćUṗV	thing *HVdV	thing; interrog. stem *HVdV	third person pronoun *sV	this *cV ( ~ č-)	this *cV ( ~ č-, ć-)	this *ḳV	this *ʔi (*hi)	this *ʔi (*hi)	thorn *ʒwVgV	thorn *ʒ́wVgV	thorny bush *NEḳrV	thou (obl. forms?) [second p. pronoun] *χwV	thou [second p. pronoun] *nV thou	thou [second p. pronoun] *ṭ[u]	throat *HVŋV	throat, intestines *kUṭV	throat, swallow *kUlV	throat, to swallow *kUlV	tickle *cVḳV	tie, weave *tVḳV	tip, spout *CVCV	tip, spout *čVčV	to approach, follow *ŋāńi	to ask, pray *ṗVrXV	to ask, pray *ṗVrXV	to bare teeth *mUCV	to be *buHi	to be *woɣlV	to be *woɣlV	to be *ʔa ?	to be *ʔa ?	to be *ʔesA	to be *ʔesA	to be angry *kVCV	to be angry, hostile *kVCV	to be completed, exhausted *ṭVkV	to be lost, exhausted *ṭVkV	to be mad, stupid *buḳV	to be visible *HwVlV	to be well *c`olHV	to be well *ColHV	to be, live *ʔelA	to be, live *ʔelA	to bear *š[e]wV	to bear *š[e]wV	to bear *ṭVlV	to bear, lift *ṭVlV	to beat *ṗVṭV	to beat *ṗVṭV	to beat, hit *ḳVwχV	to bend *büḲa	to bend *cVḳV	to bend *Garḳu	to bend *Garḳu	to bend *guḳa	to bend *guḳa	to bend *güpA	to bend *ḳVlV ?	to bend *ḳVŋV	to bend *ɫoŋḳa	to bend, bow *ɫoŋḳa	to bend, turn *KUrV	to bend; hump, heap *güpA	to bind, girdle *KuTV	to bind, harness *taxlwV	to bite *kikV	to bite, taste *ṭVHmV	to blink, shine, shade *c`ajV	to blink, shine, shade *CajV	to blow *dVwɣV	to blow *p`uSV	to blow *p`uSV	to blow *ṗuɣV	to blow *ṗuɣV	to blow, shake *dVwɣV	to blow, winnow *Hewa	to blow, winnow *Hewa	to boil, foam *ḳüpä	to boil, foam *ḳüpä	to boil, roast *gVbV	to bore, dig *lUŋ(k)V	to bow, bend *cVḳV	to break, crumble *ṗVSV	to break, cut, wound *ʔVrHwV	to break, scatter, tear *ʔVrHwV	to breathe *HwinV	to breathe *ʔanqV	to breathe *ʔanqV	to burn */ḳ/alV	to burn *ć`wVwV (?*HVwć'wV)	to burn *cwVwV (?*HVwcwV)	to burn *dekO	to burn *dekO	to burn *Hase	to burn *HaSe	to burn *ḳVńV	to burn *ṗVdwV	to burn *ṭülV	to burn, bake *kVwrV	to burn, bake *kVwrV	to burn, boil *ḳVju	to burn, flash *CVlV	to burn, heat *gVbV	to burn, sun *nVjV	to burst, split (many roots) *paḳV	to call *CVḥV (?)	to call *gVjwV	to call *gVjwV	to call *ḳErV	to call *ḳErV	to care *č`VrV	to care *čVrV	to change, borrow *HVrV	to change, distribute *HVrV	to chew *käjwV (?-b-)	to collect, count *lVkV	to collect, count *lVkV	to collect, put *ṗanV	to complete *muṭV	to cover *ḳa(j)dV	to cover, protect *ḳVrV	to covet sexually *gʷVnV	to covet sexually *gʷVnV	to cross, other side *aĺV	to crush *pi(u)čV	to crush, press *ṗVjńV	to crush, squeeze *pi(u)CV	to cry *muɣrV	to cry, shout *ḳVwV	to curse, be angry *jVrV	to cut *ɣVcV ( ~ -c`-)	to cut *ɣVčV ( ~ -č`-)	to cut *ḳVć`V	to cut *mVc`V	to cut *ṭanV ?	to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV	to cut, hit, saw *ṗVwV	to cut, knife *kVlV ?	to cut, sharp *CarV	to cut, split *sVḳV	to cut, split *śVḳV	to cut, tear *mVCV	to deceive *tVlV	to die, kill *KolV	to dig, hack *ḳVṗV	to divide, cut in half *palV	to drink *jVgU	to drink, flow *tVrV	to dry *KVmV	to dry *šwVrV	to dry *šwVrV	to dry up, extinguish *sun(d)V ( ~ š-)	to eat *ʒeGV	to eat *ʒeGV	to eat *ʔitV	to eat *ʔitV	to eat, gulp *ḳVmV	to eat, gulp *ḳVmV	to enter, go *ŋēni	to fall *ḳVtV	to fall *ṗeṭV	to fall, (down) *ṗeṭV	to fall, fly *ṗVjlV	to fall, soar *ṗVjlV	to fear, be angry *belHi	to fear, be scared *belHi	to ferment, squeeze juice *zUkV	to fill, stuff *ṭVmV	to finish *ḳUdV	to finish *ḳUdV	to fit, be good *dUgV	to fit, be good *ḳVnV	to flash, shine *CVlV	to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV	to flow, drip *CurV / *CorV	to flow, pour *tUKV	to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV	to follow, send, leave *lVjḳV	to get *gVṭV	to give *be[rH]u	to give *be[rH]u	to give *cwVHV	to give *dwV[H]V	to give *dwV[H]V	to give birth, family *KVmV ?	to gnaw *kVngV	to go *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)	to go *meŋV	to go, come *ŋēni (cf. also *ŋāńi)	to go, come *ʒ́wVHV	to go, come, drive *ʒwVHV	to go, follow *gVwV / *gwVjV (?)	to go, walk *mVrV	to grasp *HaṗV	to grasp *HaṗV	to grasp *ḳaṗV	to grasp *ḳaṗV	to grasp, seize *[p]itV	to grow *zVr(d)V ( ~ *ʒ-)	to grow, become *buHi	to hang *tajV	to hang down; stand (?) *[s]VŋʒwV ?	to harm, break *kUŋ[d]V	to hate, be annoyed *CVrV	to hate, be annoyed *ǯVrV	to hear *ḳiwlV	to hide, protect *ḳVrV	to hide, secret *KuĺV	to hit, break *ḳVkV	to hit, push *mVqwV	to hold *gerV	to hold, seize *ʔanV	to howl, cry *wVlV	to howl, cry *wVlV	to join, together *anTV	to join, together *anTV	to jump, run *lVKV	to kindle, dry *ḳVs(w)V	to know *cwVnV	to know *g(w)enV	to know *g(w)enV	to know, consider *CVḥV (?)	to know, think *ćwVnV (cf. also *sVnV)	to know, think *sVnV	to lead *wetV	to lead, to go *wetV (cf. also *dwVwV 'run')	to let, agree *šVwV	to lick *l[a]pV	to lick *talV	to lick, swallow *lVm(ŋ)V	to lick; lip *l[a]pV	to lie *ḳVwjV	to lie, fall down *kVlV	to lie, sleep (also 'fall') *kVlV	to listen, hear *alV	to listen, hear *alV	to live *ḥujV	to live *ḥujV	to look, show *tVjḳV	to lose, hide *KuĺV	to make *wärV	to make *wärV	to marry *KVmV ?	to match, fit *ḳVnV	to melt, flow *dVnV	to melt, flow *dVnV	to mix, join *kalV ?	to move *SVlV	to move *SVlV	to move quickly *ńowda	to move quickly, pursue *ńowda	to move, push *mVqwV	to move, step *ćeKV	to open, spread *ṗanCV	to open, spread *ʔaḳa	to peel, naked *luku	to pierce *CoḳV	to pierce *CoḳV (cf. also *čVḳV)	to plait *źVḳV	to plait, smth. plaited *zVḳV	to plait, weave *HUbV	to plait, weave *HUbV	to plait, weave, rope (?) *rVCV	to plant vertically *tIgwV	to polish, rub *ṗIḳV	to pour *L[ä]jV	to pour *lVHwV	to pour *ṗVHV to pour, drink	to pour, drink *ṗVHV	to pour, drop *tUKV	to pour, stream *ʒwVHlV	to prepare food *piCV ?	to prepare food *piCV ?	to press, seize *ńamV	to press, seize *ńamV	to pull *ṭVnV	to pull, stretch *ṭVnV	to push, beat *nVq̇V	to push, beat *nVq̇V	to push, pull *ńukV	to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)	to put *dVʕV (*d[i]ɣV)	to put *ṗanV	to receive (+ bestow) *HVlV	to rise *kVdwV ?	to rise *kVdwV to rise	to rise, raise *ḲaLi	to rise, raise *ḲaLi	to rise; move, go *Horä	to roll *HUlV	to roll *HUlV	to roll, twist *murV	to rub, crumble *ṗVšV	to rub, scratch *ṗIḳV	to run *dwVwV	to run *ḳacwV	to run *ṭoKV	to run *ṭoKV	to run *ʔurKV	to run, road *ṭVŕgV	to say *tVHV	to say, call *wVḳV	to say, pray *mVlV	to scatter *s(w)VcwV	to scrape *ḳirV	to scrape *ḳirV; cf. also *gVrV scratch, *gVrVbV notch, sign	to scrape *ḳV[sw]V	to scratch *gVrV	to scratch *xVḳV	to scratch *xVḳV	to see *ʔVwʒwV(HV)	to see, eye *silV	to see, eye *wEdwV	to see, eye *ʔVnjV	to see, guard *HwVjV	to see, guard *HwVjV	to see, inspect *silV	to see, know *šVḳV	to see, know *šVḳV ( ~ *ć`w-)	to see, know, search *wEdwV	to see, perceive *ʔVwCV(HV) (cf. also *ʔincV)	to seize, press *[p]itV	to shake *dVrV	to shine, be visible *nVkV	to shine, glitter, flash *laṗV	to shout, sound *ḳVwV	to sift *sVjHV	to sink *č`VṗV	to sink *č`VṗV	to slide, creep *ʒVlV	to speak *ḥVwV (?)	to speak *ḥVwV (?)	to speak *watV	to speak *watV	to speak, shout *sVjwV	to speak, shout *sVjwV ( ~ *ś-)	to speak, sound *muɣrV	to spin, plait *wVŕV ( ~ *HuŕV)	to spin, wind *KVrV	to split, bore *lUŋ(k)V	to spread *ṗVrjV	to spread, long *pVdV	to spread, strew *CVχrV ?	to stand *čwVrV	to stand (?) *sVlV	to stand, hang down (?) *sVŋʒ́V	to stand, plant vertically *tIgwV	to stand, rise *ŋwVkV	to stay *menV	to stay, be, stand *nV(w)HV	to stay, reside *menV	to stick in, pierce *NEgV	to stick in, pierce *NEgV	to stir, mix *bulV	to stir, puddle *bulV	to stretch, stand *nV(w)HV	to strike fire *cVḳV ( ~ *č-)	to submerge *kUdV	to suck *[c`w]VṗV	to suck *ʔEmV	to suck (?) *CVrbV	to suck, leech *[c]VrbV	to suffer *C(w)VHrV	to suffer *c`VHrV	to suffer *dVwV	to suffer, die *dVwV	to suffer, die *enV	to suffer; pain *enV	to suffice, be full *cwalV	to swallow *HVṗV	to swallow *L[ü]ḳa	to swallow *L[ü]ḳa	to swallow *lVm(ŋ)V	to swallow *Sem[H]V	to swallow *Sem[H]V	to swallow, drink *tVrV	to swallow, gobble *muḳV	to swallow, throat *balʕ[u]	to swallow, throat *gwVrV	to swallow, throat *gwVrV	to swallow, throat; pipe *balʕ[u]	to sweep *swxVjṗV	to take *bari	to take *bari	to take *kantV	to take care of, honour *ʔVjsV	to take, receive *HVlV	to taste, eat *č`VmV ?	to taste, sour *xamV	to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]	to tear, break, split *p`äŕ[a]	to tear, rip *ḳV[ǯ]V	to think *manu	to think *manu	to think, dream *ʒVm(ŋ)V	to tie, bind *ḳVńV	to tie, bind *ḳVńV	to tie, net *taxlwV	to touch *tVKV	to trace *Koki	to trace *Koki	to tremble *dVrV	to turn round *ṭurV	to turn round *ṭurV	to understand, brain (?) *ʔVŋV	to understand, see *gUrV	to understand, see *gUrV	to urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)	to wake *[š]ehŕa	to wake *źwehŕa	to wake, become clear *ṭVlV	to wake; see > eye (?) *ṭVlV	to walk, go *gVrV	to walk, run *gVrV	to walk, run *meŋV	to wash, soak *lVHwV	to weaken, disappear *mVjV	to weaken, disappear *mVjV	to wear out; weak, exhausted *lVCV	to wear, put on *wVc`V	to weave (a lattice?) *rVcV ( ~ -c`-)	to wink, eyelid *c`VmrV	to wish *h/a/wV	to wish *wiʎ/g/V	to wish *wiʎ/g/V	to wish *h/a/wV	to wish, help *ʔVnV(jV)	to wish, let *šVwV	to worry, be stupid *buḳV	to wound, kill *ʔewV	to wound, kill *ʔewV	tongue *tilV(ŋV)	tongue *tilV(ŋV)	tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä	tongue, to speak *Ḳä[lH]ä	tooth *palV	tooth *palV	tooth, peg *ɣoŋɣV	tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV	tooth, sharp edge *ḳVmbV	top *ḳVḳV	top *ḳVḳV	top *mVĺV	top of head *KVmPV	top of head *KVmPV	top of head, hair *TUmV	top of head, hair of head *TUmV	top of head, horn *ḳirV	top, summit *cimu ( ~ č-, č`-)	touch, plaster *ṭaṗV	touch, plaster, attach ? *ṭaṗV	tramp, step *ceKV	tree *ṗUjV	tree *ṗUjV	tree *widV	tree, wood *dʷirV	tree, wood *dʷirV	twig, branch *c`UlV	twig, rod *šVṭV ?	twist *murV	twist, weave *tVḳV	two *malV	two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)	two *tuʔV ( ~ *tuq̇V)	two / four / eight *NVlV	two, pair *gagtV	two, pair *jVŕV	two, pair *jVŕV	understand, brain *ʔVŋV	ungulate *ʔirV	ungulate *ʔirV	upper part of chest, collarbone *kVŋkV	urine, urinate *swiḳV ( ~ šw-)	valley *gowlV	valley, deep *gowlV	vessel *kala	vessel *kala	vessel *ḳaṗV	vessel *ḳaṗV	vessel *ḳVwKV	village *koṭV	village, house *koṭV	village, hut *ḳojmV	vulva *p`u[ṭ]V	vulva *pVjcV ( ~ -č-)	wake *ṗuKdV	walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V	walk, roam, ford *kä[lH]V	walk, run, road (several roots? assimilations?) *ṭVŕgV	warm *kačV 'warm'	warm *lVmV	warm *ṭ[ä]pV	warm *ṭ[ä]pV	wash *bVnV ?	wash *mVs(k)V ( ~ -ʒ-)	wash *mVś(k)V ( ~ -ʒ́-)	wash, flow *HVrcV ( ~ -c`-)	water *bVnV ?	water *wetV	water *wetV	water *ʕEḳu	water *ʕEḳu	water, pour *ʒwVHlV	water, to submerge *kUdV	water, wet *mEwV	water, wet *mEwV	we (pronoun) *wV	we, I [first p. pronoun] *wV we	weak *HalV (cf. also *lVjV )	weak *lVjV	weak *ṭVrV	weak, lax *lVjńV	weak, tired *HalV	weak, tired, dead *ŋVwV	weak, young *ṭVrV	wear, dress *wVCV	weary, tired *ēco ( ~ -č-)	wet *(H)wiɫV	wet *(H)wiɫV wet	wet *mäŕä	wet *mäŕä	wet *mVk`V	what, interrogative pronoun *mV	white *swVḳV ( ~ cw−,č𝑤-,čw-)	white, clean *swVḳV ( ~ cw-,čw-)	who *CV	who, what *ḳV	whole *ḳVĺwV	whole, all, combine *ḳVĺwV	whole, full *ćwalV	wide *ṗaṭV	wide, open *ṗaṭV	willow *čwalV	willow *čwalV	wind, to blow *CalV ?	wing; arm *gara	winter ~ spring *PVnV	winter, cold *gImV	winter, cold *gImV	wish *ʔVnV(jV)	wolf, dog *ḲüjnA	wolf, dog *ḲüjnA	woman *k/u/nV	woman *k/u/nV	woman, female *nVzV ( ~ -ʒ-)	wood *widV	worm *ḲorV	worm *ḲorV	worm *kuńV (if < *kuj-nV?)	worm *mVṭV	worm *mVṭV	worm *ṗäri	worm *ṗäri	worm, insect *ḳwVŋV	worm, insect *ŋalmV	year *w[e]ṭV	year *w[e]ṭV	year, old *CVnV	year, old *zVnV	you *si	young *bāla 'child, young'	young animal, plant *ṭVlV	young animal, plant *ṭVlV	young male *majrV	young male *majrV	young man *ḳacV ( ~ -c`-)	young of animals *ḳʷVŕV	young of animals *ḳʷVŕV
	young, child *ḲanV
	young, child *ḲanV

Etymologies possibly linked to Macro-Khoisan

Proto-Atlanto-Mediterranean	Meaning	Notes
*dʑoʔa	ashes	*ʒ́o[a]
*tsəha	cold	*cha-
*ʢa	deictic stem	*Ha
*tʼəʔu	dew	*ǀu
*tɬʼə-χuɦə	dry	*ǀǀXU
*ts3uɦə	excrement	*CU
*ts3a(ɴə)	fat	*Ca(N)
*vuɦə	father	*BU
*tʼə-ʁə	hair	*ǀʁV
*tɬaʔu	hand	*ƛ[a]u
*ɳətsʼəʔu	kidney	*ɳ!u-
*gətʼəʔa	leaf	*ɡǀa
*tɬaɴə	lizard	*ƛaNV
*pʼə-ha	meat	*ʘha
*ʢajə	mother	*[H]aj-
*tɬʼakʼəɴə	shoe	*ƛ̣aḳVNV
*tsʼəkʼə	smoke	*c̣VḳV
*ʎi	to blow the nose; snot	*ʎi-
*tɬək3ə	to chop	*ƛVKV
*kəxe	to cry, sound	*kxe
*kə-ŋə	to know	*kVʔV[ŋ]
*ʔits3a	to steal	*[i]Ca-
*tɬʼə-kəxa	to wash	*ǀǀkxa
*tɬʼə-ɢo	tortoise	*ǀǀGo-